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02-Theories of Development Grand theories • Comprehensive • Enduring • Widely applied Grand theories • Psychoanalytic • Behaviorism (Learning theory) • Cognitive Psychoanalytic • Freud 1856 – 1936 • Development determined by unconscious motives & drives • Freud’s stages • • • • Infancy – the mouth – oral stage Early childhood – the anus – anal stage Preschool years – the penis – phallic stage Adolescence through death – latency – genital Psychoanalytic • Erickson 1902 – 1994 • Eight developmental stages • • • • • • • • 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair Behaviorism • All behavior is learned • Observable behavior is all that matters • Classical conditioning • Pavlov • One item is associated with another • Operant conditioning • Skinner • Reinforcement • Punishment • Social learning • Bandura • Modeling Cognitive Theory • Jean Piaget • 4 Stages • Sensorimotor stage • Object permanence • Preoperational stage • Language & egocentrism • Concrete Operational stage • Conservation of matter • Formal operational stage • Abstract concepts & hypothetical situations Cognitive Equilibrium (Piaget) • We want mental balance (equilibrium) • New ideas create disequilibrium • How do we incorporate new ideas to reduce disequilibrium? • Assimilation • Incorporate into existing ideas (schemas) • Accommodation • Change our existing ideas (schemas) Sociocultural Theory • We are shaped by our culture • Behavior can not be understood without studying the context (culture) • Guided participation • Instruction + shared involvement • Zone of Proximal Development Humanism • Maslow’s Hierarchy • Universal human needs What theories contribute • • • • • • • Psychoanalytic theory – Early childhood Behaviorism – Environment Cognitive – Thinking Sociocultural theory – Culture Humanism – Universal characteristics All have strengths & weaknesses No theory is applicable to all behaviors
