* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Soil and the Rhizosphere
Survey
Document related concepts
Soil erosion wikipedia , lookup
Ectomycorrhiza wikipedia , lookup
Soil horizon wikipedia , lookup
Surface runoff wikipedia , lookup
Crop rotation wikipedia , lookup
Soil compaction (agriculture) wikipedia , lookup
Soil respiration wikipedia , lookup
Arbuscular mycorrhiza wikipedia , lookup
Soil salinity control wikipedia , lookup
Terra preta wikipedia , lookup
Canadian system of soil classification wikipedia , lookup
No-till farming wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Soil food web wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Bipolar Division Soil & Rhizosphere • Oxygen supply limited by mineral particle size, organic matter content and water content. • Plant roots may also add oxygen to deeper soils or anaerobic soils. • Water saturation leads to anaerobic conditions and increased denitrification. • Distribution of microbes depends on organic matter supply and source (humus and root exudates) Oxygen Gradients Within soil aggregates oxygen decreases toward the interior. Creates microniches for fermentative and anaerobic respiring bacteria. Organic matter and availability of alternate electron acceptors (e.g. nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide) will partly determine which anaerobic respiring bacteria thrive where. Soil Close-Up Geosmin = “earthy smell” = Cyanobacteria = Actinomycetes Bulk Soil vs Rhizosphere • Bulk soil is that away from the influence of plant roots (i.e. water, oxygen, exudates). • Bulk soil community is subject to greater environmental variability. • Rhizosphere community has greater microbial biomass and activity compared with that in bulk soil. Nitrogen Fixing Actinomycetes Frankia spp. Nodulate woody non-leguminous plants, such as Alnus spp (alders). Association is called actinorhizae. Crown Gall Disease caused by Agrobacterium spp. T-plasmid Function Mycorrhizae Fungi Hoch et al., 1998 Ectomycorrhizal association between Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and a boletus-like mushroom (Suillus caerulescens). Hoch et al., 1999 Linking sporocarp to ectomycorrhizae • Internal Transcribed Spacer (ISR) – PCR • Amplifies the region between 18S and 28S rRNA genes in fungi. • RFLP analysis to fingerprint and determine a match (sporocarp to “tip”). Kbp Alu I S1 T1a Hinf I T1b S1 T1a . T1b 650 492 369 246 123