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The GLOBE Climate Legislation Study THIRD EDITION A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 33 Countries Terry Townshend, Sam Fankhauser, Rafael Aybar, Murray Collins, Tucker Landesman, Michal Nachmany and Carolina Pavese TheGLOBEClimateLegislationStudy THIRDEDITION AReviewofClimateChangeLegislationin33Countries TerryTownshend,SamFankhauser,RafaelAybar,MurrayCollins, TuckerLandesman,MichalNachmanyandCarolinaPavese TypesetbyForthcomingPublicationsLtd(www.forthpub.com) PrintedinGreatBritainbyCPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham Contents Acknowledgments.................................................................................................. v ForewordbythePresidentofGLOBEInternational ............................................ vii 1 Introduction.................................................................................................... 1 2 Progressin2012 ............................................................................................. 3 3 ClimateChangeLegislationattheEndof2012 ........................................... 15 4 ClimateChangeLegislationCountryͲbyͲCountry......................................... 25 4.1 Argentina....................................................................................... 27 4.2 Australia ........................................................................................ 37 4.3 Bangladesh .................................................................................... 51 4.4 Brazil.............................................................................................. 61 4.5 Canada........................................................................................... 81 4.6 Chile............................................................................................... 89 4.7 China............................................................................................ 103 4.8 Colombia ..................................................................................... 109 4.9 ElSalvador ................................................................................... 125 4.10 Ethiopia ....................................................................................... 133 4.11 EuropeanUnion .......................................................................... 143 4.12 France.......................................................................................... 169 4.13 Germany...................................................................................... 185 4.14 India............................................................................................. 197 4.15 Indonesia ..................................................................................... 215 4.16 Italy.............................................................................................. 231 4.17 Jamaica........................................................................................ 249 4.18 Japan ........................................................................................... 259 4.19 Kenya........................................................................................... 269 4.20 Mexico......................................................................................... 279 4.21 Mozambique ............................................................................... 291 4.22 Nepal ........................................................................................... 299 4.23 Pakistan ....................................................................................... 309 4.24 Peru ............................................................................................. 321 4.25 Philippines ................................................................................... 331 4.26 Poland ......................................................................................... 341 4.27 Russia .......................................................................................... 355 iv 5 ClimateChangeLegislation 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 Contents Rwanda........................................................................................ 365 SouthAfrica................................................................................. 373 SouthKorea................................................................................. 383 UnitedKingdom .......................................................................... 397 UnitedStates............................................................................... 423 Vietnam ....................................................................................... 437 InformationSources ................................................................................... 449 5.1 Argentina..................................................................................... 449 5.2 Australia ...................................................................................... 450 5.3 Bangladesh .................................................................................. 452 5.4 Brazil............................................................................................ 453 5.5 Canada......................................................................................... 455 5.6 Chile............................................................................................. 455 5.7 China............................................................................................ 456 5.8 Colombia ..................................................................................... 456 5.9 ElSalvador ................................................................................... 457 5.10 Ethiopia ....................................................................................... 457 5.11 EuropeanUnion .......................................................................... 458 5.12 France.......................................................................................... 459 5.13 Germany...................................................................................... 459 5.14 India............................................................................................. 460 5.15 Indonesia ..................................................................................... 461 5.16 Italy.............................................................................................. 462 5.17 Jamaica........................................................................................ 463 5.18 Japan ........................................................................................... 464 5.19 Kenya........................................................................................... 464 5.20 Mexico......................................................................................... 465 5.21 Mozambique ............................................................................... 465 5.22 Nepal ........................................................................................... 466 5.23 Pakistan ....................................................................................... 467 5.24 Peru ............................................................................................. 467 5.25 Philippines ................................................................................... 468 5.26 Poland ......................................................................................... 469 5.27 Russia .......................................................................................... 470 5.28 Rwanda........................................................................................ 471 5.29 SouthAfrica................................................................................. 472 5.30 SouthKorea................................................................................. 473 5.31 UnitedKingdom .......................................................................... 474 5.32 UnitedStates............................................................................... 474 5.33 Vietnam ....................................................................................... 475 Acknowledgments ClimateChangeLegislation v Acknowledgments Thisreportwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthecontributions,adviceand assistancefromcolleaguesacrosstheGLOBEnetwork.Inparticulartheauthors wouldliketothankthelegislatorswhogavefeedbackandcommentsonthe1st and2ndGLOBEClimateLegislationStudiesandwhocommentedondraftsofthe nationalchaptersinthis3rdstudyincludingSenadorMauricioOspina(Presidentof GLOBEColombia),MichaelKauchMdB(PresidentofGLOBEGermany)andLucky Sherpa(Nepal). Legislative staff were also immensely helpful in facilitating comments from legislatorsandinprovidingcommentsthemselves.Inparticular,theauthorswould liketothankPatriciaCazenave,adviseronenvironmentallawintheArgentinean Congress; Andrea Rudnik, Head of Climate Change Office and Fernando Farías Ellies,GHGInventoryDeskOfficerattheChileanMinistryofEnvironment;LiTing, Tsinghua University and Ding Ding, Directorat the National Centrefor Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation, China; Professor Francisco Quiroga,TolimaStateUniversity,Colombia;TerhiLetonen,ClimatePolicyAdvisor fortheGreens/EFAintheEuropeanParliament;MargueriteCulot,PolicyAdviserto the Socialist Group in theFrench National Assembly; Philipp Behrensfrom the GermanFederalEnvironmentMinistryandVolkerKrahfromtheofficeofMichael KauchMdB;JinichiUeda,DirectorofGLOBEJapan;CarolinaHernandezandAndres AvilaͲAkenberg, Director and Deputy Director of GLOBE Mexico; Ram Chandra Khanal, Nepal; Patrick Wieland, Pablo Larco and Isabela Souza, Peru; Mr Jacek Mizak,HeadofSustainableDevelopmentDepartment,PolishMinistryofEnvironͲ ment; Elena Chistyakova, Councillor, State Duma Committee on International Affairs,Russia;AnaUnruhͲCohen,USHouseofRepresentatives. TheauthorsaregratefultostaffattheForeignandCommonwealthOffice,both inLondonandatPostsoverseas.StaffattheClimateDevelopmentKnowledge Network(CDKN)helpedwithcommentsonspecificcountrychapters,including Elizabeth Colebourn from CDKN in India; Patricia Leon, from CDKN in the Caribbean;andPatrickWieland,PabloLarco,andIsabelaSouzafromCDKNLatin America. Charlotte Finlay from CDKN’s London office also provided substantial commentsandadvice. vi ClimateChangeLegislation Acknowledgments Although not directly involved with the 3rd GLOBE Climate Legislation Study, ClémentFeger,JinLiu,ThaisNarcisoandNatashaPauliwereresponsibleformuch ofthematerialinthe1stand2ndGLOBEClimateLegislationStudies,onwhichthis reportreliesheavily. AdamMatthews,SecretaryGeneralofGLOBEInternational,wasinstrumentalin devisingtheconceptofanannualstudyofclimatechangelegislation.GauriKiik andChrisStephensintheGLOBEInternationalSecretariatprovidedmuchappreͲ ciatedsupportandadviceintheproductionofthis,andprevious,studies.The authorsappreciatethepatientworkofDuncanBurns,ofForthcomingPublications, whotypesetthisstudy. GLOBE International would like to thank the Climate Development Knowledge Network(CDKN),theGlobalEnvironmentFacility,theUnitedNationsEnvironment Programme,ZennströmPhilanthropiesandthegovernmentsofGermany,Norway andtheUnitedKingdomforsupportingtheproductionofthisstudyandthework ofGLOBE. TheGranthamResearchInstituteissupportedbytheGranthamFoundationforthe ProtectionoftheEnvironmentandtheUKEconomicandSocialResearchCouncil, throughitssupportoftheCentreforClimateChangeEconomicsandPolicy. Foreword ClimateChangeLegislation vii ForewordbythePresidentofGLOBE International Whenthe1stGLOBEClimateLegislationStudywas launched in December 2010,it hadanimmediate impact.Itfulfilledourtwomajorobjectives.First,it delivered a positive message about the scale and scope of national legislation on climate change in the major economies. At the time, this was a welcome contrast to the lack of progress in the international negotiations and it injected a real senseofmomentum.Second,bydemonstratingthe extentandbreadthofthatnationallegislation,the studyhelpedtotackletheargument,facedbymany governments and legislators, that in advancing legislation they were acting alone and potentially puttingtheircountryatacompetitivedisadvantage. UsedbyministersandlegislatorsinAustralia,Mexico,theUKandelsewhere,there isnodoubtthestudy,incombinationwiththeworkofGLOBE’smembers,playeda keyroleinsupportingtheadvanceswehavesinceseenin2011and2012.Iam delighted,andproud,thatthemostsignificantimprovementin2012–thepassage ofMexico’sGeneralLawonClimateChange–wasdrivenbyGLOBEMexico,an outstandingexampleofwhatlegislators,workingacrosspartylines,canachieve. FormeasPresidentofGLOBEInternational–thisnetworkofcrossͲpartylegisͲ lators– there was an important third outcome of the first study: international recognition of the role of parliamentarians in tackling climate change. While governmentsandthemediaalmostexclusivelyfocusontheinternationalnegotiaͲ tions,itwasimportanttorecognisetheenablingnatureofnationallegislation.By advancinglegislation,countriescanexperiencethepositivecoͲbenefitsoftackling climate change such as greater resource efficiency, increased energy security, reducedexposuretovolatilefossilfuelpricesandamoreclimateͲresilienteconͲ omy.This,inturn,givesgovernmentstheconfidencetogofurtherandfasterinthe internationalnegotiations.Ithasalwaysbeencleartomethatnationallegislation isafundamentalprerequisitetoanysufficientlyambitiousinternationaldeal. AsChristianaFigueres,theExecutiveSecretaryoftheUNFCCC,saidatGLOBE’s WorldSummitofLegislatorsinJune2012: viii ClimateChangeLegislation Foreword Itisnoexaggerationtosaythatthecleanrevolutionweneedisbeingcarriedforward bylegislation.Domesticlegislationiscriticalbecauseitisthelinchpinbetweenaction onthegroundandtheinternationalagreement.Atthenationallevel,itisclearthat whencountriesenactcleanenergypolicies,investmentfollows.Attheinternational level, it is equally clear that domestic legislation opens the political space for internationalagreementsandfacilitatesoverallambition. Thatiswhy,withthesupportofChristianaFigueres,Iamdelightedthatthelaunch ofthis3rdstudycoincideswiththelaunchofanimportantnewpolicyprocess– the GLOBE Climate Legislation Initiative(GCLI). The GCLI willrunalongside the international negotiations under the “Durban Platform” and will focus on supportinglegislatorsin33countriestoadvancenationallegislationonclimate changetohelpcreatethepoliticalconditionsforsuccessin2015.The3rdGLOBE Climate Legislation Study, expanded to include the 33 countries in the GCLI, provides an extensive overview of national legislation and, given the newly includedcountriesarealmostalldevelopingcountries,awelcomegreaterfocuson legislationrelatedtoadaptation. The3rdGLOBEClimateLegislationStudywillprovideabaselinefromwhichto measureprogressbetweennowand2015and,importantly,willprovidethose legislatorsseekingtoadvancelegislationintheirowncountrieswithawealthof information about the international legislative response to climate change to informtheirdeliberations. AsPresidentofGLOBEInternationalIwillbeworkingcontinuouslywithGLOBE’s network of legislators across the world to advance the legislative response to climate change. Domestic legislation puts in place the legal frameworks to measure,report,verifyandmanagecarbon.Ithelpstoadvancenationalpositions andservesasaplatformforgreaterinternationalcollaboration.Nointernational treatywouldbefeasible,orcredible,withoutcommensuratelegallybindingaction atthenationallevel. TheRtHon.JohnGummer,LordDeben President, GLOBEInternational Introduction ClimateChangeLegislation 1 1 Introduction In 2009 the Global Legislators’ Organisation secured agreement on a set of “Legislative Principles on Climate Change” that were coͲauthored by Chinese CongressmanWangGuangtaoandUSCongressmanEdMarkeyandendorsedby 120 legislators from 16 countries. These principles were designed to guide legislatorsastheyadvancedclimatechangelegislationonthebasisthatmoving together, and in a consistent fashion, would help to maximise the benefits of movingtowardsalowcarboneconomyandminimisethecompetitivedistortions. Tofacilitatetheimplementationofthe“LegislativePrinciplesonClimateChange”, itisimportanttodevelopabetterunderstandingofexistingclimatechangeͲrelated lawstolearnlessonsandbenefitfromtheexperienceofothers.Withthisinmind, in2010GLOBEpartneredwiththeGranthamResearchInstituteonClimateChange andtheEnvironmentattheLondonSchoolofEconomicstosurveyinternational climatechangelegislation.The1stGLOBEClimateLegislationStudy(Townshend etal.2010)examinedclimateͲrelatedlegislationin16ofthemajoreconomies.1 The 2nd GLOBE Climate Legislation Study, published in December 2011, was expandedtoincludeAustralia,andcoveredprogressin2011. Theaimsofthestudiesaretwofold.First,tosupportlegislatorsadvancingclimateͲ relatedlegislationbyprovidingadetailedsummaryofexistinglegislationacross themajoreconomiesthatwouldenablethemtoidentifygapsbestpractice,and help peerͲtoͲpeer learning. And second, to document and highlight the broad progressonclimatechangelegislationatthedomesticlevelinbothindustrialised and developing countries to provide positive momentum to the international negotiations. ParliamentsconsideringclimateͲrelatedlegislationbenefitfromtheexperienceof others. For example, Australia’s Clean Energy Act and South Korea’s emissions tradinglegislationdrawontheexperience,andlessonslearned,fromtheEU’s emissions trading system. Mexico’s General Law on Climate Change, the most significantadvanceof2012,drawsontheexperienceoftheUK,EUandothers. Brazilian, Indonesian, Mexican and Congolese legislators have been sharing ———————— 1 Brazil,Canada,China,EU,France,Germany,India,Indonesia,Italy,Japan,Mexico,Russia,SouthAfrica, SouthKorea,theUKandtheUS. 2 ClimateChangeLegislation Introduction knowledge of forestͲrelated legislation – via the GLOBE Legislators’ Forest Initiative–toensuremaximumconsistencyandtolearnlessonsfromeachother’s experience.AndinJanuary2012theteamdraftingChina’sclimatechangelaw madeastudyvisittoLondonandBrussels,hostedbyGLOBEInternational,tolearn fromtheexperienceoftheUKandtheEUtoinformthedevelopmentoftheir nationallaw. Thisreport,the3rdGLOBEClimateLegislationStudy,hasbeenexpandedfurther tocover33countries,2includingmanydevelopingcountries.Itincludes17ofthe top20emittersofgreenhousegases(GHGs)and24ofthetop50,representing over85%ofglobalemissions. Importantly,thisthirdstudycoincideswiththelaunchofthenewGLOBEClimate LegislationInitiative(GCLI),anewpolicyprocesstosupporttheadvanceofclimate changelegislationin33countries.TheGCLIwillrunalongsidetheinternational negotiations under the Durban Platform with the aim of helping to build the foundationsandpoliticalconditionsthatenableaninternationalagreementtobe reached.Thisstudywillprovideabaselinefromwhichprogresscanbemeasured. GLOBEInternationalanditsmembersstronglybelievethatlegislativeactionatthe nationallevelisafundamentalprerequisitetoachievingtheultimategoalofthe UNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange–thestabilisationofGHGconcenͲ trationsintheatmosphereatalevelthatwouldpreventdangerousanthropogenic interferencewiththeclimatesystem. ———————— 2 Seefootnote1fortheoriginal16countries.The3rdGLOBEClimateLegislationStudyincludestheoriͲ ginal 16 plus Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Jamaica, Kenya, Mozambique,Nepal,Pakistan,Peru,Philippines,Poland,RwandaandVietnam. Progressof2012 ClimateChangeLegislation 3 2 Progressin2012 Thissectionsummarisesthemajorchangestothelegislativepicturein2012,upto andincludingthoseinNovember.Itincludeslaws,regulations,policiesordecrees asperthedefinitionoflegislationusedinthisstudy(seeSection4).Inadditionwe reviewmajorlegislativeorregulatoryproposalsthathaveareasonablechanceof enteringintolaworbeingapprovedbygovernments. 2.1 Overview 2012hasbeenanothertoughyearfortheglobaleconomy.Thecontinuingdebt crisisintheEurozone,togetherwitheconomicstagnationinmanyotherdeveloped countries,hascreatedadifficultenvironmentinwhichtoadvancelegislationon climate change. KickͲstarting economic growth has been a priority. The transͲ formationofenergyinfrastructureisoneofthekeyrequirementstoreduceGHG emissions in developed countries. However, it is capital intensive and in many cases will result in a shortͲterm rise in energy costs. Some governments have thereforepostponedorscaledbackplannedinvestmentinlongͲterminfrastructure infavourofshortͲtermmeasurestokeepenergycostslowandstimulategrowth, irrespectiveofthecarbonimpact. ThissomewhatnegativepicturecontrastswiththeprogressindevelopingcounͲ tries. Many of these are enjoying healthy growth rates while simultaneously developing the legislative and regulatory frameworks to measure and manage GHG emissions. Moreover, many developing countries are working to improve their resilience to climate impacts as an integral part of ensuring longͲterm sustainablegrowth. Overall,wereportsubstantiallegislativeprogressin18ofthe33studycountries andlimiteddevelopmentsin14.Forthefirsttimewereportnegativeprogressin onecountry.Detailedchaptersoneachcountry’sclimatechangeͲrelatedlegislation canbefoundinSection4–ClimateLegislationCountrybyCountry. 2.2 SummaryofProgressinDevelopedCountries The European debt crisis has dominated the EU agenda and, although many MemberStateshavepushedtheEUtoincreaseitsoverallambitionbycommitting 4 ClimateChangeLegislation Progressof2012 toa30%reductioninGHGemissionsrelativeto1990by2020,internalopposition from a few fossil fuelͲdependent Member States has meant this has not been possible. The EU has also encountered strong international opposition to its decisiontoincludeaviationintheEU’semissionstradingscheme,resultingina decisionto“stoptheclock”for12monthstoallowtheInternationalCivilAviation Authority(ICAO)totrytobrokeraninternationalsolution.DespitethesedifficulͲ ties,someprogresshasbeenmadewiththepassageofanewDirectiveonEnergy Efficiency. FollowingthefailuretopassdedicatedclimatechangelegislationintheUSA,the ObamaAdministrationhasshiftedtoaregulatoryapproachusingexistingpowers undertheCleanAirAct.The“endangermentfinding”from2009,wherebycarbon dioxide was ruled to be a pollutant under the Clean Air Act, has required the EnvironmentProtectionAgency(EPA)toproceedwithdevelopingnewregulations tomanageCO2emissions.In2012,apermittingsystemwasextendedtoexisting sourcesofCO2eiftheyemitover100,000tonnesannually.Additionally,inMarch 2012,theEPAreleasedadraftrulinglimitingcarbonpollutionfromnewpower plants.Aftertwopublichearingsontheproposedrule,theagencyreceivedalmost 3millioncommentsinfavourofreducingcarbonpollutionfrombothnewand existingpowerplants–arecordforanEPAruleproposal.AsofDecember2012the agencyisfinalisingtherule.Variationinapproachingnationallegislativeresponses toclimatechange,asillustratedhere,wasacentralthemeinthestudy,whichwe describeinmoredetailinSection3.1. InJapan,theramificationsoftheFukushimadisasterandtheresultingwholesale review of energy policy has meant climate change objectives have been overshadowedbyacriticaldebateabouttheacceptabilityoftherisksassociated withnuclearpower.Itislikely,intheshorttermatleast,thatreducednuclear power production following the shutdown and safety inspections after the Fukushimadisasterwillresultinhigheruseoffossilfuels,witharesultingincrease in GHG emissions. However, despite these challenges, in its Fourth Basic EnvironmentPlan(agreedbyCabinetDecisionon27April2012),Japanhasset itselfatargetofreducingGHGemissionsby80%by2050and,inOctober,the governmentintroducedacarbontax. In most other developed countries, mixed progress has been made. Australia movedtowardtheimplementationofits2011CleanEnergyActandannounceda decisiontolinkitsemissionstradingschemewiththeestablishedEUschemeby 2018 at the latest. For the first time, one country – Canada – has regressed followingitsdecisiontowithdrawfromtheKyotoProtocolandthesubsequent repealingofits“flagship”climatelegislation,theKyotoImplementationAct. Progressof2012 2.3 ClimateChangeLegislation 5 ProgressinDevelopingCountries Thelimitedprogressindevelopedcountriescontrastswiththeprogressmadein manydevelopingcountriesin2012.Significantadvanceshavebeenmade,albeitin differentways,inBangladesh,Brazil,Chile,Colombia,ElSalvador,Kenya,India, Indonesia,Mexico,Pakistan,SouthKoreaandVietnam.Others,includingChina andSouthAfrica,havemademoremodestforwardsteps. Mexicoisperhapsthestandoutcountryin2012withthepassageofitsGeneral LawonClimateChange(GLCC)andpioneeringlegislationtopreparethegroundfor REDD+implementation.TheGLCCgivesequalfocustomitigationandadaptation, puttingintolegislationMexico’stargettoreduceGHGemissionsby30%by2020 versusherBusinessAsUsual(BAU)scenario.Italsomandatesthecreationofthe institutionalstructurestosupportimplementationofthelaw.SouthKoreapassed legislationthatintroducesanationwideemissionstradingschemeby2015. In Africa, Kenya has developed a Climate Change Authority Act that is making progressthroughparliamentandislikelytobevotedintolawinearly2013.In November 2012 a public validation process paved the way for government approvalandlaunchinearly2013ofacomplementaryClimateChangeActionPlan thatdefinesclearmeasuresonadaptationandmitigation,includingNAMAs,alow carbondevelopmentstrategy,knowledgemanagementandcapacitydevelopment, financing mechanisms and the creation of an institutional structure to ensure effectivecoordination. InAsia,BangladeshpassedtheSustainableandRenewableEnergyDevelopment AuthorityActdesignedtopromotetheproductionanduseofgreenenergy.India publishedits12thFiveͲYearPlanwasduetobeapprovedbytheNationalDevelͲ opmentCouncilinlateDecember2012.Althoughnottechnicallylegislation,the FiveͲYearPlansetsthestrategicdirectionoftheeconomyforthenextfiveyears andhascomparablestatus(seeourdefinitionof“Legislation”inSection4).The PlanincludesrecommendationsputforwardbytheLowCarbonExpertGroup, including measures to promote and diversify domestic sources of energy and reducetheenergyintensityofproductionprocesses.PakistanpasseditsNational Climate Change Strategy in September 2012. Vietnam formally approved its nationalREDD+ActionProgrammeinJune2012,designedtoreduceemissions from LULUCF by setting the legal framework for pilot REDD+ programmes and activities.Itincludesatargettoreduceemissionsfromtheagriculturalsectorby 20%andtoincreasethenaturalforestcoverto44–45%,bothby2020. 6 ClimateChangeLegislation Progressof2012 In Latin America, Brazil’s newforest code, approved by President Dilma on 18 October2012afterprotractedpoliticaldebate,determines,amongotherthings, thatlandownersintheAmazonmustmaintain80%ofthenativeforestontheir land as a forest reserve protected by law. Chile passed two laws relating to renewable energy, including one that reinforces its target to achieve 20% of installed electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020. Colombia launched a Low Carbon Development Strategy and a National Plan for Climate ChangeAdaptationthat,althoughnottechnicallylegislation,willdriveactionon climatechange.AndElSalvadorapproveditsNationalEnvironmentPolicy. 2.4 FlagshipLegislationandAssessmentofProgress in2012 For most countries we have been able to identify a flagship law – a piece of legislationorregulationwithequivalentstatusthatservesasacomprehensive, unifyingbasisforclimatechangepolicy.ChangesinflagshiplegislationarethereͲ foreparticularlysignificant.Theyconstituteastepchangeinacountry’sapproach toclimatechange. In2012fourcountriespassednewflagshiplegislation,comparedwithsevenin 2011.TheyareElSalvador,Kenya,MexicoandPakistan.Incontrast,Canadahas repealedtheKyotoProtocolImplementationActandthereforenolongerhasa flagshiplawonclimatechange. Inaddition,wehavechangedtheflagshiplawsofSouthAfricaandtheUS.The SouthAfricanlawischangedfromtheVision,StrategicDirectionandFramework forClimatePolicy(2008)toTheNationalClimateChangeResponseStrategy(2011). TheUSAflagshipischangedfromtheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentActand Executive Order 13514 to the Clean Air Act. This reflects the shift away from attempts to develop a comprehensive and dedicated legislative response to climate change towards more of a regulatory approach (see Section 3.2 for discussionofcountryapproaches),followingtherulingbytheSupremeCourtthat CO2shouldbeclassifiedasapollutantundertheCleanAirActandtheprogress madebytheEPAin2012. Table1belowprovidesasummaryof“flagshiplegislation”inall33countries.The finalcolumndisplaysanassessmentoflegislativeprogressin2012.Theassessment takesintoaccountlawspassed,majorlegislativeproposalsthat,althoughnotyet passed,signalthegeneraldirectionoftravelinthelegislatureandprogresswith implementationofexistinglegislation. Progressof2012 ClimateChangeLegislation 7 Table1:FlagshipLegislationandLegislativeProgressin2012 Country NameofLaw MainPurpose Argentina Presidential Decree 140/2007 declaring “rationaland efficient”energy useanational priority IncludesfarͲreachingand 2007 ambitiousgoalstoreduce energyconsumptionand promotetheuseofrenewable energyinthepublicsector (includingpublictransportand lighting),privateindustryand privateresidencies. Australia Bangladesh Date Passed 2011 CleanEnergyAct ThepurposeoftheClean EnergyActistoputAustralia 2011 onapathtoreduceitsGHG emissionsby80%by2050. Thecentralelementofthebill ispricingcarbon,initiallyviaa carbontaxand,subsequently, viaanemissionstrading scheme. TheClimate ChangeTrust FundAct Focusedonfunding adaptationͲrelatedactivities overtheperiod2009–2011. Progressin2012 Secondarylegislationto underpinCleanEnergyAct anddraftlegislationtolink emissionstradingscheme withEUby2018 2009 PassageoftheSustainable andRenewableEnergy DevelopmentAuthorityAct in2012 Brazil Canada NationalPolicy onClimate Change(NPCC) None TheNPCCisbasedonBrazil’s internationalcommitment withintheUNFCCCand incorporatesallprevious relatedgovernment instruments(i.e.theNational PlanonClimateChange,the NationalFundonClimate Changeandothers). 2009 ForestCodeamendments RepealoftheKyoto ImplementationAct 8 ClimateChangeLegislation Country NameofLaw Chile NationalClimate CreatesanInterͲministerial 2008 ChangeAction CommitteeonClimateChange Plan2008–2012 andtwodialogueplatforms, oneforpublic–private partnershipsandoneforthe civilsociety.ThePlan establishesasetofpublic policyguidelinesfor5years, afterwhichitwillbefollowed bylongͲtermnationaland sectoralplansforadaptation andmitigation. China Colombia ElSalvador 12thFiveͲYear Plan MainPurpose National Environment Policy Date Passed The12thFiveͲYearPlan 2011 includestargetstodecrease thecarbonintensityofGDPby 17%by2015;todecreasethe energyintensityofGDPby 16%;toincreasetheshareof nonͲfossilfuelprimaryenergy consumptionto11.4%;andto increaseforestcoverageby 21.6%. LawNo.1450of NationalDevelopmentPlan 2011 2010–2014addresses sustainabilityandrisk reductionandforeseesthe implementationofaNational ClimateChangePolicy. Progressof2012 Progressin2012 Resolution370improving accesstothegridfor renewableenergyandLaw 20571 Progresswithdeveloping nationalclimatechangelaw 2011 TheNationalEnvironmental 2012 policy,passedasa governmentdecreebythe councilofministers,offersan ambitiousframeworkthrough whichthegovernmentwill respondtoclimatechangeand environmentaldegradation. Thegeneralobjectiveofthe policyistoreverse environmentaldegradation andreducevulnerabilityto climatechange. LaunchoftheColombianLow CarbonDevelopment StrategyandtheNational PlanforClimateChange Adaptation ApprovaloftheNational EnvironmentPolicy Progressof2012 ClimateChangeLegislation Country NameofLaw MainPurpose Ethiopia ClimateͲResilient TheCRGE’svisionisachieving 2011 GreenEconomy middleͲincomestatusby2025 Initiative inaclimateͲresilientgreen economy,outliningfour pillars: x Agriculture x Reducingemissionsfrom deforestation x Power:Expanding electricitygeneration fromrenewableenergy x Transport,industrial sectorsandbuildings 9 Date Passed Progressin2012 European Union France Climateand Thecoreofthepackage EnergyPackage comprisesfourpiecesof complementarylegislation: x Revisionand strengtheningoftheEU EmissionsTrading Scheme(ETS) x ReducingGHGemissions fairly,takingintoaccount therelativewealthofthe EUMemberStates x Aframeworkforthe productionand promotionofrenewable energy x Alegalframeworkfor theenvironmentallysafe geologicalstorageofCO2 GrenelleIandII Grenellelawsinclude comprehensivepolicieson emissionstargets,renewable energy,energyefficiencyand researchanddevelopment. 2008 NewDirectiveonEnergy Efficiency 2009and 2010 10 ClimateChangeLegislation Country NameofLaw MainPurpose Date Passed Germany Integrated Climateand Energy Programme Thisprogrammeaimstocut GHGemissionsby40%from 1990levelsby2020.The packagefocusesstronglyon thebuildingsector.The GermanGovernment approvedanewclimate packageofmeasuresinJune 2008thatfocusesonthe transportandconstruction sectors. 2007 (updated 2008) India Indonesia Italy Jamaica NationalAction India’sNAPCCoutlinesexisting 2008 PlanonClimate andfuturepoliciesand Change(NAPCC) programmesdirectedat climatechangemitigationand adaptation.ThePlansetsout eight“nationalmissions” runningupto2017. Presidential Regulationon theNational Councilfor ClimateChange (NCCC) Thecouncilcoordinates 2008 climatechangepolicyͲmaking. Itiscomposedof17Ministers andchairedbythePresident. TheNCCCisassistedbythe followingworkingunits: adaptation;mitigation; transferͲofͲtechnology; funding;postͲ2012;and forestryandlanduse conversion. ClimateChange Italy’sCCAPisa ActionPlan comprehensiveactionplanto (CCAP) helpItalycomplywithGHG reductiontargetsunderthe KyotoProtocol. Vision2030 Jamaica 2007 2007 Seekstoachievedeveloped countrystatusforJamaicaby 2030.TheVisionhasfour goals,15NationalOutcomes and82NationalStrategies, withsectorstrategiesand actions.Nationaloutcome14 underthisgoalis“HazardRisk Reductionandadaptationto climatechange”. Progressof2012 Progressin2012 12thFiveͲYearPlanpublished includingrecommendations ofExpertGrouponLow CarbonStrategyforInclusive Growth Ministerialregulatonto expandthermalenergy Progressof2012 ClimateChangeLegislation Country NameofLaw MainPurpose Japan LawConcerning thePromotion ofMeasuresto Copewith GlobalWarming ThisLawestablishesthe 1998 CouncilofMinistersforGlobal (amended EnvironmentalConservation; 2005) developstheKyoto AchievementPlan;and stipulatestheestablishment andimplementationof countermeasuresbylocal governments. TheClimate ChangeAction Plan Providesaplatformforthe 2013 implementationofthe2010 NationalClimateChange ResponseStrategy,defining clearmeasuresonadaptation andmitigation. Kenya Mexico Nepal Pakistan Date Passed 2012 GeneralLawon Establishesthebasisforthe ClimateChange creationofinstitutions,legal frameworksandfinancingto movetowardsalowcarbon economy.Putsintolawthe country’semissionsreduction targetof30%belowBusiness AsUsual(BAU)by2020, subjecttotheavailabilityof financialresourcesand technologytransfer. Mozambique None 11 Progressin2012 CarbonTaxintroduced October2012 ClimateChangeAuthorityBill goingthroughparliamentand ClimateChangeActionPlan tobeapprovedin2013 GeneralLawonClimate Changesignedintolaw June2012 ClimateChange Setsoutavisiontoaddress 2011 Policy,2011 theadverseimpactsofclimate changeandtakeopportunities toimprovelivelihoodsand encourageclimateͲfriendly change. NationalClimate Identifiesvulnerabilitiesto 2012 ChangePolicy climatechange,andspellsout appropriateresponse measures,includingdisaster riskmanagement. NationalClimateChange PolicyadoptedSeptember 2012 12 ClimateChangeLegislation Country NameofLaw Peru National TheNationalStrategyon 2003 Strategyfor ClimateChangehasthe ClimateChange generalobjectiveofreducing theadverseimpactsofclimate changebyconducting researchthatidentifies vulnerabilityanddevelop strategicactionplansto mitigateclimatechangeas wellasadaptiontechniques. Philippines Poland Russia Rwanda MainPurpose Date Passed 2009 ClimateChange TheActestablishesthe ClimateChangeCommission Actof2009 asthesolepolicymakingbody withingovernment,and requirestheCommissionto draftaNationalClimate ChangeFramework,adetailed NationalClimateChange ActionPlanandguidelinesfor localClimateChangeAction Plans. Strategiesfor GreenhouseGas Emission Reductionin Polanduntil 2020 Outlinestheactionstobe 2003 takenineachsectorofthe economytocomplywith internationalobligations includingenergy,industry, transport,agriculture, forestry,waste,publicutilities, servicesandhouseholds. ClimateDoctrine Thedoctrinesetsstrategic 2009 oftheRussian guidelinesforthe Federation developmentand implementationoffuture climatepolicy,coveringissues relatedtoclimatechangeand itsimpacts. GreenGrowth andClimate Resilience– National Strategyon ClimateChange andLowCarbon Development Includesacollectionof9 workingpaperscoveringall majorsectorsrelatingto mitigationandadaptation. 2011 Progressof2012 Progressin2012 Progressof2012 ClimateChangeLegislation Country NameofLaw MainPurpose SouthAfrica NationalClimate Change ResponsePolicy (NCCRP) TheNationalClimateChange 2011 ResponsePolicyisa comprehensiveplanto addressbothmitigationand adaptationinSouthAfricain theshort,mediumandlong term(upto2050).Strategies arespecifiedforthefollowing areas:Water;Agricultureand CommercialForestry;Health; BiodiversityandEcosystems; HumanSettlements;and DisasterRiskReductionand Management. SouthKorea United Kingdom FrameworkAct onLowCarbon GreenGrowth 13 Date Passed Thislawcreatesthelegislative 2009 frameworkformidͲandlongͲ termemissionsreduction targets,capͲandͲtrade,carbon tax,carbonlabelling,carbon disclosureandtheexpansion ofnewandrenewableenergy. Progressin2012 CarbonTaxproposed in2012–2013budget Followingthe“endangerment finding”,theEPAisnow requiredtoregulategasesfor theirGHGpotentialunderthe CleanAirAct. 1963 (amended 1976and 1990) PassageoftheActonthe AllocationandTradeof GreenhouseGasEmissions Rights ClimateChange TheClimateChangeAct 2008 Act providesalongͲterm frameworkforimproving carbonmanagement, promotingthetransitiontoa lowcarboneconomy,and encouraginginvestmentinlow carbongoods.Itincludes specificemissionsreduction targets(atleast80%reduction from1990levelsby2050)and creates5Ͳyearlycarbon budgets. UnitedStates CleanAirAct ofAmerica Progresswithregulating carbondioxideunderthe CleanAirAct 14 ClimateChangeLegislation Country NameofLaw MainPurpose Vietnam TheNational Thefollowingspecific 2011 ClimateChange objectivesaresetout:ensure Strategy foodsecurity,energysecurity, watersecurity,poverty alleviation,genderequality, socialsecurity,publichealth; enhancelivingstandards, conservenaturalresourcesin thecontextofclimatechange. Key: PositiveLegislativeProgressin2012 NoSubstantiveChangein2012 NegativeLegislativeProgressin2012 Progressof2012 Date Passed Progressin2012 Approvalofthenational REDD+actionprogramme, June2012 ClimateChangeLegislation ClimateChangeLegislation 15 3 ClimateChangeLegislation attheEndof2012 Thissectionreviewsthestockofclimatechangelawsfollowingtheadditionsand changesin2012.Italsoanalysesthediversityofapproachandidentifiestrends, themesandmotivations. 3.1 TheApproachtoClimateChangeLegislation Theupdatedcountrychaptersincludeatotalof286climatechangeͲrelatedlawsin the 33 study countries, according to the definition used (see Section 4 for the definitionusedinthisreport). AsofDecember2012,theEuropeanUnionhasthemostclimatechangerelated lawswith25,andJamaica,NepalandRwandathefewestwithjustthree.However, thenumberoflawsrelatingtoclimatechangeisnotareliableindicatorofthe comprehensivenatureofacountry’slegislativeresponse.SomelawsareintegraͲ tivewhileothersareverynarrowinscope(seeSection4forthescopeoflaws reviewed). ThepurenumbersmaskawidediversityofapproachestoclimatechangelegislaͲ tion,whichweobserveatthreelevels:first,diversityinthenationalapproachto climatechange(e.g.purelegislationversuspolicyapproach);second,diversityin thesectoralfocusofthestudycountries(seebelowforthecategoriesusedbythe authors);andthird,diversityandnonͲexclusivityinthegoalsandobjectivesofthe individualpiecesoflegislation(somelawsaddressseveraldifferentobjectives,for exampleasinglelawcouldcoverpricingcarbon,energyefficiencyandtransport). In order to reflect this and to begin to develop an understanding of emergent patternsinclimatechangelegislation,theauthorsmadeseveralmethodological decisions:1)continuingtouseabroaddefinitionofclimatechangelegislationas perpreviousGLOBEstudies(seeSection4forthedefinitionusedinthisstudy); 2)developingcategoriesforthelegislationthatwefound;3)compilingsummary statisticsonthelegislationusingthosecategories,anddeterminingthesectoral focus in each country; and 4) beginning to characterise the different national approachestoclimatechange. 16 ClimateChangeLegislation ClimateChangeLegislation Atthenationallevel,thebroaddefinitionoflegislationallowsustocapturethe diverseapproachestoclimatechangeofthestudycountries.Thatis,somecounͲ triestakeapurelylegislativeapproach,havingexistingstocksoflawsandissuing newlegislation,whereasotherstakeamorepolicyͲorientedapproachthatmight involvethecreationofnationaldevelopmentplansthatintegrateclimatechange concerns.InavisualsummarywehavesortedthestudycountriesintofourcategoͲ rieswhichwethinkbroadlydescribethesevariousapproaches(Figure1).While ourassessmentofwherecountriesfitwasinformedbyoursummarystatisticson legislation(Section3),wedonotclaimtohavequantifiedthestudycountries’ relative positions. Moreover, we make neither normative judgments such as whetheritisbettertohavemorelawsperse;noranyjudgmentsoneachcountry’s listingwithineachquadrantofthediagram.Rather,weacknowledgethateach countryhasanindividualapproachwhichreflectsitsuniqueinstitutionalcontext, capacities,economiccharacteristicsandcurrentlevelofpoliticalengagementwith climatechange. InadditiontothisnationalͲlevelstrategicpluralism,weobservediversityinthe sectoralfocusoflegislationacrosscountries.Somecountriesarefocussedona particular sector, fitting that country’s individual circumstances and nationally appropriatemanagementactivities.Forinstance,onecountry’sclimatechange legislationmayfocusmoreonenergysupplylegislation,whileanothermayhavea strongerfocusonlandusechangeandforestpolicy. Finally,withintheindividualpiecesoflegislationthemselvesweobservediversity: muchofthelegislationhasmultiͲsectoralobjectives,addressing,forinstance,the regulationoflandusechangeandforestryasamitigationactivity,andsimultaneͲ ouslylegislatingforadaptationbymodifyingtheareasinwhichdevelopmentcan takeplacetoreducetheriskandscaleofpotentialimpacts.Todescribethese differentobjectiveswecreatedthefollowingthematiccategoriesforeachpieceof legislation:CarbonPricing;EnergySupply;EnergyDemand;REDD+andLULUCF; Transportation;Adaptation;ResearchandDevelopment;andInstitutions/AdminisͲ trativearrangements.Thesecategoriesarenotexclusive;manypiecesoflegislation inthisstudywereadjudgedtocoverseveraldifferentcategories. Beyondthescopeofthisstudy,thereisadditionalactionatthesubͲnationaland supraͲnationallevels.Forexample,thereissignificantstateͲlevelactioninfederal statessuchasBrazil,CanadaandtheUS.AnexampleofsupraͲnationalactionisthe decisiontolinktheemissionstradingschemesinAustraliaandtheEU. ClimateChangeLegislation 3.2 ClimateChangeLegislation 17 TheDynamicsofClimateChangeLegislation Itisinstructivetoexaminethedynamicsofclimatechangelegislation.Figure1 (overleaf) provides a graphicalrepresentation of the stock andflow of climate changeͲrelated laws in each of the 33 countries. A country’s stock and flow is influenced by several factors. The first factor is the time when climate change became a legislative issue. For example, those Annex I countries that took on internationallylegallybindingquantifiedemissionsreductiontargetsunderthefirst commitmentperiodoftheKyotoProtocol(2008–2012)engagedearly.Theymight beexpectedtohavearelativelystrongstockoflawsbynowand,therefore,a decreasingflowofadditionallegislation.TheyarelocatedinthetopͲleftquadrant ofFigure1.Countriesattheheightofthelegislativeprocesswouldfindthemselves in the topͲright quadrant. They are still adding new legislation to an already considerablestock.Countriesthathaveonlyjustengagedwithclimatechangeasa legislativeissuewouldbelocatedinthebottomͲrightquadrant. Asecondfactorisacountry’soverallapproachtoclimatepolicy.Somecountries haveprioritisedalegislativeresponsetotacklingclimatechangewhileothershave takenamorepolicyͲorientedorregulatoryapproach.Countriesinthelattergroup wouldbeconcentratedinthebottomͲleftquadrant,withbothalowstockandflow of climate laws. Similarly, countries with comprehensive, overarching laws will havelowerstocksandflowsthancountrieswhereindividualpoliciesaresubjectto separatelegislation. A third factor is the relative priority of climate change. Countries that have prioritisedtacklingclimatechangeandpreparingforitsimpactsaremorelikelyto haveahighstockoflaws(e.g.EU,Mexico,SouthKorea)relativetothosecountries where tackling climate change is a low priority or where there the issue has becomepoliticised(e.g.theUSandCanada). Argentina Nepal Canada Peru ElSalvador Russia Jamaica USA Mozambique Policy/Strategyapproach Oryettoengagewithclimatechangeasa legislativeissue Slowerrate ofclimatechangelaw creation Legislativeapproach Keylegislationproduced;implementation stageorreducedstatusondomesticagenda France Poland Germany UK Italy EU 1 3 2 4 Lowerstocksof climatechangelaws Higherstocksof climatechangelaws ofclimatechangelaw creation Bangladesh Pakistan China Philippines Ethiopia Rwanda Japan SouthAfrica Kenya Policy/Strategyapproach Policyformationstageorclimatechange recentlyonthedomesticlegislativeagenda Legislativeapproach Legislationproductionandimplementation stage Australia India Brazil Mexico Chile SouthKorea Colombia Vietnam Indonesia Fasterrate StockandFlowofClimateChangeLegislation Figure1:TheStockandFlowofClimateChangeLegislation ClimateChangeLegislation 3.3 ClimateChangeLegislation 19 TimelineofClimateChangeLegislation Figure2showsthetimingoflawsinthe33studycountries.Beforeinterpretingthe figure,itshouldbenotedthatthestudyincludes10AnnexIcountriesand23nonͲ AnnexIcountries.1Therefore,allthingsbeingequal,onemightexpectthetotal numberoflawsforagivenyeartobegreaterinnonͲAnnexIcountries.Itshould alsobenotedthatAustralia’sCleanEnergyAct,passedin2011,technicallyconsists of18differentlaws.Forthepurposesofthisstudy,theselawshavebeenconͲ sideredasonelegislativeact,thusthetotalnumberforAnnexIcountriesfor2011 isconsistentwiththerelativelylow2010and2012totalsforAnnexIcountries. Itisinterestingtonotethespikecovering2009and2010,possiblyexplainedbythe pressurefromgovernments,civilsocietyandinternationalorganisationsaround COP15/CMP5inCopenhagen.ThismeetingwassupposedtorepresenttheconͲ clusionofnegotiationsforapostͲ2012agreementundertheBaliActionPlan.There wasimmensepressureongovernmentstopresentapositivenationalpictureat thesenegotiations.Manycountriesmadesignificantnationalpledgesunderthe CopenhagenAccordandthespikein2009–2010,tosomeextent,reflectsthefact thatsomecountriesunderpinnedthecommitmentsmadeatCopenhagenwith domesticlegislation.Theslightfallin2012couldbeduetothedifficultmacroͲ economicconditionsindevelopedcountries,thefactthatsomecountriesalready havecomprehensiveclimatechangelegislationandthefactthattheinternational politicalpressurehasbeenrelievedasanewdealisnotnowexpecteduntil2015 undertheDurbanPlatform.Thisgivestheimpressionthat,despitegrowingeviͲ denceoftheimpactsofclimatechange,thesenseofurgencyintacklingclimate change has dissipatedin many developed countries. The focus of politiciansin stagnating developed economies has been on promoting shortͲterm economic growth,apolicythatisnotnecessarilyconsistentwithactiontotackleclimate change. However,itispossiblethatanewpeakoflegislativeactivitymayoccurintherun upto,andshortlyafter,the2015negotiationswhenanewpostͲ2020dealisdueto beagreedundertheDurbanPlatform. ———————— 1 CountrieslistedinAnnexIoftheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChangearedevelopedcountries. ThoseinnonͲAnnexIaredevelopingcountries. 20 ClimateChangeLegislation ClimateChangeLegislation Figure2:ClimateChangeLegislationOverTime NumberoflawsperyearforAnnexIandNonͲAnnexIcountries 30 25 20 No.oflaws 15 10 AnnexI NonͲAnnexI 5 Be fo re 1 99 1 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10 20 11 20 12 0 Year 3.4 SectoralCoverageandMotivations Table2showsthesectoralcoverageofclimatechangelegislationinthe33study countries.2 The sectoral coverage continues to be broad and reflects different nationalcircumstancesandpriorities.Therearesomenotablethemesrelatedto these sectors and the broader motivation for climate change legislation that warranthighlighting: ———————— 2 FortheEUMemberStatescoveredbythisstudy(France,Germany,Italy,PolandandtheUK),wehavenot replicatedEUDirectiveslistedundertheEUchapterineachoftheindividualMemberStates’profiles, unlessthatcountryhasimplementedlegislationthatgoessignificantlybeyondthescopeoftheDirective. Therefore,thesectoralcoverageoutlinedinTable2forEUMemberStatesrelatesonlytoindependent nationallegislation. ClimateChangeLegislation 3.4.1 ClimateChangeLegislation 21 EnergyDemandandEnergySupply After“institutionalarrangements”,“energydemand”and“energysupply”arethe mostpopularcategoriesaddressedbythelawsincludedinthisstudy.Atotalof 116laws(outof286)addressenergydemandand156lawsaddressenergysupply. Almost all countries have a focus on energy efficiency, reflecting the fact that energy efficiency is seen as a ‘winͲwin’ strategy – it reduces energy demand, contributestoareductioninGHGemissionsandincreasesprospectsforenergy security and energy independence. At the same time it reduces demand for additionalenergyinfrastructure,reducesenergycostsandincreasescompetitiveͲ ness. 3.4.2 Adaptation Mostcountries(28outof33)includeadaptationintheirlegislation,andinmany developingcountriesitisthemainfocus,includinghighlyvulnerablecountriessuch as Bangladesh, Jamaica, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal and Philippines. However, thedelineationbetweenadaptationand“climaterisk”orresourcemanagementis notalwaysclear.Many,oftenold,lawsdealwithdisastermanagement,whereas others relate to fresh water management. This shows the close link between adaptationtoclimatechangeandthemanagementofnormalclimatevariability. Adaptationprovisionsspecificallyaimedatclimatechangeoftenstartwithrisk assessments(e.g.theClimateChangeRiskAssessmentinUKwhichexaminedmore than700potentialimpacts)ratherthanoutrightaction.Furthermore,adaptationis often delegated to agencies, regions and subͲnational authorities, rather than drivenbyacentralisedbody,reflectingthefactthatadaptationislocalanddiverse. Forexample,theClimateChangeActinthePhilippinesmandateslocalgovernment todraftlocalClimateChangeActionPlansand,inPakistan,aspecialProvincial ClimateChangePolicyImplementationCommitteehasbeenestablished. 3.4.3 CarbonPricing Inthelasttwoyearstherehasbeenasignificantmovetowardspricingcarbon, primarilythroughcarbontradingbutalsousingcarbontaxes,asatoolwithwhich totackleGHGemissions.InadditiontotheproposedexpansionoftheEU’swellͲ establishedemissionstradingschemetocoveraviationemissions,Australiapassed legislationin2011todevelopanationaltradingschemeby2015,ChinahasproͲ ceededwiththedevelopmentofpilotemissionstradingsystemsin7municipalities andprovinces,duetobeginin2013,withaviewtoanationalschemebefore2020 22 ClimateChangeLegislation ClimateChangeLegislation and,in2012,SouthKoreapassedlegislationthatwillseeanationalschemein place by 2015. The US State of California’s emissions trading scheme began in 2012.Whilethisisinterestinginthecontextofdifferentcountryapproachesto climate change, it is not nationalͲlevel and therefore outside the scope of this study.Elsewhere,inJuly2012,AustraliaandtheEUannouncedtheirintentionto linktheirschemesby2018atthelatest,furtherstrengtheningtheprospectofan interͲcontinentalcarbonpriceinthemediumterm. Japanintroducedacarbontaxin2012,Indiahasinitiatedalevyoncoalwiththe revenueraisedbeingusedtofundcleanenergyresearch,andSouthAfricahas proposedacarbontaxinitsmostrecentbudgetfor2012–2013. 3.4.4 ForestsandLandUse Asonewouldexpect,theefforttoreduceGHGemissionsfromdeforestationand forestdegradation(REDD)hasbeenadriveroflegislationandregulationinthose countries with large forests. Bangladesh, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, Nepal and Vietnamallhavesignificantlawsandregulationsdesignedtoreducedeforestation. ThislegislationrecognisesthecoͲbenefitsofprotectingnaturalforests,forexamͲ ple,watermanagement,soilerosionandstormprotection.Thatis,aswithenergy efficiency, REDD is seen as a winͲwin strategy that also supports adaptation through improving the resilience of ecosystems and maintaining the stock of naturalcapital. 3.4.5 GreenGrowth Abroaderthemethathasemergedoverrecentmonthsandyearsistheuseofthe term“GreenGrowth”inlegislationandregulationrelatedtoclimatechange.This representsarecognitionthat,althoughimplementingclimatepoliciesmayresult inshortͲtermcosts,suchpolicieswill,inmanycases,stimulatenewlowcarbon industries,createnewjobsandleadtomoreresourceͲefficient,shockͲresistant andcompetitiveeconomies,aswellasmanagingtherisksthatclimatechange poses. Countries that explicitly couch their climate change activities as green growthstrategiesincludeEthiopiaandSouthKorea. No.of Laws 6 9 7 13 4 10 4 8 5 8 25 14 12 14 18 18 3 9 5 8 Country Argentina Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada Chile China Colombia ElSalvador Ethiopia EU France Germany India Indonesia Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Mexico X X X X X M X M X X M X M X M X M X X X X M X M X X X M M X X X X X X M X X X X X X M X X X X X X X X X M X X X X M X X M X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X M M X X X X X M M X X X X M X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Pricing Energy Energy Forestsand Transport Adaptation Researchand Institutions/Administrative carbon Demand Supply OtherLandUse Development Arrangements Table2:SectoralCoverageofLegislation 3 7 6 6 4 9 3 4 16 9 5 10 286 Nepal Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Russia Rwanda SouthAfrica SouthKorea UK US Vietnam Total M=MainFocus X=Coverage Key: 4 No.of Laws Mozambique Country 11/33 M M X 31/33 X X X X X X M X X X X 32/33 X M X X M X X M X X X X 25/33 M X X X X X X X X X 21/33 X X X X X X X X X 28/33 X X X X X M X M M M M M 28/33 X X X X X X X X X X X X 31/33 X X X X X X X X X X X X Pricing Energy Energy Forestsand Transport Adaptation Researchand Institutions/Administrative carbon Demand Supply OtherLandUse Development Arrangements CountryͲbyͲCountry ClimateChangeLegislation 25 4 ClimateChangeLegislation CountryͲbyͲCountry ThischapterdetailsthekeyinformationaboutthemainclimatechangeͲrelevant lawsineachofthe33countriescoveredbythis3rdGLOBEClimateLegislation Study.Italsoincludesinformationaboutemissionsandthelatestinternational commitmentundertheUNFCCC. ThereisnoclearͲcutdefinitionofaclimatechangelaw.Thereareambiguitiesboth withtheterms“climatechange”and“law”.Asintheoriginalstudy,theauthors defineclimatechangelawas: Legislation,orregulations,policiesanddecreeswithacomparablestatus,thatrefer specificallytoclimatechangeorthatrelatetoreducingenergydemand,promoting lowcarbonenergysupply,tacklingdeforestation,promotingsustainablelanduse, sustainabletransport,oradaptationtoclimateimpacts. WehaveappliedthisdefinitionwithflexibilityonacountryͲbyͲcountrybasisto ensurethebestreflectionoftheoveralllegislative,regulatoryandpolicyresponse to climate change in the 33 study countries. This approach acknowledges the diversityofcountryapproachestoclimatechangeidentifiedinSection3.1.Atthe sametime,wedonotclaimtohaveidentifiedeveryrelevantlawfromall33study countries.Whetherornotagivenlawhasbeendetecteddependsonanumberof factorssuchastheavailabilityofinformationthroughwebsitesandthestrengthof connectionswithrelevantlegislatorsandlegislatures.Asaresult,thispaperdoes notofferanexhaustivelistofallclimateͲrelevantlegislation. Theadditionofafurther16,mostlydeveloping,countrieshasresultedinmore emphasisonadaptation.Thesecountrychaptershavebeenwrittentakinginto account the priorities laid out in national adaptation plans, where available. However,acountry’sapproachtoadaptationisdeterminedbyitsgeographyand therefore calls for contextͲspecific strategies. For example, adaptation in one country may involve improving protection against seaͲlevel rise, whereas in anotherinvolvedevelopingdroughtͲresistantcropsandimprovingwatermanageͲ ment.Moreovertheremaybevariationsinthewaythatlocaladaptationmeasures areimplemented,suchasthroughcreationofdedicatednewlegislation,useof existinglegislation,oramendmentstoexistinglegislation.Becauseofthishuge scope,thisstudydoesnotcapturealladaptationͲrelatedlegislativeactivity. 26 ClimateChangeLegislation CountryͲbyͲCountry Wewerealsostrictaboutnotincludinglawsunderconsideration.Thedetailed countrychaptersonlyincludelaws,regulations,policiesanddecreesthathave beenpassedandthathavecomeintoeffect.However,significantcurrentlegislaͲ tiveeffortsnotyetpassed,orrecentlyfailed,havebeenreferencedinthecovering textofeachcountrysummaryandarealsotakenintoaccountintheassessmentof “Progressin2012”asoutlinedinTable1. Our focus on legislation at the federal level also excludes significant action at regionalandlocallevelsofgovernment.Thisisparticularlysignificantincountries withfederalstructures(e.g.Australia,Brazil,IndiaandSouthAfrica)and,within thiscategory,incountrieswherefederallegislationhasbeenslowwhencompared withactivityatthesubͲnationallevel(e.g.USandCanada). ForEUMemberStatescoveredbythisstudy(France,Germany,Italy,Polandand theUK),wehavenotreplicatedEUDirectiveslistedundertheEUchapterineach oftheindividualMemberStates’profiles,unlessthatcountryhasimplemented legislationthatgoessignificantlybeyondthescopeoftheDirective.Forexample, theFrenchFarmingPolicyFrameworkgoesbeyondtheEUBiofuelsDirective. Thedatasourcesusedforthe“FactBoxes”intheindividualcountrychaptersare fromtwosources.TheGHGemissionsdataistakenfromthemostrecentofficial nationalsubmissiontotheUNFCCC.ThismeansthatthefiguresarenotcomparaͲ blefromcountrytocountryasthesubmissionsarefromdifferentyears.Forthe categoryofImportanceasanemitter,2005WorldBankemissionsdatahavebeen used.Althoughslightlydated,thedataarecomparableandwehaveusedbroad categories(Top5,Top10,etc.)toprovideanindicativeassessmentratherthan attemptaspecificrankingbasedonoutofdateorunofficialdata. Notetoreader Thefollowingabbreviationsandformulae,appearinginthe“FactBox”ofeachsection,should benoted: LULUCF MtCO2e Changefrombaseyear(1990) LULUCF stands for land use, land use change and forestry, and refers to an official greenhouse gas inventorysectorunderUNFCCC Mt stands for megatonne (i.e. one million metric tonnes).CO2equivalent(CO2e)istheconcentrationof CO2thatwouldcausethesamelevelofradiativeforcing asagiventypeandconcentrationofgreenhousegas. Examples of such greenhouse gases are methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and nitrous oxide. CO2e is expressedaspartspermillionbyvolume(ppmv). ThechangefrombaseyearexcludesLULUCF Argentina ClimateChangeLegislation 27 4.1 Argentina 4.1.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 289 282 NA 2000 Top50 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:11March1994 Dateofentryintoforce:9June1994 Dateofsignature:16March1998 Dateofratification:28September2001 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nopledgemade PresidentialDecree140/2007declaring “rationalandefficient”energyusea nationalpriority 28 ClimateChangeLegislation Argentina 4.1.2 LegislativeProcess TheArgentinelegislativestructureisabicameralcongressionalmodelwithina federal republic. The National Congress is composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Each of the 23 provinces (and the autonomous federal capital,BuenosAires)electsthreesenators(twofromthemajoritypartyandone fromthefirstminority)foratotalof72senators.The257representativesofthe ChamberofDeputiesareelectedbycongressionaldistrictsbasedonproportional representation. Legislativeproposalsarecalledlawprojects(proyectosdeley)andaregenerally introduced in the Chamber of Deputies before debate and vote in the Senate (exceptionsincludelawsdeclaringwarandtax/tarifflegislation).Tobecomelaw, alllawprojectsmustbepassedbybothcongressionalbodiesandsignedbythe President,whoactsasbothheadofstateandheadofgovernment. Alawprojectisfirstdrafted,proposedanddebatedinlegislativecommitteesinthe Chamber of Deputies. Often included in the debate are experts invited by the committee,whomayincludehighͲlevelgovernmentofficials,notedacademics, civilsocietyleaders,andmembersoftheprivatesector.Oncetheproposalhas passed the relevant legislative committee, it can officially be presented and debatedinfrontofallthedeputies,andamendmentsmaybeconsidered. Argentina is a federal republic made up of 23 provinces and an autonomous nationalcapitalcity.Eachprovinceelectsitsowngovernorandcongressandis granted significant authority over the running of its territory by the Argentine NationalConstitution.Whilefederallawusurpsprovinciallaw,manyofthelaws passedbyNationalCongressandenactedbythePresidentarewrittentocoexist withprovinciallaw.Someprovinceshavepassedlegislationdirectlyorindirectly relatedtoclimatechange,whichwillnotbeconsideredhere.Article41ofthe ArgentineNationalConstitutiondeclarestheimportanceofthenaturalenvironͲ ment and its protection from contamination a national priority. It considers “enjoyment” of the natural environment an individual and cultural right. Constitutionally,eachprovincehasthegubernatorialauthoritytolegislateand controlitsnaturalresources;however,thenationalgovernmentreservestheright todictatethenormsfortheprotectionoftheenvironment. Argentina ClimateChangeLegislation 29 4.1.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Legislation,orregulationrelatedtoclimatechange,hasbeenparticularlydifficult toenactinArgentina.Thecountryexperiencedasevererecessionfrom1998until 2002,andanacutecrisisin2001,afterwhichnearly60%ofthepopulationwas plungedintopoverty.Duringthelastdecade,thefederalgovernment’spriorityhas beeneconomicrecoveryandgrowth.Investmentsnecessarytomitigateemissions and adapt to climate change are conceived as politically pitted against social investmentsinhealth,educationandpovertyreductioninazeroͲsumgame.As such,Argentinahasneitherenactedcomprehensivelegislationrelatedtoclimate change nor made an official pledge to reduce GHG emissions bya measurable difference. InitssecondreporttotheUNFCCC(2007),theArgentinegovernmentmaintains thatthecountryisvulnerabletoclimatechange,particularlyfloodsandlandslides related to increased rainfall, melting glaciers and increased river flow. Various governmentͲcommissionedstudieshavelaidoutbothmitigationandadaptation strategies; however, the government insists that substantial nonͲrefundable international funds would be necessary for their implementation. In a public speechbeforetheUNFCCCconferenceinCopenhagenin2009,PresidentCristina FernandezdeKirchnerarguedthatdevelopingcountriesshouldsetGHGemissions reductiongoalsthatwere“humbler”butmorefeasible,andthatwealthynations thataretheprincipalpollutersshouldsetmoreambitiousreductiongoalsaswell asfinancethemitigationandadaptationeffortsofpoorernations. Thatisnottosay,however,thatArgentinahasmadenoinstitutionalattemptsto respondtoclimatechange.ThecountryratifiedtheUNFCCCin1993andtheKyoto Protocolin2001.In2002apresidentialdecreecreatedtheSecretaryofEnvironͲ mentandSustainableDevelopment(SAyDS),tobehousedwithintheMinistryof Health and Environment. The SAyDS in turn created the Direction for Climate Change, which has responsibility for introducing and coordinating policies and actionsrelatingtoclimatechange.OthersubgroupsincludetheNationalAdvisory Commission on Climate Change,whichincludesvarious academic andindustry experts,andtheGubernatorialCommitteeonClimateChange,comprisedentirely of government organs and intended to coordinate crossͲsector government actions. 30 ClimateChangeLegislation Argentina Energydemandandsupply Argentinahasenactedlegislationtoreduceenergydemandthroughthepromotion ofenergyefficientpracticesintheprivate,publicandresidentialsectors.Thepolicy mechanismthroughwhichmostenergydemandprojectsareimplementedisthe NationalProgramforRationalandEfficientEnergyUse,which,accordingtoofficial estimates,willleadtoa2,400MWreductionindemandforelectricityby2015and a28milliontonnereductioninCO2emissions(between2006and2015).Further detailsofTheNationalPlancanbefoundinthedetailedtablesbelow. Argentinahasmadetheuseofbiofuelsobligatoryforallliquidfueltypesusedfor transportation.Partoflegislationmeanttopromotetheproductionanduseof biofuels,regulationsforthecommercialisationofpetrolnowmandatethatallfuel typesmustcontainaminimumof5%biodieselorbioethanol.Similarlegislation related to renewable sources of electricity stipulates that by 2017, 10% of all electricity consumed must come from renewable energy sources. As such the federal government has laid out several tax benefits and financing and grant schemestoencouragenewproductionofalternativeenergyandenergyefficiency technologies. Sincetheeconomiccrisismentionedabove,thefederalgovernmenthassubsidised residentialandcommercialelectricity,gasandwateruseresultinginsomeofthe lowestenergypricesinthecontinent.In2011TheMinistryofEconomyissueda resolutionthatendedthesubsidiestolargecorporationsandresidenciesdeemed tobein“highincome”areasintheBuenosAiresmetropolitanarea(hometo39% ofthepopulation)aswellasgatedcommunitiesandcountryclubsthroughoutall provinces.Themotivesbehindthecuttingofsubsidieswerenotclimatechange mitigationorconsumerbehaviourͲchange.Nonetheless,possibleeffectsincludea decrease in energy consumption and/or more competitive price schemes for renewableenergiesinthefuturemarket. Education Argentina’scomprehensiveGeneralLawofEnvironment,whichamongotherthings establishestheSecretariatofEnvironmentwithintheNationalMinistryofHealth andEnvironment,explicitlystatesthatmodulesrelatedtothenaturalenvironͲ ment,protectionofnaturalresourcesandpreventionofpollutionmustbeincluded in primary and secondary school curricula. Later congressional legislation and presidential decrees have mandated that climate change material (including informationaboutmitigationofemissionsandadaptationthroughindividualand collectiveaction)alsobeincluded.Inadditiontotheproductionofeducational materials and curricula for schoolͲaged children, various laws call for “massive public education campaigns” on issues such as pollution and energy efficiency Argentina ClimateChangeLegislation 31 targeted to the general population. Lastly, included in much of the legislation covered in the annex below are mechanisms for funding research at national universities,andfacilitatingknowledgetransferhumanresourcetraining(including the establishment of postgraduate programs focussed on energy efficiency) betweenacademicinstitutionsandthepublicandprivatesectors. Argentina:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Decree140/2007:Presidentialdecreedeclaring“rationalandefficient”energyuseanational priority 21December2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill ThispresidentialdecreeisconsideredArgentina’s“flagshiplegislation”duetoitsfarͲreaching andambitiousgoalstoreduceenergyconsumptionandpromotetheuseofrenewableenergy in the public sector (including public transport and lighting), private industry and private residencies.Whilethedecreeisnottechnicallylegislation,ithasrealauthoritytoregulate energyconsumptionanddemonstratedpotentialtodrivenewregulationandpoliciesthrough legislation,executivedecreesandministerialresolutions. ThedecreeoperateswithintheframeworkestablishedbytheUNFCCCandtheKyotoProtocol, seeking sustainable development and growth while mitigating negative impacts to the environment.Thedecree’smainpurposeistoannounceaNationalProgramforRationaland EfficientEnergyUse,toguaranteefundingfortheprograminthefederalbudget,tonamethe EnergySecretaryasthemainauthorityforimplementingtheplanandtocreateafederal commissiontooverseeandmonitorprogress. The National Program for Rational and Efficient Energy Use is divided into actions to be realisedinthe1)shorttermand2)mediumandlongterm. Intheshortterm(30daysfromimplementation)thecommissionistoinitiatea“massive” publiceducationcampaignaboutenergyefficiency,takenecessarymeasurestomanagethe replacementofincandescentlightbulbswithenergyefficientbulbsinallprivateresidencesin thecountry,beginworktoratetheenergyefficiencyofallelectricappliances,improvethe energyefficiencyinallsectorsofpublicadministrationandpromoteagreementswithenergy providers,nationaluniversitiesandbusinessassociationstoimproveenergyefficiencyinnonͲ publicsectors. 32 ClimateChangeLegislation Argentina Targets Inthemediumtolongterm,theactionsarefurthersubdividedbysectors: x Industry: formulate a strategy to increase competitiveness by reducing energy costs;worktomonitorandimproveenergyefficiencywiththosecorporationsthat voluntarily participate in the program; disseminate and replicate the program; facilitateenergyefficiencytechnologywithintheprivatesector;offerfinancingto smallandmediumcompanieswhovoluntarilyinvestinenergysavingtechnology x CommercialandServiceSectors:tailoranenergyefficiencyprogramtothespecific circumstances of office buildings, retail shops, hotels, restaurants, commercial banksetc.;developefficiencystandardsfortheconsumptionofenergy(lighting, heatingandairͲconditioning,foodstorage) x Education:incorporateenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergythemesintopreͲ existingcurriculaatprimaryandsecondaryeducationlevels;developpostgraduate programsfocussingonenergyefficiencyatnationaluniversities x Cogeneration: develop a plan to promote and regulate the cogeneration of electricityandheatwithnewandexistingenergyprovidingcompanies x Energy efficiency standards and labelling: designate maximum and minimum standardsofenergyefficiencyforelectricappliancesandmachinesproducedor commercialised in the country; propose a timeline to ban the production, importationandcommercialisationofincandescentlightbulbs x Publiclighting:implementsystemtechnologiestomakepublicstreetlightingand trafficlightsmoreenergyefficient x Transport:improvethemanagementanddistributionofpublictransportinregards toenergyconsumption;withcorrespondingauthoritiesdevelopminimumstanͲ dardsofefficiencyfornewautomobiles;initiateamonitoringandmaintenance programforpublicvehicles,commercialtransportvehiclesandtaxisandlimouͲ sines; design a public education campaign about the impacts of the excessive drivingofautomobiles x Residences: initiate a system of energy certification for newly constructed residences in cooperation with constructionͲindustry associations, architect associations and universities; introduce energy efficiency as an indicator of constructionqualityintheacademicdepartmentsofengineeringandarchitecture; indicatemaximumenergyconsumptionguidesfornewhomesbasedonregional geographies; optimise solar energy in new construction projects; incentivise reduction of energy consumption in existing residences; develop a strategy to design“massivesystems”ofwaterheatingusingsolartechnology x Climate Change–Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): evaluate the role of CDM, including international carbon markets, in supporting energy efficiency projects;developaplantotakeadvantageofinternationalsourcesoffinancingand technologicalcooperation;promotetheCDMinpublicandprivateentitiesthat couldhavearoleinidentifyingnewenergyefficiencyprojects Nonespecified Argentina ClimateChangeLegislation 33 Argentina:OtherRelevantLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law26473Prohibitingcommercialisationofincandescentlightbulbs 31December2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Prohibitstheimportationandcommercialisationofincandescentlightbulbsforresidential usethroughoutthecountry. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law26.190RegimenfortheNationalPromotionfortheProductionandUseofRenewable SourcesofElectricEnergy 2January2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill Law26.190declarestheproductionofelectricityfromrenewableenergysourcesamatterof national interest. It requires that within 10 years (2017), 8% of all electricity consumed nationallymustbegeneratedfromrenewableenergysources.Thelawdirectstheexecutive powertocoordinateaFederalProgramfortheDevelopmentofRenewableEnergy,whichfora periodof10yearswillcreateafundtofinancerenewableenergyprojects.Privatefirmswho arerecognisedasbeneficiariesofthePlanand/ortheFundwillenjoyaseriesoftaxbenefits. Targets Nonespecified 34 ClimateChangeLegislation Argentina Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law26.123(2006)PromotionofHydrogenEnergy 25August2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill Law 26.123 declares the technological development, the production of, and the use of hydrogenfuel,aswellasotheralternativeenergysources,amatterofnationalinterest. Theexecutivepowerwilldeterminethefederalorganisationresponsiblefordevelopinga National Programme for Hydrogen, which will have among its objectives: develop and strengthenthetechnologicalandscientificresearchintoalternativeenergysources;incenͲ tivise the application of hydrogen energy technology; incentivise the participation of the privatesectorinthegenerationandproductionofhydrogenenergywhereitstrengthensthe national industry; promote the regional cooperation and technology transfer between MERCOSUR memberͲcountries; develop a plan to educate the general public about the necessity to diminish contamination of the national environment and the importance of alternativeenergyuse;incentivisetheindustrialisationofhydrogenfuelcells;andpromote linksbetweenstateentities,universityresearchcentresandprivateindustryintheinterestof anationalindustryofhydrogenenergy. The objectives will be realised primarily through the creation of The National Fund of HydrogenPromotion(FONHIDRO),whichwilldependonthenationalfiscalbudgetandwhich willalsooverseevarioustaxexemptionsanddeductionsforparticipatingfirms. Targets Nonespecified Argentina ClimateChangeLegislation 35 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law26.093(2006)RegimenofRegulationandPromotionoftheProductionandSustainable UseofBiofuels 12May2006withsomeprovisionsactivated1January2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheobjectoftheLaw26.093istoprovidearegulatoryframeworkfortheproductionand promotionofbiofuels.Thelawcreatesanddefinestheauthorityofafederalregulatoryentity, TheNationalAdvisoryCommissionforthePromotionoftheProductionandSustainableUseof Biofuels,delineatesthechemicaldefinitionsofbiodieselandbioethanolandprovidesdirection fortheissuingofsubsidiesandtaxreductions.TheCommissionalsohasthechargeoffaciliͲ tating technology transfer, especially between small and medium sized firms who are beneficiariesofthelaw. Fouryearsafterenactment(by2010)allgasolineproducedandconsumedinArgentinamust becomposedofnolessthan5%biofuels. TheregulationsenactedandtheCommissionwillbevalidforaperiodof15yearsfromthe dateofentryintoforce;however,theExecutiveBranchwillhavetheauthoritytoextendthe lawbasedonpreͲexistingtaxlaw. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalDecree1070/05(2005)CreationoftheArgentineCarbonFund 5September2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill NationalDecree1070/05hasthesinglepurposeofcreatingtheNationalArgentineCarbon Fund (FAC) and to incentivise projects within the framework of The Clean Development Mechanism,asdefinedbyArticle12oftheKyotoProtocol.Thefundisadministeredbythe SecretaryofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentwithintheMinistryofHealthand Environment. Targets Nonespecified.Bytheendof2006,projectsparticipatinginthefundwereestimatedtohave avoided27milliontonnesofCO2equivalent. Australia ClimateChangeLegislation 37 4.2 Australia 4.2.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 581 543 125 2010 Top20 Dateofsignature:4June1992 Dateofratification:30December1992 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:29April1998 Dateofratification:12December2007 Dateofentryintoforce:11March2008 ReductionofGHGemissionsbetween5% and25%from2000levelsby2020,based onactionstakenbyotherstates: x 5%unconditionalreduction x 15%reductionifthereisaglobal agreementwhichfallsshortofsecuring atmosphericstabilisationat450ppm CO2e,underwhichmajordeveloping economiescommittosubstantially restrainemissionsandadvanced economiestakeoncommitments comparabletoAustralia’s x 25%reductionifglobaldealreached, capableofstabilisinglevelsofatmosͲ phericGHGat450ppmCO2eorlower CleanEnergyAct 38 ClimateChangeLegislation Australia 4.2.2 LegislativeProcess TheAustralianparliamentarysystemisbasedontheUK’sWestminstersystem.The Federal Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives (commonlyknownastheLowerHouse),andtheSenate(oftenreferredtoasthe UpperHouse).TheSenateiscomposedofequalnumbersofrepresentativesfrom all six Australian states, with additional Senators representing Australian TerriͲ tories.IntheHouseofRepresentatives,thenumberofmembersofparliamentper stateisproportionaltopopulation.AustraliaretainstheSovereignoftheUnited Kingdomasitsheadofstate.AlllawsareformallyenactedbytheSovereign(Royal Assent). Proposedlawsarecalledbills,andcanbeintroducedintoeitherHouse,exceptfor billsthatproposeexpenditureortaxlevies(appropriationormoneybills),which mustbeintroducedintheHouseofRepresentatives.Inpractice,mostbillsare introducedintheHouseofRepresentatives.Allbillsmustbepassed(byaseriesof threereadings)bybothHousesofParliamenttobecomelaw(Acts).Itispossible fortheSenatetoblockthepassageoflegislationevenincaseswherethegovͲ ernment has a clear majority in the House of Representatives. In the case of parliamentarydeadlock,theAustralianconstitutionallowstheGovernorͲGeneral (theSovereign’srepresentative)toauthorisea“doubledissolution”electionunder specificcircumstances,attherequestofthePrimeMinister. AustraliaoperatesunderaFederalsystemofgovernment,withsixstates(formerly separate colonies) with considerable autonomy, defined areas of jurisdictional responsibilityundertheConstitutionandseparateParliaments.Thischaptercovers onlythoselawsandpoliciesthatareenactednationwide. 4.2.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Australia’sapproachtoclimatechangeisbestreflectedintheCleanEnergyActof 2011.TheActisintendedtotakeactiontowardsAustralia’slongͲtermtargetof reducingnetGHGemissionsto80%below2000levelsby2050.TheCleanEnergy Actintroducesapriceoncarbonaffectinglargepolluters,effectivefromJuly2012 (startingatafixedAUS$23[US$24.2]).Thepricemechanismwillbereplacedbyan emissionstradingscheme(ETS)on1July2015.OncetheETScomesintoeffect,the carbonpricewillbesetbythemarket. Australia ClimateChangeLegislation 39 ClimatechangehasbeenacontentiousissueinAustralianpoliticssincethelate 1990s.In1998,theAustraliangovernmentsetuptheAustralianGreenhouseOffice (AGO), which was the world’s first national government agency dedicated to reducing GHG emissions, and the National Carbon Accounting System (NCAS). Australia signed the Kyoto Protocol in April 1998, but did not ratify it until December2007.Controversyovertheintroductionoffederallegislationtolimit GHGemissionshasbecomeparticularlyacutesince2009,withbothmajorparties (theAustralianLaborPartyorALP,andtheLiberalͲNationalPartycoalitionorLNP) advocatingdifferentapproaches. In2007,theLNPintroducedtheNationalGreenhouseEnergyReportingAct2007 (NGER Act). The object ofthis Act wastointroduceasingle nationalreporting framework for GHG emissions, with the intention of providing information to underpinafutureemissionstradingscheme(ETS).TheGarnautClimateChange Review (released 2007, updated 2011) indicated that an ETS could help to “decarbonise”theeconomy,andwouldnotbeinflationaryifpermitrevenuewere usedtocompensatehouseholds.Majorpoliticalcontroversysurroundedthefirst attempttointroduceanETSthroughtheCarbonPollutionReductionSchemeBill 2009(CPRS),andwastwicedefeatedintheSenatein2009,givingrisetoatrigger foradoubledissolutionelection.InApril2010,itwasannouncedthattheCPRS wouldbeputonholduntil2012. However,afterafederalelectioninAugust2010,thegovernmentbegananewto introduceclimatechangelegislation.Anewpackageof18billstocombatclimate change, headed by the Clean Energy Act 2011, was passed by the House of Representatives in October 2011 and by a narrow majority in the Senate in November2011. On 28 August 2012, the Australian Minister for Climate Change and Energy EfficiencyandtheEuropeanCommissionerforClimateActionannouncedthatthey willconnecttheAustralianEmissionTradingScheme(ETS)totheEuropeanUnion ETS, in a full twoͲway link commencing no later than 1 July 2018.The linkage betweenthetradingschemeswillintroducetwochangestotheAustralianscheme: thefirst,removalofthepriceflooroncarbon;thesecond,theapplicationofanew subͲlimit to the use of eligible Kyoto emission reduction credits.On 31 August 2012,theDepartmentofClimateChangeandEnergyEfficiencyreleasedadraftof theClean Energy Legislation Amendment (International Emissions Trading and OtherMeasures)Bill2012andsixrelatedbillstoinformstakeholdersoftheway thatitproposestoimplementtheselinkages.Theproposedamendmentsmake amendmentstotheCleanEnergyAct2011andrelatedacts. 40 ClimateChangeLegislation Australia Ongoingcontentiousissuesrelatedtothecarbonpricingmechanismhavebeenthe potentialeffectsonexportͲorientedindustries,andtheeffectsonhouseholdbills. Asaresult,thepackageincludessupportpackagesfor“tradeͲexposedindustries” andsubstantialcutstoincometax,particularlyforlowincomeearners,inorderto compensate for any price rises. Household transport fuel consumption and emissionsfromagricultureandotherlandͲbasedactivitiesareexemptfromthe carbonprice. Australiaisinvolvedinmanyregionalandglobalactivities,providingopportunities forbuildingstrongerpoliticalrelationshipsandinfluencingothercountries’climate changepolicies,andforcapacitybuildingindevelopingcountries.Itisinvolvedin settingupREDD+projectsandhasanallocatedbudgettowardssupportingadaptaͲ tioneffortsindevelopingcountries. SubͲnationallevel Severalstateshaveclimatelegislationandemissionreductiontargets.Thestate of South Australia has set ambitious targets in its 2007 legislation – reducing emissionsby60%tobe40%under1990levelsby2050;productionandconsumpͲ tionofatleast20%renewableenergyby2014.Victoria’sClimateChangeAct2010 came into effect in July 2011. Following federal legislation, the Act has been reviewedand“foundnocompellingcasetomaintainthe(Victorian)target”whena nationalschemewasinplace.Stateemissionreductiontargets(whicharemore ambitious than the federal targets) will be repealed from the state legislation; however,otherelementsofthelegislation,includingadaptationplans,willremain intact.NewSouthWalesproducedseveralplans,whichincludeacommitmentto beanetcarbonneutralstateby2020,aswellasothertargetsandmeasureswith regardstoenergyconsumptionandsupplyandtransportation.AustralianCapital Territoryalsointroducedambitiouslegislationincludingnetcarbonneutralityby 2060. Energydemand Thereareseveralschemestargetedatincreasingenergyefficiency,buttodate thereisnooverarchingframework.TheAustraliangovernmenthasoutlinedplans foranewNationalEnergySavingsInitiative(ESI),designedtotieinwithcarbon pricing measures under the Clean Energy Act. A national ESI would place obliͲ gationsonenergyretailerstofindandimplementenergysavingsinhouseholds and businesses, and would assist consumers to save money through energy efficienttechnologies.ConsultationonthedesignofthenationalESIiscurrently underway;itisintendedtoreplacestateͲbasedenergyefficiencyschemesthatonly apply in some states. A progress report was released in August 2012, and the Australia ClimateChangeLegislation 41 WorkingGroupintendstoreleaseanassessmentofregulatoryimpactsforpublic commentinlate2012.ThefindingsoftheregulatoryimpactanalysisandstakeͲ holderviewswillthenberesentedtotheAustraliangovernment. Australia began phasing out energyͲintensive incandescent light bulbs from February2009.ATaxBreaksforGreenBuildingsProgrammecameintoeffecton1 July2012,providingincentivesforretrofittingenergyͲintensivebuildings. Thebudgetfor2012–2013allocatesAUS$37.1million(US$39million)infundingto introduceanationallyconsistentlegislativeframeworkforGreenhouseandEnergy MinimumStandardstoregulateequipmentenergyefficiency.Thisframeworkwill replaceaninefficientpatchworkofstateandterritoryschemes.Thebudgetalso includes AUS$2.8 million (US$2.9 million) in additional funding for a range of buildingenergyefficiencyactivities,includingmaintenanceandimprovementof currentbuildingregulatoryschemes. Energysupply Australiahashadlegislationinplacetoincentiviseincreasedrenewableenergy generation since 2000 (the Renewable Energy [Electricity] Act 2000), with a MandatoryRenewableEnergyTarget(MRET)commencingin2001.From2009,the MRETwasexpandedtotheRenewableEnergyTarget(RET)Scheme,designedto ensurethat20%ofthenation’selectricitysupplywillbegeneratedfromrenewable sourcesby2020.Asof2011,around7%ofAustralia’selectricityissuppliedby renewablesources.Hydroelectricity,bagasse(abyͲproductofsugarcane),wood and wood waste together account for 85% of renewable energy production in Australia.Windenergyandsolarenergyarerapidlygrowingsectorswithinthe renewableenergymarket. TheRETwassplitintoaLargeͲscaleRenewableEnergyTarget(LRET)andSmallͲ scale Renewable Energy Scheme (SRES) in 2010. The two schemes recognise differencesbetweenlargeͲscaleoperations(suchasrenewableenergyprojects, andenergysuppliers)andsmallͲscalerenewableenergysystems(suchashouseͲ holds,smallbusinessesandcommunities).Undertheamendedlegislation,liable entities(normallyelectricityretailers)arerequiredtopurchaserenewableenergy certificates(RECs)fromrenewableenergyproviders.Thisisintendedtoprovidea financialincentiveforinvestmentinrenewableenergysystems.LRETandSRESare overseenbyastatutoryauthority(theOfficeoftheRenewableEnergyRegulator) createdspecificallyforthispurpose. 42 ClimateChangeLegislation Australia Landuse Emissionsfromlandusechangeandlandmanagementaccountforaround25%of Australia’sGHGemissions,asituationwhichstandsthecountryapartfrommostof theotherAnnexIcountries.TheAustraliangovernmentestablishedtheNational CarbonAccountingSystem(NCAS)in1998toprovideacompleteaccountingand forecastingsystemforhumanͲinducedsourcesandsinksofGHGemissionsfrom AustralianlandͲbasedactivities.Reportingcapabilitiesincludeemissionsfromland use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), as well as projections for future emissionsfromthesecategories.CarbonpoolsthatarecoveredthroughNCAS includesoilcarbonandbiomass(bothaboveͲgroundandbelowͲground).TheNCAS isconsideredoneoftheleadingprogrammesworldwideinaccountingforcarbon emissionsandsequestrationfromlandͲbasedactivities. Emissions from agriculture are not covered within the provisions of the Clean EnergyAct2011.AseparatepackageofthreepiecesoflegislationreceivedRoyal Assent in 2011, with the aim of setting up the Carbon Farming Initiative. The centralpieceoflegislationinthepackagewastheCarbonCredits(CarbonFarming Initiative)Act2011.Theinitiativeisintendedtogive“farmers,forestgrowersand landholders”accesstodomesticandinternationalcarbonmarkets.TheCarbon FarmingInitiativewilloperatealongsidetheproposedcarbonpricingmechanism byallowingforGHGabatementprojectsinthelandusesector,andfromlandfill wasteemissions.TheinitiativecoverslandͲbasedsequestrationactivities,native forestprotectionandemissionsavoidanceprojects. AnewBiodiversityFundhasbeenestablishedaspartoftheGovernment’sClean Energypackage.ThefundwillreceivenearlyAUS$1billion(US$1.05billion)overits firstsixyears,whichwillbeusedtofundprojectsundertakenbylandholdersto establish,restore,protectormanagebiodiversecarbonstores.Specificareasofthe landscapewillbetargetedtoincreasewildlifehabitat,ecologicalvaluesandcarbon biosequestration.Otherfundsinclude:RegionalNaturalResourcesManagement PlanningforClimateChangeFund;theIndigenousCarbonFarmingFundtosupport Indigenouscommunitiesinterestedinimplementingcarbonfarmingprojects;and the Carbon Farming Skills Initiative – to ensure that landholders can access credible,highqualityadviceandcarbonservices.Nativeforestwoodwastehas beenremoved,byregulation,fromeligiblerenewableenergysourcesunderthe RenewableEnergyTarget. Transport Transport emissions account for approximately 15% of Australia’s total GHG emissions.TheCleanEnergyAct2011specificallyexemptstransportfuelemissions frominclusionwithinemissionscalculationsandfromthecarbonprice.Inorderto Australia ClimateChangeLegislation 43 reduceemissionsfromtransport,thecurrentALPgovernmentintendstointroduce mandatoryemissionsstandardsforvehicles,followingonfroma2010election commitment. A discussion paper on light vehicle CO2 emissions standards was releasedin2011,andcommentswererequestedbyDecember2011.ThediscusͲ sionpaperisintendedtoformthebasisfornewstandardstobedevelopedand implementedfrom2015forallnewvehicles. Adaptation TheNationalClimateChangeAdaptationFrameworkwasagreedbytheCouncilof AustralianGovernmentsinApril2007.TheAustraliangovernmenthasestablished theClimateChangeAdaptationProgram(CCAP),withfundingofuptoAUS$126 million (US$132 million). The CCAP is supported by a AUS$20 million (US$21 million)researchprogramme(theNationalClimateChangeAdaptationResearch FacilityorNCCARF),offeringsupportforlocalgovernmentsandcommunitiesanda rangeofmajorvulnerabilityassessmentstoincreaseunderstandingofvulnerability inimportantnaturalandsettledareasandestablishprioritiesforadaptationactiͲ vities.Inthebudgetfor2012–2013,AUS$3million(US$3.1million)infundingare allocatedtosupportthedevelopmentofclimatechangeadaptationpolicyandrisk analysis.InFebruary2010,thegovernmentpublishedapositionpaperonadaptaͲ tion. The paper identifies six national priority areas for action: water, coasts, infrastructure,naturalecosystems,naturaldisastermanagementandagriculture. The paper emphasises responsibility sharing between government and private parties,andallocationofresponsibilitiesamongdifferentlevelsofgovernment. Researchanddevelopment TheAustraliangovernmentiscommittedtoclimatechangemitigationresearch through numerous programmes – the Climate Change Research Strategy for Primary Industries (CCRSPI), operating since 2007 under a mandate from the Primary Industry Ministerial CouncilandPrimary Industry Standing Committee, leads the national collaboration, coordination and communication of climate change research, development and extension activity for Australia’s primary industries.ResearchprogrammessuchasTheClimateChangeResearchProgram andCarbonFarmingFuturesareledbytheDepartmentofAgriculture,Fisheries andForestry(DAFF).TheAustraliangovernmenthasapprovedAUS$72.5million (US$76.1 million) worth of grants for the first round of projects, ranging from researchintoreducingemissionsfromlivestockandcroppingthroughtotrialling sustainability and resilience enhancing practices and technologies onͲfarm. AdaptationrelatedresearchiscarriedoutthroughtheNationalClimateChange AdaptationResearchFacility(NCCARF). 44 ClimateChangeLegislation Australia Australia:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories CleanEnergyAct2011 1July2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThemainobjectiveofAustralia’sflagshiplegislation,theCleanEnergyAct,istosupportan effective global response to climate change that is consistent with Australia’s national interests,andtherebygiveeffecttoAustralia’sobligationsundertheUNFCCCandtheKyoto Protocol.Itisthecentrepieceofapackageof18Acts. ThecentralmechanismbywhichtheCleanEnergyActandassociatedlegislationwilldothisis byputtingapriceoncarbon.Underthecarbonprice,facilitiesorcorporationsthatemitmore than25,000tonnesofCO2eperyear(“largepolluters”)willberequiredtopurchasepermits for everytonne ofcarbon emitted. Itis expectedthatthis willinclude around 500“large polluters”.UndertheprovisionsoftheNGERAct(seefollowingsection),manycorporations arerequiredtoreporttheirCO2eemissions. From1July2012to30June2015,thecarbonpricewillbefixed,movingtoanemissions tradingschemefrom1July2015.Thefixedpricestagewillstarton1July2012atAUS$23 (US$24.2)pertonne,risingby2.5%peryearinrealterms.OncetheETScomesintoeffect,the carbonpricewillbesetbythemarket. Thepackagealsoincludesassistanceforhouseholds,jobs,businesses(particularly“tradeͲ exposedindustries”)andcommunities.Duetotheprojectedriseinutilitybills,incometax reformwillbeundertakentocompensatehouseholds.Householdtransportfuelconsumption andemissionsfromagricultureandotherlandͲbasedactivitiesareexempt. ThepackageoflawsestablishestheCleanEnergyRegulatorasastatutoryauthoritythatwill administer the carbon pricing mechanism, National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Scheme,theRenewableEnergyTargetandtheCarbonFarmingInitiative(commencingApril 2012). The laws also establish the Climate Change Authority, which will advise the Australian governmentonthesettingofcarbonpollutioncapsandprovideperiodicreviewofthecarbon pricingmechanismandotherstepsrequiredtomeetthelegislatedtargettoreduceemissions by80%below2000levelsby2050.TheAuthoritywillholdpublicconsultationsaspartofits reviewsanditsreportswillbemadepublic.Afirstreviewontheoperationofthecarbonprice willbepublishedbytheendof2016.ThisClimateChangeAuthorityAct2011alsosetsupthe LandSectorCarbonandBiodiversityBoard,whichwilladviseontheimplementationofland sectormeasures(commencingJuly2012). Targets TheActisdesignedtotakeactiontowardsAustralia’slongͲtermtargetofreducingnetGHG emissionsto80%below2000levelsby2050.Thecarbonpriceisexpectedtoapplytoaround twoͲthirdsofAustralia’semissions. Australia ClimateChangeLegislation 45 Australia:OtherRelevantLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories CleanEnergyLegislationAmendmentAct(CELAAct)2012 June2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheCELAActispartoftheCleanEnergyLegislationPackage,makingamendmentstotheClean Energy Act 2011 and related legislation establishing the Government’s carbon pricing mechanism.Itcontainsprovisionsconcerningthecoverageofgaseousfuelsbythemechanism andminortechnicalandconsequentialamendmentstoensurethelegislationisclearand consistent. ItalsoamendstheCleanEnergyRegulatorAct2011andtheAustralianRenewableEnergy AgencyAct2011tofacilitatethesharingofinformationbetweentheAustralianRenewable EnergyAgencyandCleanEnergyRegulatorandtheCleanEnergyFinanceCorporation. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories CleanEnergy(ConsequentialAmendments)Act2011 1July2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThisActmakesamendmentstootherlawstoensurethatthemechanismisintegratedwith existinglaws,regulatoryschemesandprocesses.Itincludeschangesthatensure: x theNationalGreenhouseandEnergyReportingschemesupportsthemechanism x theAustralianNationalRegistryofEmissionsUnitscoversthemechanism,aswellas theCarbonFarmingInitiative x the Regulator covers the mechanism, Carbon Farming Initiative, the Renewable EnergyTargetandtheNationalGreenhouseandEnergyReportingscheme 46 ClimateChangeLegislation Australia x theRegulatorandAuthorityaresetupasstatutoryagenciesandregulatedbypublic accountabilityandfinancialmanagementrules x Targets carbonunitsandtheirtradingarecoveredbylawsonfinancialservicesandregulated bytheAustralianSecuritiesandInvestmentCommission Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories AdditionalCleanEnergyActs April2012,May2012,July2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill Thefollowingactsspecifyhowfeesarepaidunderthemechanism,andcommenceon1April 2012: x CleanEnergy(UnitShortfallChargeGeneral)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(UnitIssueChargeAuctions)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(UnitIssueChargeFixedCharge)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(ChargesExcise)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(ChargesCustoms)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(InternationalUnitSurrenderCharge)Act2011 x OzoneProtectionandSyntheticGreenhouseGas(ManufactureLevy)Amendment Act2011 x OzoneProtectionandSyntheticGreenhouseGas(ImportLevy)AmendmentAct2011 Thefollowingactsdealwith:imposinganeffectivecarbonpriceonaviationandnonͲtransport gaseousfuelsthroughexciseandcustomstariffs;reducingbusinessfueltaxcreditentitlement ofnonͲexemptedindustriesforuseofliquidandgaseoustransportfuels,inordertoprovide aneffectivecarbonpriceonbusinessthroughthefueltaxsystem.Theycommenceon1July 2012: x CleanEnergy(FuelTaxLegislationAmendment)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(ExciseTariffLegislationAmendment)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(CustomsTariffAmendment)Act2011 Australia ClimateChangeLegislation 47 Thefollowingactscommenceon14May2012: x CleanEnergy(HouseholdAssistanceAmendment)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(TaxLawsAmendments)Act2011 x CleanEnergy(IncomeTaxRatesAmendments)Act2011 Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories CarbonCredits(CarbonFarmingInitiative)Act2011 15September2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Reducing GHG emissions; creating incentives to carry out landͲbased offset activities; implementation increasing carbon abatement while protecting environment and increasing resilience to climatechange Summaryofbill TheCarbonCredits(CarbonFarmingInitiative)Act2011(CFIAct)setsupaschemeforthe issueofAustralianCarbonCreditUnits(ACCUs)inrelationtoeligibleoffsetsprojects.Itispart ofapackageofthreeActstoestablishtheCarbonFarmingInitiative,includingtheAustralian National Registry of Emissions Units Act 2011 and the Carbon Credits (Consequential Amendments)Act2011. ThegoaloftheCFIActistogive“farmers,forestgrowersandlandholders”accesstodomestic andinternationalcarbonmarkets.ImplementationoftheActwillassistAustraliatomeet international obligations under UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol, although it also covers activitiesthatarenotincludedwithintheKyotoProtocol.ThepackageofActsestablishesthe existenceofACCUsaspersonalproperty,whicharegenerallytransferable,andcanbesold domesticallyorinternationallysubjecttoregulation. Thebillcoverssequestration,nativeforestprotectionandemissionsavoidanceprojects.The maineligibilityrequirementsforprojectsarethattheymustbecarriedoutinAustralia,must becoveredbyamethodologydeterminationmadeundertheCFIAct,mustbeincludedonthe “positive list” of activities that are not common practice and must not be on the list of “negativeactivities”thatareexcludedfromthescheme.Projectreportsaresubmittedtothe CarbonCreditsAdministrator. Targets Nonespecified.Modellingestimatesrangefrom<5to<15MtCO2eintheyear2020 48 ClimateChangeLegislation Australia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheSteelTransformationPlanAct2011 4December2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Greengrowth,GHGreduction implementation Summaryofbill ThisActisdesignedtoassistAustralia’ssteelmakersadjusttoalowemissionseconomy.The Planwillcommenceon1July2012andwillconcludeon31December2016. TheplanincludesaAUS$300million(US$315million)entitlement(selfͲassessment)scheme thatwilloperateoverthefivepaymentyearsfrom2012–2013,andcompetitivenessassistance advancepaymentsuptothevalueofAUS$164million(US$172.2million)in2011–2012. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalGreenhouseandEnergyReportingAct2007 29September2007.Firstreportingperiodcommenced1July2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor ReducingGHGemissions,includingmeetingobligationsunderUNFCCCandKyotoProtocol implementation Summaryofbill TheNationalGreenhouseandEnergyReportingAct2007(NGERAct)establishesthelegislative frameworkfortheNationalGreenhouseandEnergyReportingSystem.ThegoaloftheNGER ActwastointroduceasinglenationalreportingframeworkforthereportinganddissemiͲ nation of information related to GHG emissions, GHG projects, energy consumption and energyproductionofcorporations. The NGER Act was primarily designed to underpin the introduction of a future emissions tradingscheme.Additionally,theNGERActisintendedtomeetAustralia’sinternationalGHG reporting obligations, and reduce red tape and duplication associated with emissions reporting. TheNGERActsetsoutanumberofthresholdsinrelationtoGHGemissions,energyproduction andenergyconsumption.CorporationsthatmeetanannualNGERthresholdmustregister withtheGreenhouseandEnergyDataOfficer,andsubmitannualreportsofGHGemissions, energyproduction,energyconsumption,andotherinformation.Theannualreportscoverthe financialyear(1Julyto30June).Allregisteredcorporationsarerequiredtosubmitareport, evenwherethethresholdhasnotbeenmetinagivenreportingyear.Failuretosubmitreports ontimecanattractcivilpenalties. Targets None specified. Legislation intended to provide data on corporate emissions that would underpinafutureemissionstradingschemedesignedtoreduceGHGemissions Australia ClimateChangeLegislation 49 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories RenewableEnergy(Electricity)Act2000andassociatedlegislation,including:Renewable Energy (Electricity) (LargeͲscale Generation Shortfall Charge) Act 2000 and Renewable Energy(Electricity)(SmallͲscaleTechnologyShortfallCharge)Act2010 21December2000 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy;reducingGHGemissions implementation Summaryofbill The Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 and associated legislation establishes the frameworkfortheLargeͲscaleRenewableEnergyTarget(LRET)andtheSmallͲscaleRenewable EnergyScheme(SRES).LRETandSRESaimtoencourageadditionalelectricitygenerationfrom renewable sources; reduce emissions of GHGs in the electricity sector; and ensure that renewableenergysourcesareecologicallysustainable. Thesegoalsareachievedbythecreationofonlinecertificatesbyeligiblerenewableenergy sourcesbasedontheamountofelectricityinmegawatthours(MWh): x generatedbyarenewableenergypowerstation,orsmallͲscalesolarpanel,windor hydrosystem;or x displacedbyasolarwaterheaterorheatpump Theyalsoincludeplacingalegalobligationonliableentities(usuallyelectricityretailers)to purchaseandsurrenderacertainamountofthesecertificateseachyear. Thetradeinthesecertificatesprovidesfinancialincentivesforinvestmentinrenewableenergy powerstations,andfortheinstallationofsolarwaterheaters,heatpumpsandsmallͲscale solarpanel,windandhydrosystems. TheOfficeoftheRenewableEnergyRegulator(ORER)isastatutoryauthorityestablishedin 2001tooverseetheimplementationoftheLRETandtheSRES. Targets Therenewableenergysupplytargetfor2012isGWh16,763,increasingsteadilyto41,000 GWhby2020 50 ClimateChangeLegislation Australia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories OffshorePetroleumandGreenhouseGasStorageAct2006 1July2008,someprovisionsactivated29March2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor ReducingGHGemissions,carbonsequestration implementation Summaryofbill TheobjectoftheOffshorePetroleumandGreenhouseGasStorageAct2006istoprovidean effectiveregulatoryframeworkforpetroleumexplorationandrecovery,andtheinjectionand storageofGHGsubstancesinoffshoreareas. TheActprovidesacomprehensivenationalframeworkforoffshorepetroleumexplorationand GHGstorageactivities,asthesearemanagedjointlybytherelevantStateandCommonwealth agencies. The Act designates a “Joint Authority” for each offshore area, which are responsible for implementingtheAct.TheJointAuthoritiestypicallycomprisetheresponsibleStateMinister andtheresponsibleCommonwealthMinister. A 2011 amendment to the Act will establish the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and EnvironmentalManagementAuthority(NOPSEMA)andtheNationalOffshorePetroleumTitles Administrator(NOPTAortheTitlesAdministrator),whichwilladvisetheJointAuthoritieson keydecisions. Targets Nonespecified Bangladesh ClimateChangeLegislation 4.3 Bangladesh 4.3.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 54 46 NA 1994 Top50 Dateofsignature:9June1992 Dateofratification:15April1994 Dateofentryintoforce:14July1994 Dateofratification:22October2001 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nopledgemade TheClimateChangeTrustFundAct 51 52 4.3.2 ClimateChangeLegislation Bangladesh LegislativeProcess AswithmanyotherCommonwealthcountries,BangladeshLawislargelybasedon English Common Law. However, it also incorporates concessions to the local contextandmostnotablydeviatesbyincorporatingIslamicLaw.Inparticulara 1977amendmenttoPartII:FundamentalStatePolicyintheconstitution,replaced secularismwithan“absolutetrustandfaithinAlmightyAlͲlah”. TheParliamentofBangladeshisknownasthe“HouseoftheNation”,theJatiyo Shangshad.ItisthesovereignlawͲmakingbody,vestedwiththelegislativepower oftheRepublic.Alllawsmadearesubjecttothelimitsoftheconstitutionandits provisions,suchthatanylawconflictingwiththeconstitutionisvoid.Statutorylaw is made by Parliament. Laws are proposed, prepared and processed by the executive.Cabinetistheexecutivepower.AllmembersofCabinetaremembersof Parliament. Cabinetrecommendsalegislativeinitiativeandarrangesforabilltobedrafted. Cabinetthenapprovesthebillasabillofthegovernmentreadyforenactment. Toenactnewprimarylegislation,thisdraftbillisthenpresentedtoParliament,and isthenopenedfordebateandamendment.Followingthis,Parliamentvotesforthe formaladoption(orrejection)ofabill.IfthebillisacceptedbyParliament,itwill behandedtothePresidentforassent. However, by Act of Parliament, the power to make subordinate legislation (includingrules;regulations; byͲlaws; orders etc.) can be delegated toanother lowerauthorityinordertocarryouttheaimofanygivenActofParliament. 4.3.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Bangladeshisaposterchildforthepotentialimpactofclimatechange.ItisaLeast Developed Country, recognised by the UNFCCC as one of the most vulnerable countriestoclimatechangeimpacts.Amongotherthings,cyclones,floodsand saltwater inundation already threaten the livelihoods of some of the world’s poorest people: some 50 million Bangaldeshis live in poverty. Moreover, Bangladeshisaremainly(79%)rural,andliveatoneofthehighestdensitiesinthe world(964people/km2),whichintensifiesthreatsevenweretheyjusttooccur locally.YetclimateͲrelatedhazardsoccuronawidescale,forinstanceflashfloods already affect some 80% of the land area during the monsoon season. The increasedintensityandfrequencyofthesehazardsunderfutureclimatechange scenariosis a major challengefor Bangladesh’s development, and a significant Bangladesh ClimateChangeLegislation 53 barriertoitsvisionofeliminatingpoverty,andbecomingamiddleincomecountry by2021.ThesegoalsaretobemetundertheGovernmentofBangladesh’sVision 2012, which aims to support sustainable economic development without the environmental degradation experienced by other countries during economic development. Intermsofpoliticalresponses,thehighestlevelplanstoaddressthedomestic impacts of climate change are The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)andTheBangladeshClimateChangeStrategyandActionPlan(BCCSAP). NAPAwaslaunchedin2005toprovidearesponsetoimmediateadaptationneeds. It identified priority adaptation programmes and activities for Bangladesh. However,itwasfeltthatthisdocumentwasinsufficientforthedramaticimpacts faced by the country. This then catalysed the BCCSAP, a 10Ͳyear programme (2009–2018)designedtobuildthecapacityandresilienceofBangladeshtomeet climate change derived challenges. This mediumͲ to longͲterm programme recommends44actionsinsixareas:1)foodsecurity,socialprotectionandhealth; 2)comprehensivedisastermanagement;3)infrastructure;4)researchandknowlͲ edgemanagement;5)mitigationandlowcarbondevelopment;and6)capacity buildingandinstitutionalstrengthening.WhilefarͲreaching,theplanhas,however, beencriticisedfornotprioritisingactivitieswithinthecontextofvulnerability. This plan also brought mitigation into Bangladesh’s climate change strategy in additiontoadaptation.ThisallowsBangladeshtoacttoaddressclimatechange insteadofsolelyrespondingtoitsimpacts,andspecifically,openedthewayfor REDD+ activities here. This is important given potential synergies to be gained throughREDD+implementationsuchassecuringlocalecosystemservicesprovision (e.g.cleanwater;protectionagainsterosion;biodiversityprovision)andcarbon sequestration and storage. For instance, under the mitigation and low carbon developmentpillaroftheBCCSAP,onenamedactivityistoexpandBangladesh’s soͲcalledgreenbelt,byreͲplantingthemangroveandforestbeltthatoncecovered muchmoreofthecoastline.Thisiswiththeanticipationofcoastalprotection,but shouldalsoconfercarbonstorageandsequestration,andfisheriesbenefits. FollowingthereleaseoftheBCCSAP,theGovernmentofBangladesh(GoB)took action by establishing a Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) funded entirely throughtheGoB’sbudget.BCCTFreceived$100millionperyearin2009–2011,and wasdesignedtofocusmainlyonmakingresourcesavailableforadaptationefforts. Inadditiontothis,andtoscaleuptheGoB’sresponse,aninternationalappealwas madefor fundingfor the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF), whichhasbeenfundedby,interalia,Sweden,theUKandtheEU. 54 ClimateChangeLegislation Bangladesh Furthermore,TheBangladeshGreenDevelopmentPlan(BGDP)isaninitiativeto develop new programmes in environment, energy and climate change. It is intendedtoaddressclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationspecificallythrough provisionofbenefitstothepoor.NamelythisisintendedtobefocusondemandͲ side energy management through provision of access to lowͲcarbon fuels and energysupply.Morebroadlyitshouldsupportthecreationofgreenjobs.Within theplanthereisastrongfocusonimprovingthesoundmanagementofthenatural environment,withtheintentionoffacilitatingbetternaturalresource,biodiversity andecosystemmanagement.Specificallythegovernmenthasexpressedinterestin theexplorationofREDD+asastrategytofulfilsomeoftheseobjectives,andthe UN has produced a document investigating the readiness of the country to participate. Legislation There are 187 statutory laws relating to environmental management in Bangladesh. However, the majority of environmental laws in Bangladesh were passedhistorically(e.g.theForestActof1927).Theywerethereforedevelopedin a very different context from those of the present day and certainly prior to mainstream international political concern about climate change. Moreover, legislationwhichisrelevanttoclimatechange,suchasthe1965FactoriesAct,was writtenbeforeindustrialpollutionwasasmajoraconcernasitistoday. Thatsaid,the1992EnvironmentpolicyofBangladeshrecognisedtheneedfora comprehensiveapproachtoaddressclimatechangeandtheenvironment.Few elements of this policy have become law, however. The only legislation which specifically deals with environmental issues is the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act (1) (ECA) of 1995. This Act was passed for conservation and improvement of environmental standards and for controlling and mitigating environmentalpollution.Importantly,Section2AoftheEnvironmentConservation (Amendment) Act, 2002 (Act No. IX of 2002) gives the provision of the law overridingeffectoverallotherlaws,andsogivingtheenvironmentprimacyin principle. The Environmental Conservation Rules (1997) were developed to promote the objectives of the ECA, though they are not enshrined in law. Elsewhere, Article 31 of Part III of the Constitution notes that the right to life includes the right toa healthyand stable environment. Article18A of the Act, includedin2011,statesthat“thestateshallendeavourtoprotectandimprovethe environmentandpreserveandsafeguardnaturalresources,biodiversity,wetlands, forestandwildlifeforthepresentandfuturecitizens”.Thislatterarticlecould thereforesupporttheaimsofmitigationactivitiesunderREDD+. Bangladesh ClimateChangeLegislation 55 Forestry TheBCCSAPopenedthedoorforclimatechangemitigationactivitiesinBangladesh inadditiontoadaptation,whichallowsforREDD+activitiestobeimplemented. Themajorpieceoflegislationwithregardstoforestsisthe1927ForestAct,thekey lawregulatingforestresourcesinBangladesh.Nonetheless,allthelawsonlocal governmenthaveprovisionseitherforafforestationorforstreetplantinginurban areas.Specifically,thesearetheCityCorporationLaws;thePaurashavaLaw;the UnionParishadLaws;andtheLawsonHillDistricts.Furthermoretheacquisitionof WasteLandAct(1950)allowsforafforestationofwasteland.Apotentialconflict lies in the fact that afforestation is normally the process of planting trees in a treeless area, whereas reforestation is planting trees in an area previously forested.Benefitstoecosystemservicesprovisionandbiodiversityconservation aremorelikelytobeprovidedthroughreforestationandrestoration,ratherthan afforestationofanaturallytreelessecosystem,whichmayalreadybeproviding otheressentialecosystemservicesinadditiontocarbonsequestrationandstorage. ThefirstNationalForestPolicyin1979wasadoptedtoimproveprotectionand conservationofBangladesh’sforests,whiledevelopingtheeconomy.Thecurrent ForestPolicy(1994)wasparticularlyimportantfromaproͲpoorperspectiveinthat itrecognisedtheroleofactiveparticipationofcommunitieslivingneartoforest resources in both forestry specifically, and in sustainable development more broadly.TheForestPolicy,inadditiontotheForestrySectorMasterPlan(FSMP, 1993)intends,throughSocialandParticipatoryForestry,toraisethetotalforest coverofBangladeshto20%by2015.Thisprovidesastrongbackgroundforthe plussideofREDD+,inparticularreforestationcomponents. Renewableenergy TheMinistryofPower(2008)setsoutinitsRenewableEnergyPolicythefollowing threeprovisions;however,thedocumentdoesnotrefertoanylawsderivingfrom thesepolicies: x Renewableenergyproject(s),tosale[sic]electricityfromplantsshallbe requiredtogetpowergenerationlicensefromBERCifthecapacityofthe project(s)is5MWormore. x GoBandSEDA,inconsultationwithBERC,willcreatearegulatoryframeͲ workencouraginggenerationofelectricityfromrenewableenergysources. x BERCshallapprovetheenergytariffinconsultationwithGoB/SEDAasper the provision of the BERC Act 2003 if the capacity of renewable energy project(s)is5MWormore.Electricitydistributorsmayoffer“greenenergy” tariffs,whichprovideconsumersanopportunitytocoͲfinancethroughtheir electricitybillsthedevelopmentofnewrenewableenergysources. 56 ClimateChangeLegislation Bangladesh However,moresignificantly,theCabineton18June2012approvedthedraftof SustainableandRenewableEnergyDevelopmentAuthorityAct,2012.Thisaimsto increasetheproductionanduseofgreenenergyinthecountry. Bangladesh:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheClimateChangeTrustFundAct 2009–2011(threeyearsoffunding) Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechangeadaptation.CreatedasaresultoftheBCCSAPasameansforprovidingthe implementation requiredfundingforadaptationactivitiesinBangladesh Summaryofbill This is intended as GoB’s quickͲstart domestic response to climate change adaptation activities,whichareplannedthroughtheBCCSAP.AssuchthisActisintimatelylinkedtothe BCCSAP,andindeeditstipulatesthat66%ofitsbudgetwillbespentontheimplementationof projects/programmesprioritisedintheBCCSAP.Theremainderof34%willbemaintainedasa deposit for emergencies. Interest accrued on the deposit will be spent on project impleͲ mentation.FundsfromtheBCCTFcanbeusedtofinancepublicsectorandnonͲgovernment projects.Itisnotmandatorytospendthetotalgrantwithinagivenfinancialyear. Thebudgetforthelegislationis$100millionperyearbetween2007and2009. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Bangladesh:OtherRelevantLegislation SustainableandRenewableEnergyDevelopmentAuthorityAct 2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energysufficiency,efficiencyandsustainabledevelopment implementation Summaryofbill Aimstocreateanindependentauthoritytopromotethedevelopmentanduseofrenewable energyinBangladesh.Currentlyfewdetailsinthepublicdomainsincethebillisrecenttothe writingofthisreport. Targets Nonespecified Bangladesh Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 57 BangladeshClimateChangeStrategyandActionPlan(BCCSAP) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × Driverfor CreatingaframeworkofactivitiesforasuitableresponsetoclimatechangeinBangladesh; implementation implementationofVision2021 Summaryofbill The BCCSAPis a“knowledge strategy” builtuponthe National Adaptation Programme of Action(2005).Itsetsout44programmestobetakenbyBangladeshovertheshort,medium andlongtermwithinsixstrategicareas: x foodsecurity,socialprotectionandhealth x comprehensivedisastermanagement x infrastructure x researchandknowledgemanagement x mitigationandlowcarbondevelopment x capacitybuildingandinstitutionalstrengthening A commonthemethroughoutall ofofthese strategicareasisthefocusonthepoor and vulnerableandinparticularwomenandchildren.Allprogrammesareexpectedtoprovide synergieswiththeGoB’sVision2021. Examplesoftheprogrammes: x Infrastructure:programmeT3P8seekstorestoreriversandkhalsthroughdredging anddeͲsiltationworks x Mitigation:programmeT5P7targetsre/afforestation Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheBangladeshEnvironmentConservationAct(andsubsequentEnvironmentConservation rules) 1995fortheActitself;rulesintroducedin1997 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Environmentalqualitymanagementthroughpollutioncontrol implementation 58 ClimateChangeLegislation Bangladesh Summaryofbill TheActisdedicatedtothe“conservation,improvementofqualitystandards,andcontrol through mitigation of pollution of the environment”. It legislates the conservation of environmentalsystems,improvementofenvironmentalstandardsandcontrolandmitigation and provides a framework for its implementation. It also calls for the protection of “EcologicallyCriticalAreas”. Thesubsequentrulesissuedprovideadditionalguidanceforcertaincomponentsofthe Act:declaringanareaasecologicallycritical;onvehiclesemittingsmokeinjurioustohealth andotherwiseharmfulpollutionordegradationoftheenvironment. TheEnvironmentalConservationAct(1995)wasamendedin2002andtheEnvironmental ConservationRules(1997)wereextendedtoincorporateambientairqualityandexhaustfan vehicles. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ThenewForestrySectorMasterPlan(FSMP) 1993 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Povertyalleviation,butpertainstoREDD+ implementation Summaryofbill Primarily aimed at raising the total forest cover of the country to 20% by the year 2015 through“Social/ParticipatoryForestry”(SPF). Targets 20%forestcoverby2015 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheHillDistrictLocalGovernmentParishadAct 1989 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Natural resources management and institutional reform. However, the Act is relevant to implementation REDD+implementation,giventhatitconcernslandtenureoverforest Summaryofbill TheseActsdevolveresponsibilitiesfor33subjectstotheHillDistrictCouncil,includingforest (exceptreservedandprotectedforest),agriculture,livestock,fisheries,environment,rivers andwaterbodies(exceptKaptailake),shifting(jhum)cultivationetc. Targets Nonespecified Bangladesh Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 59 TheBangladeshWaterandPowerDevelopmentBoardsOrder 1972 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Watermanagement;butpertainstoREDD+ implementation Summaryofbill EmpowerstheWaterBoardtodevelopschemesforwatershedmanagement.Itcandirectthe ownerof any privatelandtoundertakeantiͲerosion operationsincluding conservationof forestsandreͲafforestation. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheForestActof1927 1927 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Historicallegislationwhichnonethelesscontinuestobethemainlawforregulatingforest implementation resourcesinBangladesh Summaryofbill This is the key law regulating forest resources in Bangladesh. The Act encompasses the provisionsforconservationandprotectionofgovernmentͲownedforests,andalsoofsome privateforests.ItstipulatestheprovisionsforestablishingReservedForestsandProtected ForestsandassignsresponsibilitytotheForestDepartmentformanagingforestswiththese designations.TheActprovidesscopeforparticipatorymanagementapproachesinthecontext ofjointmanagementandestablishmentofvillageforests. Targets Nonespecified Brazil ClimateChangeLegislation 4.4 Brazil 4.4.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 2192 863 NA 2005 Top10 Dateofsignature:4June1992 Dateofratification:28February1994 Dateofentryintoforce:29May1994 Dateofsignature:29April1998 Dateofratification:23August2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Voluntarymeasures,includingon deforestation,anticipatedtoleadto expectedemissionreductionsof36.1to 38.9%by2020,comparedtobusinessas usual NationalPolicyonClimateChange(NPCC) 61 62 4.4.2 ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil LegislativeProcess Brazil’s legislative power is represented by a bicameral parliament (“National Congress”)formedbytheChamberofDeputiesandtheSenate.ThelawͲmaking process encompasses not only parliamentarians but also the President, the SupremeCourt,theHigherCourts,andtheAttorneyGeneral.DecreesareadminͲ istrativeactspassedbythePresident,lawsareestablishedbylegislatorsandcodes amount to a group of laws. Brazil tends to favour the legislative route in the adoptionofenvironmentalregulations,guidelinesandpolicies.Thecountryhasa conservationistlegaltraditionandenvironmentallegislationtendstobethorough andstringent.Asaresult,thekeyissueregardingenvironmentalproblemsinBrazil isoneoflawenforcementasopposedtothelackoflegalprinciplesandinstruͲ ments. This dynamic reflects a recurrent conflict between conservation and development objectives, which emerging payments for environmental services legislationandREDD+lawprojectshavebeenseekingtoaddress. 4.4.3 ApproachtoClimateChange ThenegotiationsofaNewForestCode(ForestLaw)wereatthecoreoftheagenda oftheExecutiveandtheLegislativepowersin2012.Thenewlegislationregulating landͲuseinForestsandotherProtectedAreawassanctionedbyPresidentDilma Rousseffon18October2012,afteralongandcontroversialprocess,andisnow intoforce,replacingthe1965ForestLaw. ThedebateoverthenewlegislationspurredintensediscussionattheNational Congress and divided civil society. Discussions at the legislative power were polarisedbetweenthesoͲcalled“ruralists”(defendingruralagricultureinterests) andDeputiesandSenatorssupportingtheviewofenvironmentalistsandscientists againstthebillunderscrutiny.ThemainlegislationwasfirstapprovedattheHouse ofRepresentativesinMay2011,followedbytheSenatelaterinDecember2011. ThebillwasthensubmittedtoasecondreadingattheHouseofRepresentatives. Thefinaldraftlegislationpassedwith247votesinfavourand184against,on25 April2012.Undersignificantpoliticalpressure,PresidentDilmasanctionedthe NewCode(LawNo.12.651/2012),on25May2012,butwithpartialvetoonsome articles.Overall,theFederalgovernmentmade32alterationsand12vetoestothe 84Articlesoftheoriginalproposal.DetailswerepublishedonanExecutivedecree, or Provisory Measure (MP 571/2012).The amended text was approved by the Senate on 26 September, and subjected to 9 new vetoes by President Dilma, beforebeingsanctionedon18October2012.Amongitskeyprovisions,thenew ForestCodegrantssmallfarmersamnestytoillegaldeforestationpracticedbefore Brazil ClimateChangeLegislation 63 July2008.Otherfarmersareonlyexemptedfromfinesiftheyadoptmeasuresto compensatetheiractivitiesinordertomeetthetermsoflegislation.Environment registryandfullcompliancewiththenewcodearecompulsorywithin5years; infringementsaresubjectedtofinesandcreditaccessdenial.RegardingPermanent PreservationAreas(PPAs),therewasachangeonthelegalrequirementofriver basinstobeprotected,whichnowrangesfrom5–100metersaccordingtothesize oftheproperties.ThenewcodeamendedbytheExecutivedecreedeterminesthat landownersintheAmazonmaintain80%ofthenativeforestasalegalreserve. Thatpercentagedropsto35%forpropertieslocatedinthe“cerrado”(Tropical savannah),and20%inallotherareas. Background:climatechange Brazil has shown a strong willingness to adopt climate change legislation. The country has passed legislation supporting its Copenhagen commitments; its NationalPolicyonClimateChange(LawNo.12187)waspassedin29December 2009.Thislawestablishedthecountry’svoluntaryemissionreductiontargetof 36.1% to 38.9% by2020 with the year 2005 as a baseline. Thepolicy presents emissionreductiontargetsforitsfourdesignatedstrategicareas:deforestation (24.7%),agricultureandlivestock(4.9%to6.1%),energy(6.1%to7.7%)andthe steelsector(0.3%to0.4%).Moreover,whilethepolicyisratherbroad,leaving specificimplementationmeasurestobeeitherestablishedbydecreeordeterͲ mined by the “Second Brazilian Inventory on GHG Emissions and Reductions” (SecondInventory),italsoincorporatesalllaws,measuresandpoliciespertaining toclimatechange(i.e.theNationalPlanonClimateChange,theNationalClimate Change Fund, the plans for conservation of the country’s national biomes and others). The Lula administration presented the Second Inventory in October 2010, the resultsofwhichwerepartofthesecondBraziliancommunicationtotheUNFCCC, thelastcommunicationhavingbeensubmittedin1994.Between1990and2005, Brazil produced an annual average of 2 billion tonnes of CO2e. In 2009, GHG emissionstotalled1.7billiontonnesofCO2e,areductionbyonethirdincompariͲ sonwith2004whenemissionsamountedto2.7billionGtCO2e,thepeakofthe 1990–2005 period. Moreover, the Second Inventory outlined the breakͲup of emissionsbysectorfor2005whendeforestationandforestfireswereresponsible for 61% of Brazilian emissions, agriculture and animal husbandry for 19%, the energysectorfor15%,industryfor3%andresiduetreatmentfor2%–indicating increase in participation of other sectors. The data presented in the Second InventoryclearlyindicatethatBrazilwillnotfacemajorproblemscomplyingwith itsemissionreductiontargetof36.1%to38.9%by2020. 64 ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil Asaresult,oneofcivilsociety’smaincritiquesoftheBrazilianemissionreduction pledgeisthatitfailstobechallengingenough,particularlybecauseittakes2005, theyearwhentherateofAmazondeforestationreachedahistoricalpeak,asits baseline.Thus,accordingtothislineofreasoning,theBrazilianpledgewouldbe takingadvantageofasustainedtrendofdecreaseindeforestationratesthatwas alreadyinplacewhenthecountryarrivedatthisemissionreductioncommitment. ThegovernmenthaspointedtothefactthatBrazil’spledgeisindeedambitious whencomparedtothatofothercountries. WithregardstotheimplementationoftheNationalPolicy,aspreviouslyobserved withtheadoptionoftheNationalFundonClimateChange(LawNo.12144/2009), the InterͲministerial Committee on Climate Change and the National Plan on ClimateChange(DecreeNo.6263/2007),Brazilhaskeptinlinewithitspracticeof passingrelevantclimatelegislationinthecontextofUNFCCC’sConferencesofthe Parties.Accordingly,inDecember2010,thethenPresidentLulapassedDecreeNo. 7390/2010regulatingaseriesofkeyproposalsoftheNationalPolicyonClimate Change.AnnouncedbytheMinisterofEnvironmentduringtheCOPͲ16inCancun, theDecreeestablishesthattotalnationalemissionsshouldnotsurpass2Gtby 2020,a5.8%reductionvisͲàͲvis2005levels,thusmakingBrazilthefirstdeveloping countrytoinstituteanabsolutelimittoitsGHGemissions.Inadditiontoregulating wellͲknownfeaturesoftheNationalPolicy,suchasthecommitmentofreducing Amazondeforestationby80%by2020,theDecreeanticipatestheelaborationof SectorPlansoutliningmitigationactionsforkeyeconomicsectorsuntiltheendof 2011,withtargetstoberevisedonatriͲannualbasis. Although the National Plan foresees the creation of a capͲandͲtrade system, leavingthedetailsofhowitwouldberenderedoperationalforfutureappreciation, theDecreeNo.7389/2010doesnotimplementregulatoryarrangementsforthe creationofacarbonmarketinthecountry.Atpresent,discussionsontheimpleͲ mentationofacapͲandͲtradesystemaremostdevelopedintheStateofSaoPaulo. TheBrazilianEmissionsReductionsMarket,ajointinitiativebetweentheMinistry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade and the Brazilian Futures Stock Exchange, launched in Sao Paulo in 2004, supports the negotiation of carbon creditsemanatingfromnationalCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)projects.In effect,BrazilianparliamentarianshaveputforwardaseriesofLawProjects(PLs)– PL No. 493/2007, PL No. 494/2007, PL No. 594/2007, PL No. 1657/2007 – on carbonmarketdevelopment.TheseLawProjectsincludeprovisionsontradingover thecounterandthroughstockexchanges,forbothspotandfuturestransactions, authorised by the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM); the establishmentofCDMInvestmentFundstobestructuredbytheCVMandthe Brazil ClimateChangeLegislation 65 InterͲministerialCommissiononClimateChange;multiplefiscalincentivesforthe commercialisation of CERs emanating from CDM projects by individuals and companies. EveniftheNationalPolicyonClimateChangeistheoverarchinglegalinstrumentin this area, the National Plan on Climate Change, created in December 2008 in responsetoa2007Decree,providesacomprehensiveframeworkof25actions.As 75% of Brazil’s GHG emissions result from emissions from deforestation, the frameworkprimarilyfocusesonreducingdeforestationby80%by2020.AdditionͲ ally,theplanincludesprovisionsonenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergy.In contrast,theMinistryofMinesandEnergy’sEnergyExpansionPlanfortheperiod 2008–2017(PlanoDecenaldeExpansãodaEnergia),launcheddaysbeforethe National Plan on Climate Change, foresees the expansion of fossil fuel based thermalpowerstations.Itthereforeestablishesapotentialconflictwiththeefforts toreduceGHGemissionsandpromoterenewableenergy. Paymentsforecosystemservices Adoptedin2011,theGreenAllowance(LawNo.12512/2011)establishespayments forecosystemservicesschemeaimedatcombatingextremepovertywhileincenͲ tivising conservation. Through the Green Allowance, payments of up to R$300 (US$1691)willbetransferredonceeverythreemonthsforamaximumperiodof twoyearstofamilieslivinginextremepovertyandfordevelopingconservation activities. ThepassingofalawonpaymentsforecosystemservicesisofparticularsigniͲ ficancenotonlybecausenumerouslawprojectsonthisthemehadbeensubmitted tobothCongressHousesinthepast5years,butalsobecausethisisareflectionof anemergingconsensusonanewdevelopmentmodelthatseekstoaligneconomic growth with conservation through the promotion of sustainable production, infrastructuredevelopment,environmentalprotectionandsocialinclusion. Deforestationandlandusechange AgreatpartofBrazil’scommitmenttoclimatechangeinvolvesmeasurestotackle deforestation,since61%ofthecountry’sGHGemissionsderivefromtheforest sector.AlongsideprovisionsestablishedbytheNationalPolicyonClimateChange andtheNationalPlanonClimateChange,Brazil’scommitmenttoitsCopenhagen ———————— 1 Exchangerateasof22October2011. 66 ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil pledges is further illustrated by the national REDD+2 Bill, which was initially proposedinJuly2009.ApartfromREDD+,theLawProjectalsoinvolvesservices such as recovery, reforestation, maintenance and improvement of ecosystems (includingtourism,waterandbiodiversity).Despiteitscommitmenttoaddressing awiderangeofenvironmentalservices,therearesomekeypointswhichremain under debate and unclear; namely, whether REDD+ should be treated as a Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA), allocation of financing and eligibilitytoparticipateintheprogramme.ThebillwasdiscussedbytheChamber ofDeputies’EnvironmentandSustainableDevelopmentCommissioninDecember 2009,whichwasfollowedbyaseriesofpublichearingsandconsultationswiththe privatesector,socialmovements,civilsocietyorganisationsandlocalandstate governmentsinJune2010.Followingtheelectionsin2010,amorecomprehensive REDD+LawProjectwasreͲintroducedtoboththeLowerHouseinFebruary2011 (PL195/2011),andtoSenateinMay2011(PL212/2011);theexactsametextwas presentedtobothHouses.TheseLawProjectsareverymuchanchoredonthe NationalPolicyonClimateChange(LawNo.12187/2009). Onthepolicyfrontandparalleltothesedevelopments,threeworkinggroupsof around120representativesfromtheaforementionedstakeholdergroupsprovided technicaladviceandrecommendationstotheelaborationoftheNationalREDD+ StrategybetweenJulyandDecember2010.TheSecretariatforClimateChange and Environmental Quality within the Ministry of Environment under the new administrationofPresidentDilmaRousseffhastakenthesecommentsonboard andshouldbelaunchingtheBrazilianNationalREDD+Strategyinthenearfuture. Arguably,thelaunchofsuchaStrategycouldproviderenewedimpetustothe adoptionofREDD+legislationinBrazilin2012.Thislegislationclarifieswhichtypes of activities are eligible for REDD+, creates a commission to oversee REDD+ implementationandcreatesdifferenttypesofREDD+creditsforfundandmarket basedREDD+systems.ItisinterestingtonotethattheNationalREDD+CommisͲ sion,chargedwithdecidingonrules,conditionsandfoundationsofthesystem,is tobeformedbyrepresentativesfromfederal,stateandmunicipalgovernment, civilsociety,theprivatesectorandacademia. Otherimportantissuesthatthelegislationcoversareasfollows: x Ownership of the tradable REDD+ credits would likely follow the ownershipofthelandandforest. ———————— 2 “REDD+” refers to: reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation; increasing removals from enhancementofforestcarbonstocks;forestconservation;andsustainablemanagementofforests. Brazil ClimateChangeLegislation 67 x ThebillexplicitlymentionssomeparticipatoryrightsandbenefitͲsharing rulestoprotecttherightsofindigenouspeoples,traditionalcommunities andsmallruralproducers,includingtheobservationoftheprincipleof priorandinformedconsent. x The bill announces the creation of a dedicated dispute settlement procedureforREDD+activities,whichreͲaffirmstraditionalcommunities’ rightstoparticipationinaccordancewithinternationalagreementsratified byBrazil. x ThebillendorsesanestedapproachtoREDD+financingasitestablishes multiple sources of funding for the National REDD+ System including: nationallyadministeredfundswithpublicmoneyfromboththeBrazilian government and international donors such as the Amazon Fund, the NationalClimateFundandothers,resourcesderivedfrombilateraland multilateralinternationalclimateagreements,donations,privateinvestͲ ments and the commercialisation of carbon credits. In effect, the Law Project expressly makes reference to capͲandͲtrade systems from CaliforniaandJapanwhenillustratingpossiblesourcesoffinanceonits justification.Accordingly,theBillforeseesandarguablyincentivisesthe regularisationoftheBrazilianEmissionReductionsMarket,asdetermined byLaw1287/2009,theeventualadoptionofaninternationalagreement thatsanctionstheuseofREDD+creditsasacompensationmechanism betweencountriesandanationalcompensationmechanism. Intermsofscale,theLawProjectacknowledgestheimportanceofbothnational andsubͲnationallevelsofgovernance,includingprivateactors,totheimplementaͲ tionofREDD+. Atpresent,theREDD+LawProjecthassurelymademoreprogressintheLower House where it currently sits with the Commission of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry,SupplyandRuralDevelopment,oneofthefinalcommissions.Asfor developments in the Senate, the bill is still awaiting a vote at the very first Commissiontowhichithasbeensubmitted,inMay2011,thatis,theCommission ofConstitution,JusticeandCitizenship.Consideringtheextensivedebateabout thisbillpriortotheelectionsandthattheEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopͲ mentCommissionintheLowerHouseovercamemanyofthecriticalissuesin2010, aquickdecisionwasexpectedonthislegislationafteritsreͲintroductioninthe LowerHouse.Thisperceptionwasreinforcedbythefactthatthereseemstobe good crossͲgovernment support for the passing of this bill. Nevertheless, from September2011onwards,theREDD+LawProjectshavebeenstalledinboththe 68 ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil LowerHouseandtheSenate.TheCongressdebateonREDD+hasbeenobfuscated by the Forest Code as it evolves into its critical final stages, thus dominating parliamentarydiscussionsonforestryandtheenvironment. Meanwhile,regionalgovernmentshavebeenverysuccessfulinforginglocalplans on REDD+. In addition, Brazil has also been working with other countries (e.g. Mozambique,Indonesia,Nigeria,amongothers)inassistingonaddressingREDD+. Theseinitiativesare,however,instarkcontrastwiththelackofaBrazilianREDD+ NationalStrategy. RenewableEnergy Renewable energy is a key driver of new climate changeͲrelated legislation in Brazil.ThisrealityisclearlyreflectedinBrazil’sprominentroleinthedevelopment ofbiofuels.Inaddition,thecountry’sfocusonrenewablesisalsotoalargeextent basedonthepromotionofhydropower.Hydropoweristhemainfactorinthe country’scleanenergymatrix.Inthissense,theNationalPlanonClimateChange determinesthatBrazilshouldcontinuetogeneratemorethan80%ofitspower from renewable energy sources through to 2030, and establishes a series of renewable energy and biofuels requirements. The plan brings forward the 5% biodieselblendingrequirementofLawNo.11097/2005from2013to2010,and promotessolarandwindenergy.Inaddition,theFederalProgrammeofIncentives for Alternative Electricity Sources (PROINFA) created by Law No. 10438/2002, establishes comprehensive renewable measures that seek to increase Brazil’s electricitygenerationfromnonͲhydropowerrenewableenergysources. Brazil:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalPolicyonClimateChange(NPCC)–LawNo.12187/2009,DecreeNo.7390/2010 LawNo.12187/2009:29December2009;DecreeNo.7390/2010:9December2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange,airpollution,deforestationandlanduse implementation × × Brazil ClimateChangeLegislation 69 Summaryofbill LawNo.12187/2009:CreatestheNPCCwiththefollowingkeyareasofconcern:combining climateprotectionwithsocioͲeconomicdevelopment;reducinganthropogenicGHGemissions fromallitssourcesandstrengtheningGHGsinks;adaptation;preservation,conservationand recuperationofnationalbiomes;landuseandreforestationmeasures;andthedevelopment ofanationalcapͲandͲtrademechanism.TheNPCCisbasedonBrazil’sinternationalcommitͲ mentwiththeUNFCCCandincorporatesallpreviousgovernmentinstrumentsrelatedtoits keyareas(i.e.:theNationalPlanonClimateChange,theNationalFundonClimateChangeand others). DecreeNo.7390/2010:RegulatesthefollowingArticlesofLawNo.12187/2009:Article6on theNationalPlanonClimateChange,NationalFundonClimateChange,andActionPlanson DeforestationPreventionandControlinnationalbiomes;Article11ontheSectorPlanson climatechangemitigationinkeyeconomicsectors–theArticlesettheprecedentforinclusion oftheCleanDevelopmentMechanismandNationallyAppropriateMitigationActions(NAMAs) inthesePlans;andArticle12whichestablishesthenationalvoluntaryemissionreduction commitment. Foreseesthepromotionanddevelopmentofscientificandtechnologicalresearchconcerned withmitigationandstrengtheningofcarbonsinks;reductionofuncertaintyinnationaland regionalclimateprojections;andadaptationmeasures. TheLawforeseestheestablishmentoftheBrazilianEmissionsReductionMarket(MBRE).It incorporates the National Plans for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in national biomes. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Brazil:OtherRelevantLegislation ForestCode(LawNo.12651) 18October2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Managementofforest,protectedareasandwatersources.Regulationoflanduse implementation Summaryofbill Enactedon25May2012,theForestCodeestablishesgeneralnormsappliedtoPermanent ProtectedAreas(PPAs),“LegalReserves”andotherareaswithnaturalvegetation.TheLaw also regulates economic activities in forest areas, setting new rules for controlling deforestationandtradeofforestproducts. 70 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil The bill defines a compulsory forest reserve in all properties located in areas with native vegetation.Thesizeoftheareaprotectedvariesdependingonthelocation.Propertieson areasofthe“LegalAmazon”mustconserve80%ofthenativeforest.Illegalactivitiesonthe “LegalAmazon”areathatstartedafter22July2008mustbeimmediatelysuspended,andare subjectedtoacompulsoryreforestationprocess. Thebilladoptsdistinctlevelsofdeforestedareastoberestored,withexemptionsgrantedto smallholders.Moreover,allpropertiesmustbeadjustedtothenewLawandaddedtothenew “Rural Environmental Register” (Cadastro Ambiental Rural – CAR). Failure to meet these obligations will result in loss of access to bank loans, fines and should be subjected to prosecution. Information gathered by the “Rural Environmental Register” will be used by the national deforestationtrackingsystemtoprovidedetaileddataonactivitiesinforestareas. Amnestyisgrantedtolandownersthatbegantheireconomicactivitiesinprotectedareas before22July2008. River banks must be reforested depending on the width of the river and the size of the propertydeveloped.MediumͲsizepropertieshavetomaintain20metersofforestareasalong rivers,whereasthelargestpropertieshavetoprotecta30Ͳmetermarginofnativevegetation. Mangrove swamps are protected, but certain economic activities around their edges are legalised. Nonespecified Law No. 12512/2011 – Programme in Support of Environmental Conservation (“Green Allowance”)andProgrammeforthePromotionofRuralProductiveActivity 14October2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Conservation,paymentsforecosystemservices,povertyreduction,deforestationandlanduse implementation Summaryofbill Creates the Programme in Support of Environmental Conservation, popularly known as “Green Allowance”, a payments for ecosystem services scheme aimed at the following objectives: 1) incentivising ecosystem conservation (preservation and sustainable use); 2) promoting citizenship, improved living conditions and income gains for people living in extremepovertywhoengageinnaturalresourceconservationactivitiesinConservationUnits; and2)incentivisingtheparticipationofgrantͲreceiversinenvironmental,social,educational, technicalandprofessionalcapacityͲbuilding.CaixaEconômicaFederal(governmentͲowned bank)istheProgramme’sOperatingAgencyandtheMinistryofEnvironmentischargedwith itsexecution.EstablishestheProgrammeforthePromotionofRuralProductiveActivity,a cashͲtransferpolicywiththefollowingobjectives: Brazil ClimateChangeLegislation x x x tostimulatesustainableemploymentandincomegeneration topromotefoodandnutritionalsecurity to promote the engagement of programme beneficiaries in capacityͲbuilding activities x Targets toincentiviseorganisationincooperativesandassociations TheMinistriesofAgrarianDevelopmentandSocialDevelopmentandFightagainstHungerare theexecutingagencies. MonitoringandcontrolrelatedtotheProgrammeinSupportofEnvironmentalConservation willtakeplaceviasampleauditsandinpartnershipwithstateandmunicipalgovernments. In order to qualify for the Green Allowance, families must be living in extreme poverty, registeredintheFederalGovernment’sUniqueRegistryforSocialProgrammesanddeveloping conservationactivitiesin x nationalforests,extractivereservesandfederalsustainabledevelopmentreserves x forest settlement projects, sustainable development projects or agroͲextractive settlementprojectsestablishedbytheIncra(theNationalLandandAgrarianReform Institute) x territoriesoccupiedbypeoplewholiveonrivermargins,communitieswhoengagein extractiveactivities,indigenouspeoples,quilombolas(communitiesofdescendants ofescapedslaves),andothertraditionalcommunities x priorityareasdefinedbytheExecutive.PaymentsamountingtoR$300(US$1693)will betransferredonceeverythreemonthsforamaximumperiodoftwoyears,which canbeextendedaccordingtotheProgrammeregulation TobenefitfromtheProgrammeforthePromotionofRuralProductiveActivity’sfamilyͲfarmers andothersmustfitwiththerequirementsofLawNo.11326/2006(NationalPolicyonFamily Agriculture), be living in extreme poverty and be registered in the Federal Government’s UniqueRegistryforSocialProgrammes.TheFederalgovernmentwilltransferuptoR$2,400 (US$1,352)4perfamilyinaminimumofthreeinstalmentsduringthemaximumperiodoftwo years. GrantreceiversareencouragedtoparticipateinenvironmentalcapacityͲbuildingactivities. Nonespecified ———————— 3 4 71 Exchangerateasof22October2011. Ibid. 72 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil LawNo.12305/2010–NationalPolicyonSolidResidues 2August2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Wastemanagementandclimatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThisbillformstheNationalPolicyonSolidResidueswhichpromotesstrategiestominimisethe generationofsolidresidues,domesticsewerageandindustrialeffluents,andtoincentivisethe selectivecollection,recyclingandreuseofrubbishforthepreservationofsanitaryconditions andreductionofGHGemissions.Someofthepolicy’sguidingprinciplesare:preventionand precaution,the“polluterpays”andthe“protectorreceives”,sustainabledevelopment,and sharedresponsibilityforproductlifecycle.Thepolicyalsoseekstopromote,amongother things,continuedcapacitybuildingonsolidresidues;publicͲprivatetechnicalandfinancial cooperationfortheintegratedmanagementofsolidresidues;sustainablepublicprocurement; andenvironmentallabellingandconsumption.Itestablishesmeasurestobeimplementedat thefederal,stateandmunicipallevelsofgovernment. The policy seeks to promote the adoption, development and improvement of clean technologiesasameansofminimisingtheenvironmentalimpactofsolidresidues. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories DecreeNo.7378/2010–EcologicalͲEconomicMacroͲzoningoftheLegalAmazon December1,2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × × Deforestation and land use, climate change, sustainable agricultural development, trade Driverfor implementation promotionandnaturalcapital Summaryofbill ApprovestheEcologicalͲEconomicMacrozoning(MacroZEE)oftheLegalAmazonasaguiding instrumentforpublicpolicypertainingtodevelopment,spatialplanningandtheenvironment aswellasfordecisionstakenbyprivateactors.TheaimoftheLegalAmazon’sMacroZEEisto ensure that regional development is sustainable by proposing production strategies and environmentalandterritorialmanagementthatareintunewiththeAmazon’secological, economic,culturalandsocialdiversity. TheCoordinatingCommissionofEcologicalͲEconomicMacrozoningintheNationalTerritory (CCͲMacroZEE)willestablishmonitoringindicatorsandconductevaluationsoftheMacroZEEin theLegalAmazoneverytwoyears.Resultswillbeavailabletothepublic. Brazil Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 73 TheLegalAmazon’sMacroZEEpromotessustainableeconomicactivityintheAmazon.Itaims to foster trade and economic integration and endorses productive and environmental managementstrategiesthroughafocusintenterritorialunities:1)theAmazon–Caribbean corridor;2)coastalcapitals,miningregulation,andsupporttothediversificationofother production chains; 3) polycentrism and the Pará–Tocantins–Maranhão junction; 4) the AraguaiaͲTocantinsproductivesystems;5)regulationandinnovationintheimplementation of the agroͲindustrial complex; 6) ordering and consolidation of the logistical hub for integration with the Pacific; 7) diversification of the agroͲforestry and animal husbandry frontier;8)controloftheexpansionoftheagriculturalfrontierintotheforestwithprotected areasandalternativelandͲuse;9)defenceoftheforest’scorebasedonsustainableproductive activities;10)defenceofthePantanalbiomethroughthepromotionoflocalculture,tradiͲ tionalactivitiesandtourism. Nonespecified LawNo.12144/2009,DecreeNo.7343/2010–NationalFundonClimateChange(NFCC) LawNo.12114/2009:9December2009;DecreeNo.7343/2010:26October2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Climatechange Driverfor implementation + Summaryofbill NFCCresourcesmaybedirectedtoREDD projects,withprioritybeinggiventonaturalareas underthreataswellasrelevantbiodiversityconservationstrategies. Resourcesmaybechannelledtosocietyandecosystemadaptiontoclimatechange Targets TheNFCCmayfundactivitiesrelatedtothedevelopmentanddiffusionoftechnologiesforthe mitigationofGHGemissions.Itmayalsofundresearch,thecreationofprojectandinventory systems,methodologiesthatcontributetothereductionofliquidGHGemissions,andthe reductionofemissionsfromdeforestationandlandusechange Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories DecreeNo.6527/2008–AmazonFund 1August2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Deforestation,climatechange,sustainablelanduse implementation × 74 ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil Summaryofbill EstablishestheAmazonFundundertheauspicesoftheBrazilianDevelopmentBank(BNDES). TheDecreeauthorisestheBNDEStomanagedonationͲbasedfundsgrantedtotheAmazon Fund with the purpose of developing nonͲreimbursable actions to prevent, monitor and combat deforestation as well as promoting conservation and sustainable land use in the Amazon. TheAmazonFundfinancesactivitiesinthefollowingareas:publicforestmanagementand protectedareas;control,monitoringandenvironmentalauditing;sustainableforestmanageͲ ment;economicactivitiesdevelopedthroughthesustainableuseoftheforest;Ecologicaland Economic Zoning, spatial planning and land regulation; conservation and sustainable bioͲ diversityuse;reforestation. TheTechnicalCommittee,composedof6highͲlevelmembersfromthescientificcommunity appointedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentinconsultationwiththeBrazilianForumonClimate Change,meetsonceayeartoevaluatethemethodologyforcalculatingdeforestedareasas wellastheamountofcarbonperhectareusedinthecalculationofemissions.TheSupervisory CommitteeisformedbyrepresentativesfromdifferentMinistries,theBrazilianDevelopment Bank(BNDES),stategovernments,civilsociety(includingIndigenouspeoples,privatesector associationsandepistemiccommunities);mandatesaretwoͲyearlongandmayberenewed. TheSupervisoryCommitteemeetsonceeverysixmonthsandischargedwithestablishingthe rulesandcriteriagoverningtheuseoftheFund’sresources. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories DecreeNo.6263/2007–InterͲministerialCommitteeonClimateChange(ICCC)andNational PlanonClimateChange FederalDecree6263:21November2007;NationalPlanonClimateChange:1December2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Morethan80%ofthepowerbasetobederivedfromrenewablesourcesby2030.Itaimsto: increase the share of electricity derived from wind and sugarcane bagasse plants; add a numberofhydroelectricprojectstotheelectricitynetwork;expandthesolarphotovoltaic industry;promotetheuseofsolarwaterheatersintheresidentialsector;aswellasestablish researchonenergyproductionfromsolidwaste.Theplanfurtherencouragesindustrialusers toincreasetheiraverageconsumptionofethanolby11%inthenext10years;bringsforward the5%biodieselblendingrequirementfrom2013to2010;andsupportsthecreationofan internationalbiofuelsmarket. ThePlanonClimateChangedeterminesthataNationalEnergyEfficiencyActionPlanshould becreatedtoreduceelectricityconsumptionby10%by2030andtoestablishothermeasures such asincentivesto replace old electric equipment with modern equipment, and create improvementsinindustryenergyefficiency,transportandbuildings. ThePlanpromotesasustainableincreaseintheuseofbiofuelsinthenationaltransportation network.TheNationalPlanestablishesmeasuresonadaptationtoclimatechange. Brazil Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 75 Theplanestablishesthatactionsshouldbetakentoeliminatetotalnationalforestcoverloss by2015.Theplansetstargetsforaconsistentcutondeforestationtobeaccomplishedin subsequentfourͲyearperiods.Thegoalistoreducedeforestationby40%inthe2006–2009 period in relation to the Amazon Fund’s 10Ͳyear reference period (1996–2005). This is followedbyanadditional30%reductioninthe2010–2013and2014–2017periodsinrelation totheprevious4Ͳyearperiod.Thesetargetsaretobeaccomplishedthroughtheprovisionof newandadditionalfundingfromnationalandinternationalsources,includingtheAmazon Fund. Nonespecified DecreeNo.6263/2007–InterͲministerialCommitteeonClimateChange(ICCC)andNational PlanonClimateChange FederalDecree6263:21November2007;NationalPlanonClimateChange:1December2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange,renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill FederalDecreeNo.6263/2007createsthepermanentICCCchargedwiththedevelopmentof theNationalPlanonClimateChange.ThisplanwasofficiallylaunchedattheCOP14inPoland; it focuses primarily on reducing emissions from deforestation and includes provisions on energyefficiencyandonrenewables.Theplanissettodealwith: x mitigation x vulnerability,impactandadaptation x researchanddevelopment x capacitybuildingandpromotion LawNo.12187/2009integratedthePlanintotheNationalPolicyonClimateChange. Morethan80%ofthepowerbasetobederivedfromrenewablesourcesby2030.Itaimsto: increase the share of electricity derived from wind and sugarcane bagasse plants; add a numberofhydroelectricprojectstotheelectricitynetwork;expandthesolarphotovoltaic industry;promotetheuseofsolarwaterheatersintheresidentialsector;aswellasestablish researchonenergyproductionfromsolidwaste.Theplanfurtherencouragesindustrialusers toincreasetheiraverageconsumptionofethanolby11%inthenext10years;bringsforward the5%biodieselblendingrequirementfrom2013to2010;andsupportsthecreationofan internationalbiofuelsmarket. ThePlandeterminesthataNationalEnergyEfficiencyActionPlanshouldbecreatedtoreduce electricityconsumptionby10%by2030andtoestablishothermeasuressuchasincentivesto upgradeequipment,andcreateimprovementsinindustryenergyefficiency,transportand buildings. 76 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil ThePlanestablishesthatactionsshouldbetakentoeliminatetotalnationalforestcoverloss by2015.ThePlansetstargetsforaconsistentcutondeforestationtobeaccomplishedin subsequent 4Ͳyearperiods.Thegoalistoreduce deforestationby 40%inthe 2006–2009 period in relation to the Amazon Fund’s 10 years reference period (1996–2005). This is followedbyanadditional30%reductioninthe2010–2013and2014–2017periodsinrelation totheprevious4Ͳyearperiod.Thesetargetsaretobeaccomplishedthroughtheprovisionof newandadditionalfundingfromnationalandinternationalsources,includingtheAmazon Fund. Promotesasustainableincreaseintheuseofbiofuelsinthenationaltransportationnetwork. TheNationalPlanestablishesmeasuresonadaptationtoclimatechange. Federal Decree No. 6263/2007 creates anExecutive Group on ClimateChange withinthe ICCCchargedwiththecreating,monitoringandevaluatingtheNationalPlan. Nonespecified LawNo.11284/2006–ManagementofPublicForests,BrazilianForestServiceandNational FundforForestDevelopment 2March2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × × Driverfor Deforestationandlanduse,sustainableforestry implementation Summaryofbill Thebillestablishesprinciplesforthemanagementofpublicforestsforsustainableproduction; institutes,withinthestructureoftheMinistryofEnvironment,theBrazilianForestService (BFS);andcreatestheNationalFundforForestDevelopment. Inordertoattestcompliancewiththeforestmanagementprinciplesestablishedbythisbill, forestconcessionͲholdersshouldundertakeindependentforestaudits,every3yearsata maximum,andattheirowncost.Additionally,theNationalEnvironmentSystem(Sisnama) agenciesareresponsibleforcontrolandenvironmentalinspection.TheNationalFundfor Forest Development has a Consultative Council formed by members from the federal administration and civil society charged with overseeing the disbursement of funds and evaluatingperformance. RegardingREDD+/landusepolicies,thebillestablishesthefollowingprinciplesforpublicforest management: x protectionofecosystems,land,water,biodiversityandassociatedculturalvalue x efficient and rational use of forests in line with local, regional and national sustainabledevelopmenttargets x respectoflocalcommunities’rightofaccesstoanduseofpublicforestsandthe benefitsassociatedwithconservation Brazil ClimateChangeLegislation x x x x x Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories 77 promotionoflocalprocessing,increasedvalueͲaddedofforestproductsandservices, industrialdiversification,technologicaldevelopment,andcapacityͲbuildingoflocal entrepreneursandlabourͲforce freeaccesstoinformationregardingpublicforestmanagement promotion and dissemination of research on forestry related to conservation, restorationandsustainableuseofforests promotion of knowledge and awareness of forest conservation, recovery and sustainableuse creationofstableandsecureconditionsforthepromotionoflongͲterminvestment inforestconservationandrecovery TheNationalFundforForestDevelopment(NFFD)isinstitutedwiththepurposeofpromoting sustainableforestryactivitiesinBrazilaswellastechnologicalinnovationinthesector.Among otherthings,theFund’sresourcesshouldbechannelledtotechnicalassistance,monitoring and verification, recuperation of degraded areas, rational economic use of forests and environmentaleducation.TheFundonlyfinancesprojectsfrompublicinstitutionsornotͲforͲ profit private institutions. The Brazilian Forest Service (BSF) is created with the exclusive mandateofmanagingpublicforests;itisequallythemanagingauthorityoftheNFFD.Inthis context, the BSF is responsible for, among other things: training, capacityͲbuilding and technical assistance; promoting of sustainable timber and wood and sustainable forest productioningeneral;andmarketscopingforforestproductsandservices. Researchanddevelopment:theNationalFundforForestDevelopmentfinancesresearchand technologicaldevelopmentonforestmonitoring. Nonespecified Federal Law No. 11097/2005 (amended in 2009 and 2010) – Mandatory Biodiesel Requirement 13January2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill Establishesaseriesofbiodieselrequirementswiththepurposeofstimulatingthemarketfor cleanburningfuel.Biodieselisamixtureofvegetableoilandsugarcanebasedethanol. WithregardstoEnergysupplyͲsidepolicies,the2005revisionofthelawmandatesthatby 20082%ofdieselsoldtoconsumersisbiodiesel(B2biodiesel),andthatby20135%isB2 biodiesel.ThelawwasalteredsothatasofJuly2008alldieselhadtocontain3%ofbiodiesel (B3).InJuly2009,themandatoryblendingwasincreasedto5%(B5)3yearsaheadofthe originalschedule. Targets Nonespecified 78 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Brazil Law No. 10438/2002 – Programme of Incentives for Alternative Electricity Sources (PROINFA) 26April2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor RenewableEnergy implementation Summaryofbill CreatesPROINFA,thelargestnationalplantopromotetheuseofalternativeenergysources, aswellasotherprogrammes. RegardingenergysupplyͲsidepoliciesPROINFA’simplementationiscoordinatedbyEletrobras (a publiclytraded company controlledbythe Braziliangovernment)anddividedintotwo consecutivestages.Thefirststagesetsatargetpowerproductionvalueof3,300MWfrom renewableenergyincludingwind,biomassandsmallhydroelectricsources.Thistargetistobe reachedbythe end of 2007throughasystem ofsubsidiesandincentives drawnfrom an EnergyDevelopmentAccount.ThisistobefundedbyendͲuseconsumersthroughanincrease inenergybills(withtheexemptionoflowincomesectors)aswellasbyfinancingprogrammes available for renewable energy projects from the Brazilian National Development Bank (BNDES).Thesecondstageestablishesatargetofincreasingtheelectricitygeneratedbythese three renewable sources to 10% of annual consumption within 20 years. In addition, RenewableEnergyCertificatesthatareproportionaltotheamountofcleanenergyproduced byeachplantshouldbeissuedinthissecondstage. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories FederalLawNo.10294/2001–NationalConservationandRationalEnergyUsePolicy 17October2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill CreatestheNationalConservationandRationalEnergyUsePolicychargedwithensuringthe efficientallocationofenergyresourcesandprotectingtheenvironment. ThelawdeterminesthatoneyearaftertheExecutivePowerpublishestherequiredlevelsof energyconsumptionandefficiency,aTargetsProgrammeshouldbeestablishedtomonitor theprogressiveevolutionoftheselevels. Brazil Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 79 RegardingenergydemandͲsidepolicies,thelawchargestheExecutivePowerwithestablishing maximumlevelsofenergyconsumptionandminimumlevelsofenergyefficiencyformachines and energy consuming apparatus produced or traded in the country. It also obliges the producersandimportersoftheseitemstoobservetheserequirementsattheriskofbeing fined.FurtherchargestheExecutivePowerwithdevelopingmechanismstopromoteenergy efficiencyinbuildingsconstructedafterthecommencementofthelaw. Nonespecified Federal Law No. 9985/2000, Federal Decree No. 4340/2001 – National System of ConservationUnits FederalLawNo.9985:18July2000;FederalDecreeNo.4340:22August2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × × × × × Driverfor Deforestationandlanduse implementation Summaryofbill FederalLaw9985/2000regulatesArticle25,Paragraph1,oftheFederalConstitutionand createstheNationalSystemofNatureConservationUnits.Ittherebyestablishesnormsand criteria for the creation, implementation and management of conservation units. Federal DecreeNo.4340/2002regulatesseveralarticlesoftheassociatedFederalLawandestablishes provisionsforitsimplementation. Establishestheuse,typesandrestrictionsthatapplytoeachcategoryofconservationunit. Divides conservation units into two broad groups: Integral Protection Units intended to protectnature.Theypermittheindirectuseofnaturalresources(exceptforcasesprovidedfor inthisLaw);andSustainableUseUnitsintendedtoreconciletheconservationofnaturewith thesustainableuseofaportionofitsnaturalresources.IntegralProtectionUnitsconstitute thefollowingconservationunits: x EcologicalStation x BiologicalReserve x NationalPark x NaturalMonument x WildLifeRefuge SustainableUseUnitscompriseof: x AreaofEnvironmentalProtection x AreaofSignificantEcologicalValue x NationalForest x ExtractiveReserve 80 Targets ClimateChangeLegislation x x x Brazil FaunaReserve SustainableDevelopmentReserve ReserveParticulartotheNaturalHeritage Theimplementationofeconomicactivitiesintheseareaswilldependontheconservationunit category in question as well as the respective uses permitted by law and by the unit’s managingplan.Itisalsonecessarytoobtainaspecificauthorisationfromtheauthorityin chargeoftheprotectionunit. Nonespecified Canada ClimateChangeLegislation 81 4.5 Canada 4.5.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 764 692 102 2010 Top10 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:4December1992 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 WithdrawnDecember2011,effective December2012 Reductionof17%from2005levelsby2020 None 82 4.5.2 ClimateChangeLegislation Canada LegislativeProcess TheParliamentofCanadaisthefederallegislativebranchofCanada.Itconsistsof the Senate and the House of Commons. In the Parliament of Canada, as in all legislativeassembliesbasedontheBritishmodel,thereisaclearlydefinedmethod forenactinglegislation. ThelawͲmakingprocessstartswithabill,whichcanbeintroducedintheHouseof Commons(CͲbills)ortheSenate(SͲbills).Mostpublicbillswhichconcernmatters ofpublicpolicysuchastaxesandtheenvironmentbeginintheCommons.Abill goesthroughcertainformalstagesineachHouse.Thestagesincludeaseriesof three“readings”duringwhichparliamentariansdebatethebill.Priortothethird andfinalreading,eachHousealsosendsthebilltoacommitteewheremembers examinethefinerpointsofthelegislation.Committeememberslistentowitnesses whogivetheiropinionsonthebill,andthensubjectittoaclauseͲbyͲclausestudy basedonthetestimony.CanadaretainstheSovereignoftheUnitedKingdomasits headofstate.AlllawsofCanadaareformallyenactedbytheSovereign,“byand withtheadviceandconsent”oftheSenateandHouseofCommons.Onceboth Houseshaveapprovedabill,itispresentedforRoyalAssentandbecomeslaw. TheconstitutiondividesthelegislativeabilitiesofCanadabetweenthefederaland provincialgovernments.Provinciallegislaturesmaypasslawsrelatingtotopics explicitlyreservedforthembytheconstitution. 4.5.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Canada has no comprehensive federal climate change legislation. An act to implementCanada’stargetsundertheKyotoProtocolduringthefirstcommitment period of 2008–2012 was passed in 2007, and had been regarded as Canada’s Flagship ClimateLegislation in the previousversionsof this study. However, in December 2011, Canada announced that it would withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol,andofficiallyrepealedtheActon29June2012,withintheframeworkof thebudgetimplementationActCͲ38. TherehavebeenattemptstopassmorecomprehensiveandlongerͲtermclimate changelegislation,themostsignificantbeingtheClimateChangeAccountability Act.ThisBillwasoriginallyintroducedin2006,againin2010(asBillCͲ311),and thenpassedtheHouseofCommonsinMay2010butdidnotpasstheSenate.In June2011thebillwasreintroduced(asBillCͲ224)byCanada’slargestopposition party,theNewDemocraticparty,butnoprogresshasbeenmadesince.Thisbill Canada ClimateChangeLegislation 83 would have required the federal government to set regulations to attain a mediumͲtermtargettobringGHGemissions25%below1990levelsby2020,anda longͲtermtargettobringemissions80%below1990levelsby2050.Thebillwould alsohaveallowedthegovernmenttoestablishregulationstomeetthesetargets andsetpenaltiesforthosethatviolatetheregulations(forexample,thePassenger AutomobileandLightTruckGreenhouseGasEmissionRegulationspublishedin October2010). Thereductiontargetsinthebillwereproposedby“TurningtheCorner:ActionPlan toReduceGreenhouseGasesandAirPollution”,theConservativeParty’sclimate changeplanannouncedinApril2007.Indeed,“TurningtheCorner”providedthe groundworkforCanada’sapproachtotacklingclimatechange.Canada’spriorityis torealignitspoliciesandregulationsinordertomaintaineconomicprosperity whileprotectingtheenvironmentandharmonisingitsregulatoryframeworkwith theUnitedStates,itslargesttradingpartner.Accordingtotheactionplan,the regulationsrequireintensityͲbasedtargetsforavarietyofindustrialsectorsof6% eachyearbetween2007and2010,withafurther2%intensityreductioneachyear to2015. SubͲnationalactivity Despite the lack of comprehensive federal legislation in Canada, Canadian provinceshavebeenveryactiveinpassingtheirownclimatelegislation.British ColumbiaandQuebechaveintroducedeconomicincentivestoreduceemissions, suchasacarbontax(uptoCan$30[US$31.5]in2012inBritishColumbia).Vehicle fuel efficiencyin British Columbiaand Quebec werealigned withthe stringent Californianstandards.OntariopassedacomprehensiveGreenEnergyandGreen EconomyActin2009,createdtoexpandrenewableenergygeneration,encourage energyconservationandpromotethecreationofcleanenergyjobs.Thetargetsof theActaretoreduceemissionsby6%below1990levelsby2014,15%by2020and80% by2050.ItincludesafeedͲintariff,energyconservationmeasuresonalllevelsanda plantoshutdownallcoalͲfiredpowerplantsby2014.CapͲandͲtradeschemeshave beenintroducedbythreeprovinces,representing75%ofCanadianpopulation– Ontario,QuebecandBritishColumbia.Alberta’sclimatechangeplanalsorelies upon intensityͲbased targets, with a commitment to reduce GHG emissions intensityby50%by2050(Alberta,MinistryofEnvironment,Alberta’s2008Climate ChangeStrategy:Responsibility,Leadership,Action).Itreliesonenergyefficiency, carboncaptureandstorageandrenewableenergyproduction. 84 ClimateChangeLegislation Canada Energydemand Canadahasimplementedminimumenergyperformancestandardsforanumberof productssincetheapprovaloftheEnergyEfficiencyActin1992.Themostrecent amendments modernise the act by increasing its scope and effectiveness. The amendmentsalsorequireCanada’sMinisterofNaturalResourcestosubmitan energyefficiencyprogressreporttoParliamentevery3years.TheRenewableFuels RegulationsthatcameintoeffectinDecember2010requireanaveragerenewable fuelcontentof5%ingasoline. On5September2012,regulationswereannouncedbythefederalenvironment minister, designed to reduce emissions from coalͲfired electricity facilities by phasing out highͲemitting coalͲfired generation and promoting lower or nonͲ emittingtypesofgeneration.Theregulationswillsetperformancestandardsfor newcoalͲfiredunits(producingelectricityfrom1July2015)andforunitsatthe endoftheir“usefullife”–i.e.whichhavebeenproducingelectricityfor50years. Transitionalregulationsapplytounitsbuiltbefore1986.Regulatedentitieswillbe requiredtobeginreportingemissionlevelstwoyearsinadvanceofthatdate.The leveloftheperformancestandardwillbefixedat420tonnesofcarbondioxideper gigawatthour(CO2/GWh).Theregulationseffectivelyrequireinstallationofcarbon captureandstorage(CCS)equipmenttocoalͲfiredpowerstations,asemissions capturedbyCCSequipmentareexemptfrombeingcountedtowardstheperforͲ mancestandard,andadditionally,unitswhichhaveCCSinstalledcanapplyfora completeexemptionfromtheperformancestandarduntil2025.ThisisofsignifiͲ cancebecausegovernmentestimatesarethat75%ofcoalplantswillreachtheend oftheirusefullifeby2025and80%by2030,andthereforewillhavetoretrofitCCS equipmentiftheywanttocontinueoperating. Transportation InApril2012thegovernmentannouncedproposedregulationstoreduceGHG emissions from new onͲroad heavyͲduty vehicles, from model year 2014. The emissionstandardsandtestproceduresaredesignedtobealignedwiththoseof theUnitedStates.Theregulationsareexpectedtoreduceemissionsby3million tonnesperyearby2020. Canada ClimateChangeLegislation 85 Canada:FlagshipLegislation Canadacurrentlyhasnofederalflagshipclimatelegislation. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Canada:OtherRelevantLegislation BiofuelBillCͲ33:AnActtoamendtheCanadianEnvironmentalProtectionAct 26June2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill ThebillseekstoamendtheCanadianEnvironmentalProtectionAct1999withrespectto provisionsfortheregulationoffuels.Thebillisdesignedtoestablishaframeworkwithin which the Government can regulate biofuels content. This would include the tracking of exportstomakeaccuratecalculationsofthevolumeofrenewablefuelsasapercentageofthe totalfuelusedinCanada,andtheliftingofadministrativeburdensthatwouldbeplacedon smallproducersandimporters. Targets The bill allows the federal government to implement regulations requiring 5% average renewablecontentingasolineby2010.Subsequentregulationswillalsorequire2%average renewablecontentindieselandheatingoilby2012onsuccessfuldemonstrationofrenewable dieselfueluseundertherangeofCanadianenvironmentalconditions. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories GreenhouseGasTechnologyInvestmentFundAct Enactedin2005,c.30,s.96,notinforce Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill AnActtoestablishtheGreenhouseGasTechnologyInvestmentFundforthereductionof GHGemissionsandtheremovalofGHGsfromtheatmosphere. Targets Nonespecified 86 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Canada CanadaFoundationforSustainableDevelopmentTechnologyAct 14June2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Researchanddevelopmentonsolutionstoissueswhichincludeclimatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThisActestablishesanotͲforͲprofitfoundationthatfinancesandsupportsthedevelopment anddemonstrationofcleantechnologieswhichprovidesolutionstoissuesofclimatechange, clean air, water and soil quality, and which deliver economic, environmental and health benefitstoCanadians. Thefoundationshall,within5monthsaftertheendofeachfiscalyear,prepareanannual reportinEnglishandFrenchofitsactivitiesduringtheprecedingfiscalyear.Thereportisto include: x thefoundation’sfinancialstatementsfortheyearasapprovedbytheboardandthe reportoftheauditorrespectingthosestatements x a detailed statement of its investment activities during the year, its investment portfolio as at the end of the year and its investment policies, standards and procedures x adetailedstatementofitsfundingactivities x astatementofitsplansforfulfillingitsobjectivesandpurposesforthenextyear x anevaluationoftheoverallresultsachievedbythefundingofeligibleprojectsbythe foundationduringtheyearinreview,andsincetheinceptionofthefoundation Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce EnergyEfficiencyAct 1992.RegulationsmadeundertheActhavebeenamendedanumberoftimes,mostrecently in2008,toexpandthelistofproductscoveredbytheActandenhancestandardsforsome productsalreadyinplace Categories Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Canada ClimateChangeLegislation 87 Summaryofbill TheActaimstoestablishminimumenergyefficiencystandardsforabroadrangeofproducts and equipment in order to decrease overall Canadian energy consumption. It gives the GovernmentofCanadatheauthoritytomakeandenforcestandardsfortheperformanceof energyusingproductsthatareimportedintoCanada,orthataremanufacturedinCanadaand shippedacrossprovincialorterritorialborders.TheactalsogivestheFederalGovernmentthe authoritytosetlabellingrequirementsfortheseproductssoconsumerscancomparethe energyefficiencyofvariousmodelsofthesameproduct. ThefollowingmonitoringarrangementsgoverntheAct: x Adatabasewouldbeusedtoidentifytheamountofenergythatcouldbesavedfor specificproducts.Itwouldalsohelpincompilingstatisticsonenergyconsumptionas wellasdevelopalternativeenergysources x ImportingintoCanada,ortradingbetweenprovinces,productsthatdonotmeet suchenergyefficiencystandards,ortaperingwithanenergyefficiencylabel,isa criminaloffence x Failuretocomplywithregulationswillresultinthepossibilityofprosecution,fines andsecondaryoffences Targets Nonespecified Chile ClimateChangeLegislation 89 4.6 Chile 4.6.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 60 79 NA 2006 Belowtop50 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:22December1994 Dateofentryintoforce:22March1995 Dateofsignature:17June1998 Dateofratification:26August2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Reductionof20%ofemissionscompared withBusinessasusual NationalClimateChangeActionPlan2008– 2012 90 4.6.2 ClimateChangeLegislation Chile LegislativeProcess Chileisaunitarynationdividedintoadministrativeregions,eachheadedbyan administratorappointedbythecentralgovernment.Eachregionisdividedinto provinces,eachbeingadministeredbyagovernoralsoappointedbythecentral government. The provinces are further divided into municipalities headed by appointedmayors. Chile’sdemocraticsystemofgovernmentisbasedontheseparationofpowers.It isamultipartyrepublicwithapresidentialsystembasedonthe1980constituͲ tion.TheconstitutionsetstheformatfortheNationalCongress,composedofa SenateandaChamberofDeputies.TheSenatehas47members(38electedand9 appointed)whoserve8Ͳyearterms.TheChamberofDeputieshas120members whoaredirectlyelectedfor4years.ThePresidentoftheRepubliciselectedfora 6Ͳyear term without possibility for reͲelection. The president is elected by an absolutemajorityofthevalidvotescast.TheexecutivebranchinChileiscomposed of16ministriesand4cabinetͲlevelagencies. The constitution establishes a hierarchy of laws that must be approved by majoritiesofvarioussizes.Ordinarylawsareapprovedbyasimplemajorityofthe memberspresentinbothchambers. ThePresidentoftheRepublicholdstheexclusiveinitiativeforproposalsoflaw relatedtochangestothepoliticaloradministrativedivisionofthecountry,orto thefinancialorbudgetaryadministrationoftheState.Thebudgetaryprerogatives ofthelegislativebrancharealsorestricted.InseveralareasthePresidentisgiven sole authority to introduce bills. These include measures involving spending, changesinthedutiesandcharacteristicsofpublicͲsectoradministrativeentities, modificationstothepoliticalͲadministrativeconfigurationoftheState,andinitiaͲ tivesrelatedtocollectivebargaining.ThePresidentmaygrantcertaininitiatives prioritystatus,requiringthatCongressactwithin3,10,or30days,dependingon the degree of urgency specified. In this sense, the President has the exclusive powertosetthelegislativeagenda. ThelegislativeprocessinChileoftenstartswitha“preͲlegislative”phasethrough whichanyproposedlegislationmustfirstproceed.Thisphaseisnotgovernedor mandatedbylawinChile.Inpractice,extensiveconsultationstakeplaceatthis stagebetweentheauthoritiesandtherepresentativesofinstitutionsandagencies, both public and private, particularly the various organisations or associations representingtheintereststhatwillbeaffectedbythenewlegislation. Chile ClimateChangeLegislation 91 All bills must be passed by the National Congress. The draft law is sent to the ChamberofDeputiesforanalysisofthebill’sgeneralaspectsandmainideasatthe relevantCommission.TheCommission’sconclusionsaretransmittedtothefull Chamber.TheChamberthenengagesinageneraldiscussionoftheproposedlaw todecidewhethertoapproveorrejecttheideaoflegislatingontheparticular subject.AfterthebillisapprovedbytheChamberofDeputiesingeneraldiscusͲ sion,itissenttovariouslegislativecommissionsthathavejurisdictionoverthebill. Afterthecommissionreview,theChamberstudiesthelawingreaterdetail.When theChamberapprovesthebill,itissenttotheSenate,wherethebillundergoesan identical process of review. Once approved by both houses of the National Congress,thebillissenttothePresidentforapproval.Uponendorsementofthe billthePresidentissuesadecreeofpromulgationandsubmitsthebillforconͲ stitutionalreview by the ComptrollerͲGeneral. Afterthe bill hasbeen declared constitutionally sound by the ComptrollerͲGeneral the President has the bill published as law in the Official Journal. Publication of the law is the final step required in the legislative process. The average period of time for passage of regulatorylegislationisapproximately24months. 4.6.3 ApproachtoClimateChange ChileratifiedtheUNFCCCin1994andestablisheditsNationalAdvisoryCommittee forGlobalChangein1996(Decreton°466Minrel). Betweenits1stNationalCommunicationundertheUNFCCCin1999andits2nd NationalCommunicationin2011Chilehasmadenotableprogressinincorporating climatechangeintoitsstrategiclongͲtermdecisionͲmakingthroughinstitutional reforms.PublicadministrationhasbeenreformedinordertoestablishaninstiͲ tutionalframeworkprovidingaplatformforstrengthenedclimateaction.Extensive sectoralstudiesontheimpactofclimatechangeandonmitigationstrategieshave beencarriedoutandinformedawiderangeofactionplansandpolicies. TheNationalStrategyforClimateChangewasadoptedin2006andmadeoperaͲ tional by the National Action Plan for Climate Change 2008–2012 prepared bytheDepartmentofClimateChangeoftheNationalEnvironmentalCommission. UnderthisActionPlanin2009anInterͲministerialCommitteeonClimateChange was set up, integrated by the Ministers of the Environment, Foreign Affairs, Agriculture,TransportandTelecommunications,Energy,Economy,Finance,Mining andPublicWorksandtwodialogueplatforms,oneforpublic–privatepartnerships andoneforthecivilsociety.ThePlanestablishesasetofpublicpolicyguidelines for5years,afterwhichitwillbefollowedbylongͲtermnationalandsectoralplans foradaptationandmitigation. 92 ClimateChangeLegislation Chile Theyear2010witnessedtheinaugurationofChile’snewenvironmentalinstituͲ tional structure, a process that began in 2006 and transformed the country’s multisectoralmodel,inwhichenvironmentalmatterswerecoordinatedbythe NationalEnvironmentalCommission(CONAMA)intoamorecentralisedmodel underthenewMinistryoftheEnvironmentsetupastheStatebodyinchargeof cooperatingwiththePresidentoftheRepublicinthedesignandimplementation of environmental policies, plans and programmes. The Ministry is in charge of proposinganddevelopingnationalclimatepolicy,specificallyandforthefirsttime in Chilean legislation by virtue of a special mandate to this effect (Art.70, Law 20.417de2010). Thisinstitutionalchangewasdrivenmainlybytheneedtostreamlineandbetter defineenvironmentalcompetencies;tohaveaMinistryresponsibleforenvironͲ mentalpolicies;tohaveacompletelytechnicalEnvironmentalAssessmentService aswellasacentralisedandefficientenforcementsystem;and,urgently,tomanage issuesrelatedtobiodiversityandprotectedareas. One of the Ministry’s major areas of responsibility is the development of the country’sresponsetoclimatechange.Climatechangeisoneofthefivethemeaxes oftheMinistry.TheOfficeofClimateChangewascreatedin2010undertheSubͲ secretary of the Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, and endowed with an annual budgetandpermanentstaff.Forthefirsttimeinhistorythecountry’slegislation includesagovernmentmandatethatspecificallyaddressesthisissue,affirming that“theMinistryshallbeespeciallyresponsibleforproposingpoliciesandformuͲ latingplans,programsandplansofactionintheareaofclimatechange”(Art.70, letterh).Tofacilitateorganisationalaspects,theOfficeofClimateChangewas formally created under the Office of the Undersecretary, with its own annual budgetforconductingresearchandconsultantstoassistwithitswork.ThisOffice also is responsible for participatingin internationalnegotiationsrelated to the implementation of the Convention, as well as acting as Coordinator of the Committee for the Designated National Authority for the Clean Development Mechanism.ItisalsothefocalpointfortheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimate Change (IPCC) and the technical secretariat for Interministerial committees on climatechange. Energy In December 2009, Chile’s National Congress passed Law 20.402 creating the Ministry of Energy as a high level agency that works with the President of the RepublictogovernandadministrateChile’senergysector. Chile ClimateChangeLegislation 93 TheMinistry’sprimaryobjectiveistoprepareandcoordinatetheimplementation of plans, policies and standards to ensure the sector’s effective operation and development towards the objectives of energy security and of a highͲquality competitiveenergysupplyplusenvironmentalprotectionatlocalandgloballevel; toensuretheseinstrumentsarecompliedwith;andtoadvisetheGovernmenton energyͲrelatedmatters. Chile’senergypolicyisfoundeduponthelegalandregulatoryroleplayedbythe StatethroughtheMinistryofEnergyandtheinstitutionsunderitspurview,while the private energy sector is responsible for investments in the sector. This arrangement means that Chile’s energy policies will have a major impact on limitingthegrowthofGHGemissions. Some of the objectives of the energy policy of President Sebastian Piñera Echenique’sadministrationareasfollows: x Increaseenergyavailabilityandsecuritytosatisfydemand,assumingan averageeconomicgrowthrateof6%annuallyupto2020. x Promotethedevelopmentofcompetitiveandsustainableinvestments. x Work towards the goal of having 20% of Chile’s installed capacity for electricitygenerationcomefromnonͲconventionalrenewableenergiesby 2020. x Enhanceexistingregulationsforaccessingenergyresourcesinorderto increaseinvestmentinrenewableenergiesavailableinthecountry. x Promote research programs in the area of energy and educate new generationsofcitizensontheimportanceofenergysavingsandefficiency. x Improvetheinformationavailableonthecountry’senergyresourcesto support the formulation of a policy to promote energy efficiency and energysavingsprojects. x Enhanceexistingenergyefficiencystandardsandcertificationprogramsfor residential construction, household appliances, lighting and transport vehicles. Institutions under the Ministry’s purview that play a key role in the sectoral mitigationofGHGemissionsincludetheCenterforRenewableEnergies(CER)of 2009,theNationalEnergyEfficiencyProgramme(PPEE)datingfrom2005andthe ChileanEnergyEfficiencyAgency(AchEE). 94 ClimateChangeLegislation Chile TheCenterforRenewableEnergieswascreatedin2009underthepurviewofthe ChileanEconomicDevelopmentAgency(CORFO)andthedirectionoftheMinistry ofEnergywiththeaimofcreatingatechnologyantennaforthedevelopmentof renewableenergiesinChile. The Ministry of Economy set up the National Energy Efficiency Programme in responsetotheEnvironmentalPerformanceReviewconductedbytheOrganizaͲ tionforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD),whichrecommended that Chile incorporate Energy Efficiency into its national development. The ProgrammehascontributedtothedevelopmentofsustainableenergyinChileby promoting advances such as reducing energy demand in the Central InterconͲ nectedSystem(SIC)energygridby2.6%betweenMarch2008andMarch2009and establishingEnergyEfficiencyasacentralpillarofChile’snationalenergypolicy: thebudgetallocatedtotheNationalEnergyEfficiencyProgrammebytheNational EnergyCommissionrosefromUS$1millionin2006toUS$40millionin2009. ThermalregulationsforhousingwereincorporatedintotheGeneralConstruction andUrbanismBylaw(OGUC,Art.4.1.10)andhavebeeninforceandoperatingin Chilesince2000.Thefirststage,whichbeganinMarchofthatyear,established minimumRͲvaluesforhousingroofsystemsthatimprovedresistancetoheatflow significantlyinthatpartofthebuildingshell.Thesecondstagecameintoforcein early2007andcomplementedthefirstone.Thisstagesetoutrequirementsfor limitingheatlossthroughwalls,floorsandventilatedfloorsandwindows,limiting sizeaccordingtoRͲvalues. TheNationalEnergyEfficiencyProgrammeincludedalineofactionforidentifying potentialenergyefficiencyapplicationsfortheminingsector.Underthislineof action,in2006theMiningEnergyEfficiencyWorkingGroupwasestablishedwith the main objective of encouraging the country’s largest mining companies to managetheirenergyconsumption,exchangeexperiences,studytheapplication of energy efficiency indicators that may be suitable for these companies and formulate innovation projects in this area. The Working Group is a voluntary technicalboardmadeupofrepresentativesofChile’slargemetalandnonͲmetal miningcompanies,ENAMI,theEEPPandtheMiningUndersecretary’sOffice. The Chilean Energy Efficiency Agency is the successor to the National Energy Efficiency Programme and includes the participation of representatives of the ministriesofTransportationandTelecommunications,HousingandUrbanism,and Energy, as well as the academicand business sectors. This new Agency has an updatedmandatethatreplacesthelinesofactionofthePPEEwiththeroleof Chile ClimateChangeLegislation 95 designingandestablishingpublicpoliciesforEnergyEfficiencyintherespective divisionsoftheMinistryofEnergy. TheAgencyhasproposedaNationalEnergyEfficiencyActionPlan2010–2020with a roadmap towards a 15% energy efficiency progress by 2025. Some of its proposalshavebeenincorporatedintheNationalEnergyStrategypublishedin February2012,althoughthemechanismsanddeadlinesfortheirimplementation aretobedeveloped. ChileiscurrentlyformulatingastrategytoestablishMinimumEnergyPerformance Standards,basedontheMinistryofEnergy’snewlygrantedauthoritytoenact MEPS,whichwasestablishedintherecentlypassedlawthatalsocreatedthat institution. The first phase was implemented in 2010 and involved MEPS for lighting. LULUFC,waterresources ThepublicinstitutionsunderthepurviewoftheChileanMinistryofAgriculturethat havearoletoplayinmitigatingclimatechangeinChilearetheOfficeofAgrarian PolicyandStudies,theInstituteforAgricultureandLivestockDevelopment,the National Forestry Corporation, the Foundation for Agrarian Innovation, the InstituteofAgriculturalResearch,theForestryInstituteandtheNaturalResource InformationCenter. TheMinistryforAgriculturesetuptheClimateChangeandAgricultureCouncilin 2008,chairedbytheMinisterandintegratedbyrepresentativesoftheproductive, public and academic sectors. The Council’s main objective is to work with stakeholdersindifferentsectorstobuildacommonunderstandingofhowclimate changewillimpactactivitiesintheagriculture,livestockandforestrysectorsandto define major lines of action to address this impact. Functionally, the Council supports the Ministry in defining the main features and priorities of a climate changeadaptationprogrammefortheagriculture,livestockandforestrysectors andindefiningpotentialmitigationmeasurestobeimplementedineachsector. ThePublicWorksMinistrycreatedtheGlaciologyandSnowUnitwithintheWater DirectorateͲGeneralin2008withthetaskofestablishingandrunninganational glaciological programme to establish and implement a national glaciology proͲ grammethatwilldevelopaglacierinventory,studyandmonitorglaciersinChile, definepresentandfutureresponsestoclimatechangeinregardtoglaciersand identifyadaptationstrategiesfordifferentclimatescenarios.Thisincludesdefining strategicprioritiestoquantifyandmonitorglaciologicalvariablesinrepresentative glaciers;buildingandregularlyupdatingaPublicInventoryofGlaciersbasedon 96 ClimateChangeLegislation Chile recentsatelliteimages;implementingtheGlacierMonitoringNetworkinpriority geographiczones,andidentifyingsuitableparametersforquantifyingtheinterͲ actionbetweenclimateandglaciersinrepresentativezones.InFebruary2009the DirectiveCouncilofMinistersadoptedaNationalPolicyforGlacierProtectionand Conservationforeseeingthecreationofanationalglacierregister,thestudyof their vulnerability to climate change and the introduction of preservation and conservationpolicies. Researchanddevelopment Chile has signed Memoranda of Understanding and Framework Cooperation AgreementsonclimateactionwithDenmarkandFrance,aswellasatechnicaland scientificcooperationagreementonbioenergywithColombia. Chile:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce NationalClimateChangeActionPlan2008–2012 4December2008 Categories Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Energysecurity,energyefficiency,adaptation implementation TheActionPlanisintendedasashortͲtermmeasuredesignedtogeneratekeyinformation thatwillbeusedtopreparelongerͲtermnationalandsectorͲspecificadaptationandmitigation plans. ThePlanemergedoutofananalysisofthenationalsituationinregardtoclimatechange,and strategicapproachestothissituation.ThePlanincludesbothsituationanalysisandstrategic considerations as its base, and details of actions to be taken on three areas (adaptation, mitigationandcapacityͲbuilding)andtheentitiesresponsiblefordelivery. TheanalysistakesintoaccountclimatechangescienceinChileandabroad,thecountry’s vulnerability and the actions needed for adaptation. It includes GHG emissions from the energysector,advancesinanalysingemissionscenariosandmitigationpotential.Italsodelves into the country’s capacity to design and implement policies, strategies and actions for adaptationandformitigatingemissionsfromlegal,institutionalandpublicpolicyperspectives. Itfurtherassessesnationalcapacitiesforparticipatingininternationalnegotiations,meetings and reviews ofIPCC reports,international and national cooperationinitiatives on climate change,cleandevelopmentmechanisms,andthecarbonoffsetmarket,amongothers. Chile ClimateChangeLegislation 97 Targets Themainadaptationactionsproposedare:generatinglocalclimatescenarios,determiningthe impacts of climate change and the corresponding adaptation measures and formulating nationalandsectorͲbasedplansforadaptationtoclimatechange.Specifically,thePlanaffirms theneedtodetermineimpactsonwaterresources,biodiversity,theforestry,agricultureand livestocksectors,hydropowergeneration,infrastructure,coastalzones,fisheryresourcesand publichealth. ThePlancallsforanationalprogrammeandsectorͲbasedplansformitigatingGHGs.The actionsproposedinclude:designingasystemtoupdateGHGinventories;assessingthetotal andsectorͲspecificpotentialforreducingGHGs;preparingindicatorstomonitortheimpactof actionstaken;preparingGHGmitigationplans,policiesandstrategiesandgeneratingmitigaͲ tionscenariosfordifferenttimeframes. Thecapacitybuildinganddevelopmentactionscontemplatedinclude:anationalprogramme ofeducationandawarenessraising;anationalfundforresearchingbiodiversityandclimate change;technicalandeconomicassessmentforaclimatechangemonitoringnetwork;anda nationalregistryofglaciers. OthercomponentsofthePlanincludeddevelopingChile’snegotiatingstrategies,strengthͲ eningthecountry’sinstitutionalframeworkforaddressingclimatechange,designingdevelopͲ mentinstrumentsforreducingGHGemissionsandforadaptation,andpreparingtheSecond NationalCommunicationof2011. Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Chile:OtherRelevantLegislation Resolution370regulatingthesubsidiesforpowertransmissionlinestofacilitateaccessto thegridforrenewableenergyinstallations(Reglamentosubsidiolíneasdetransmisiónpara facilitaraccesoatroncalaproyectosERNC–Res.370) 18July2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill Theregulationestablishesasubsidyforpowerlinesgrantingaccesstothegridtorenewable energy installations in the event that the demand is lower than expected, reducing the investmentrisks.Theagentapplyingforthesubsidyshallbefacilitatingaccesstothegridtoat leastthreerenewableenergyinstallations.ThesubsidyiscappedatUS$700,000andapplies betweenthesixthandthetenthyearofexploitationofthepowerline. Targets Renewablestorepresent20%oftheinstalledpowergenerationcapacityby2020 98 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Chile Law No. 20571 regulating the payment of electricity tariffs of residential generators (LeyNo.20571regulaelpagodelastarifaseléctricasdelasgeneradorasresidenciales) 22March2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill ThelawintroducesmodificationstotheGeneralLawforElectricServicesof1982withthe objectiveofregulatingthepaymentofelectricitytariffstoresidentialgenerators.Finalusers arethusauthorisedtoinjectelectricityfromrenewableinstallationsofupto100kWinthe distributiongridthroughtheirconnectionline. Targets Renewablestorepresent20%oftheinstalledpowergenerationcapacityby2020 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law No. 20.365 on Tax Exemption for Solar Thermal Systems (Ley 20.365 establece franquiciatributariarespectodesistemassolarestérmicos) 19August2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill Thelawgrantstaxdeductionsequivalenttothecost,orashareofthecost,oftheinstallation ofnewsolarthermalsystemsprovidingatleast30%ofthehotwaterconsumedinagiven buildingperannum. Thetaxexemptiontargetsconstructioncompaniesthatarewillingtousesolarsystemsinnew housingdevelopments,allowingthemtodiscountthecostofsolarcollectorstheyinstallfrom their taxes on a sliding scale indexed to the value of each home. This measure seeks to promotetheuseofsolartechnologyandextenditsbenefitstohousesandbuildingsacrossthe countrybyofferingupto100%oftheinstalledcostofthesehotwatersystemsfornewhouses eligiblebythetaxexemption.Theexemptioncovers100%ofthetaxonsolarthermalsystems forhousespricedatapproximatelyUS$87,000andupto20%ofthetaxforhousesworth approximatelyUS$195,000. Thelawalsoincludesaconsumerprotectionprovisionthatmandatesa5Ͳyearguarantee againstfailuresinthesolarthermalsystemandafreeinspectionwithinthefirstyearofhome ownership. Decree331of26May2010laysdowntheimplementationrulesestablishingtheeligibilityof technicalconditionsforsolarthermalsystems. Targets Renewablestorepresent20%oftheinstalledpowergenerationcapacityby2020 Chile Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 99 Law No. 20.283 on the Chilean Native Forest (Ley de bosque nativo 20.283 sobre la protección,recuperaciónyelmejoramientodelosbosquesnativos) July2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange,forestrymanagement,soilprotection implementation Summaryofbill The law is intended to protect, recover and improve the country’s native forest species, ensuringtheirsustainabilitythroughmanagementandpreservationplans.Itdefinessmall landownersasthosewithtitletototalpropertyofnomorethan200ha.Thislimitislargerfor landownerslivinginthefarsouthofChile,whomayownupto800ha,providedthattheir assetsarevaluedatlessthanUS$150,000andtheirincomederivesmainlyfromagriculturalor forestryactivities. The law mandates detailed rules and definitions for the application of this instrument, includingsubsidiestopromotetheconservation,recoveryandsustainabledevelopmentof nativespecies. TheNativeForestLawalsodefinesaseriesofincentives,mostnotableamongwhicharethose forpreservingenvironmentalservicesinnativeforestsandxerophyticformations,forestry activitiesorientedtowardsobtainingnonͲwoodforestryproductsandthemanagementand recoveryofnativeforestsforwoodproduction. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law No. 20.257 on NonͲConventional Renewable Energies (Ley No. 20.257 de energías renovablesnoconvencionales) 1April2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill Thelawmandatesthatacertainpercentageofpowersoldbyelectricitycompaniesoperating insystemswithaninstalledcapacitygreaterthan200MWcomefromNCREs.Itisapplicable onlytonewprojectsimplementedbyelectricitycompaniesthatremoveenergyfrompower gridsbysellingittodistributorsorendusers. 100 ClimateChangeLegislation Targets Chile x From2010to2014,allenergycontractssignedonorafter2007shallberequiredto supplyatleast5%oftheirenergyfromnonͲconventionalrenewablesources x Asof2015,thispercentagewillincreaseby0.5%peryearuntilreaching10%in2024 x Thisgradualincreasewillbeappliedinthefollowingway:5.5%ofallenergyremoved fromthesystemshallbesubjecttothismandatein2015,6%in2016,andsoon,until reachingthegoalof10%by2024 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories DecreeNo.298regulatingthecertificationprocessofproductsthatemployelectricityand fuelsof2005&EnergyEfficiencyLabellingProgramme(Decreto298ͲApruebaReglamento paralacertificacióndeproductoseléctricosycombustibles,yderogaDecretoqueindica) Thefirstlabelwasplacedonthemarketin2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill Importersandproducersmusthavetheirproductscertifiedthroughathirdpartycertification institutionbeforetheproductscanbesoldonthemarket. The legal framework defined by the Decree above and by Organic Law 18.410 on the SuperintendenceofElectricityandFuels(SEC)of1985giveslegalbasistothecomparative label programme Energy Efficiency Labelling Programme (Programa de Etiquetado de EficienciaEnergética)implementedunderChileanstandardsthatcomplywithISO15502and IEC60000standards. Thelabelingschemecovers14productsand5producttypes(HVAC,electricinductionmotors, incandescent and compact fluorescent bulbs, ICT and domestic appliances). Additional electricalandelectronicdeviceswillbeaddedtotheseinthecomingyears. Productsaretestedbylaboratoriesthatareindependentfromindustryandgovernment.The resultsoftestingarecertifiedbyacertificationorganisationandtheresultsarethengivento SEC.MarketsurveillanceisconductedbytheMinistryofEnergywhichundertakesimport controls and random visual checks of retail outlets to ensure proper use of the labels. Verificationtestingisfurtherconductedonsamplesofproductsonthemarket. The quality of third party certification agencies is maintained through a periodic renewal processadministeredbytheNationalStandardsInstituteofChile(INN). Targets Nonespecified Chile Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 101 LawNo.19.440modifyingtheGeneralElectricalServicesLaw(LGSE)of1982(Ley19.940 modificandolaLeyGeneraldeServiciosEléctricosde1982) 13March2004 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill ThelawreformedtheLGSE,changingseveralaspectsoftheenergygenerationmarketinChile that affected all forms of energy generation, but included special provisions for NonͲ ConventionalRenewableEnergysources(NCREs),definedaswind,hydropowerinstallations upto20MW,biomass,biogas,geothermal,solarandtidalenergy.Thereformopenedupthe spotmarketandguaranteedtherighttobeconnectedtothecountry’spowergridstosmall generatingplants,manyofwhichfallintotheNCREcategory.Thismoveincreasedcommercial andgeneratingopportunitiesforthesesmallproducers. Inaddition,thereformexemptedprojectsusingNCREsfrompayingtransmissionfees,usinga differentiatedscale—oneforplantsgeneratingupto9MWandanotherforthosegenerating between9MWand20MW.Inadditiontobenefitingthosesources,thisexemptionservesto recogniseapositiveexternality,giventheirlowimpactontransmissiongridsandoninvestͲ mentsassociatedwiththeirexpansion. Targets Renewablestorepresentof20%oftheinstalledpowergenerationcapacityby2020 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories LawNo.19.657onGeothermalEnergyanditsRegulationbyDecree34(LeyNo.19.657de GeotermiayDecreto34consuReglamento) 7January2000and20October2004 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill This law established a special system for granting concessions for the exploration and developmentofgeothermalenergy. Targets 16concessionsforatotalinvestmentvalueofUS$85millionweregrantedin2009. 102 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Chile LawNo.19.561modifyingDecreeLawNo.701(LeyNo.19.561ͲModificaelDecretoLeyNo. 701,de1974,sobreFomentoForestal) 1998 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,forestrymanagement,soilprotection implementation Summaryofbill DecreeLawNo.701(DL701)of1974wasenactedtoestablishingthecountry’sforestcapital andmeetthegrowingdemandofthenationalforestryindustrythroughsubsidiestoprivate parties undertaking forestation. From 1974 to 1995, subsidies were paid out for some 800,000haofsuitable,eligibleland,withatotalinvestmentofnearlyUS$136million. In1998,LawNo.19.561modifyingDL701wasenacted,extendingseveralsubsidiesto2010, withadifferentfocus–theprotectionandrecoveryofdegradedsoilsinChileandforestation activitiescarriedoutbysmalllandowners,thelatterincludingagroupofadditionalbenefits. FromtheenactmentoftheDL701modificationupto2008,theGovernmentofChileapproved US$284million(nominalvalue)insubsidiesforforestationandsoilprotection,financingthe forestationof475,000haandsoilrecoveryonanother175,000ha.ThisstateͲsponsoredeffort generates major positive externalities such as erosion control, carbon capture and rural employment. Thisprogrammeincludes: x Subsidiesgrantedtosmalllandownersforforestationandmanagementofforests plantedinlandsuitableforforestry.Theaimwastogivesmalllandownersasubsidy equalto90%ofthenetcostofplantationforthefirst15ha,and75%oftherest x Subsidies of 75% of the net cost of each activity to undertake forestation, soil recoveryandstabilisationactivitiesindunes,onfragilesoils,volcanicsoilsandthose inprocessofdesertification,indegradedsoilsordegradedsoilsonslopeswitha gradegreaterthan100% Targets Nonespecified China ClimateChangeLegislation 103 4.7 China 4.7.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 3650 4058 NA 1994 Top5 Dateofsignature:11June1992 Dateofratification:5January1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:29May1998 Dateofratification:30August2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 ReduceCO2emissionsperunitofGDPby 40–45%by2020comparedtothe2005 level,increasetheshareofnonͲfossilfuels inprimaryenergyconsumptiontoaround 15%by2020andincreaseforestcoverage by40millionhectaresandforeststock volumeby1.3billioncubicmetersby2020 fromthe2005levels 12thFiveͲYearPlan(2011) 104 4.7.2 ClimateChangeLegislation China LegislativeProcess China’slegalsystemislargelyacivillawsystem.Thenationallegislativepoweris exercisedbytheNationalPeople’sCongress(NPC)andtheStandingCommitteeof theNationalPeople’sCongress.TheNPCisresponsibleforcriminallaw,civillaw, stateorganlawandotherbasiclaws.WhiletheNPCisnotinsession,theStanding CommitteeoftheNPCisresponsibleforsupplementingandamendingpartsofthe laws promulgated by the NPC, provided they do not contradict with the basic principlesoftheselaws.Thereisnotadivisionoflegislativepowerbetweenthe centralgovernmentandtheprovincialgovernmentsinChina. 4.7.3 ApproachtoClimateChange China’sstanceincombatingclimatechangehasfocusedmainlyaroundenergyͲ related laws. Climate change was first officially referred to in legislation or regulations by the Chinese government in China’s National Climate Change Programmeof2007,andrepeatedinChina’sPoliciesandActionsforAddressing ClimateChange2008.In2009,theNationalPeoplesCongresspassedacompreͲ hensiveClimateChangeResolution.Allofthesearenotstrictlylawsbutpolicy documentsguidinglegislation. AlthoughthereisnotyetacomprehensiveClimateChangeBillinChina,CongressͲ man Wang Guangtao (Chair of the Environment Protection and Resources ConservationCommitteeoftheNationalPeoplesCongress)madetheannounceͲ ment,on7November2010attheGLOBEInternationallegislators’foruminTianjin, that China would begin work on a comprehensive climate change law. It is expectedthatafirstformaldraftofthelawwillbeproducedbyearly2013with passagelikelyby2015.Inthemeantime,China’sdomesticclimateͲrelatedlawsare dominated by afocus on energy saving, reflecting the need forthe country to improveenergyefficiencytoenableittokeeppacewithenergydemandasthe economygrowsstrongly. In that context, China has already passed the Energy Conservation Law of the People’sRepublicofChina(EnergyConservationLaw),andthe2005Renewable Energy Law of the People’s Republic of China (Renewable Energy Law) and is planninganewEnergyLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.ThedraftEnergyLaw containsprovisionsonthepromotionofcleanenergyandenergyefficiency.The goalsarerelativelyvaguewithclearertargetsexpectedtobesetbyministries, includingtheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRC),Ministryof Construction,MinistryofAgriculture,MinistryofTransportation,theBureaufor Taxandothers. China ClimateChangeLegislation 105 March2011sawthepublicationofChina’s12thFiveͲYearPlan.ThePlanincludesa targettoreducethecarbonintensityofitsGDPby17%from2005levelsby2015 (inlinewiththe40–45%targetby2020committedbyChinaundertheCopenͲ hagenAccord),increasesthenumberofpollutantsincludedinthe“totalemissions control”systemandsetsnewtargetsfortheenergyintensityofGDP(areduction of16%by2015),thepercentageofnonͲfossilfuelenergy(toincreaseto11.4%by 2015from8%in2011)andanincreaseinforestcoverageof21.6%.Thespecific policiesandmechanismsrequiredtoimplementthesetargetsarebeingdeveloped byministriesandprovinces. InNovember2011,theStateCouncilapprovedapackageofpoliciesandmeasures aimedatmeetingtheenergyandcarbontargetsincludedinthe12thFiveͲYear Plan. This package included Provincial and MunicipalͲlevel carbon and energy intensitytargets,recognisingthattheProvincesandMunicipalitieshavedifferent economicstructures,efficiencyoptionsandlevelsofwealth.The12thFiveͲYear Planencouragestheuseofmarketmechanismsasatooltoencourageemissions reductions.SevenProvincesandMunicipalities(Beijing,Chongqing,Guangdong, Hubei, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Tianjin) are developing pilot emissions trading systems,duetobeginin2013,theexperiencesofwhichwillinformthedesignofa national scheme before 2020. Significantly, although outside the scope of this study,inOctober2012ShenzhenSpecialEconomicZonepassedlocallegislationto restrictemissionsofGHGs,thefirstsuchlegislationinChina. InOctober2012theStateCouncilpublishedaWhitePaperonenergypolicy.Atthe sametimeitannouncedthatChina’snuclearprogramme,suspendedafterthe Fukushima disaster, would resume but at a slower pace than initially planned underthe12thFiveͲYearPlan. China:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories The12thFiveͲYearPlanfortheDevelopmentofNationalEconomyandSociety(2011–2015) ApprovedbytheNationalPeople’sCongress,12March2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Economicandsocialdevelopment implementation × × × 106 ClimateChangeLegislation China Summaryofbill TheFiveͲYearPlanforNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopment,ortheFiveͲYearPlan,aims tocreatemoresociallyinclusiveandenvironmentallysustainablegrowthandboostdomestic consumptionthatwillbegintoreͲorientatetheChineseeconomyawayfromheavyindustry andresourceͲintensiveproductiontowardsamoreconsumptionͲbasedandresourceͲefficient economy. Monitoringarrangements:theNationalPeoplesCongressservesasthemonitoringbody. TodecreasethecarbonintensityofGDPby17%by2015;todecreasetheenergyintensityof Targets GDPby16%;toincreasetheshareofnonͲfossilfuelprimaryenergyconsumptionto11.4%; andtoincreaseforestcoverageby21.6%. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories China:OtherRelevantLegislation NationalClimateChangeProgramme 4June2007issuedbytheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Energyconservation implementation Summaryofbill Thisisapolicydocumentandthegovernment’spositionwasrepeatedintwootherpolicy papers “China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change 2008” and “National PeoplesCongressClimateChangeResolution2009”.ThedocumentindicatedthattheChinese governmentacknowledgedtheimportanceofaddressingclimatechangeandtheneedto adopt measures. The document covered five issues: GHG mitigation; adaptation; climate changescienceandtechnology;publicawarenessonclimatechange;andinstitutionsand mechanisms.Concerningmitigation,thefocusisonenergyproductionandtransformation, energyefficiencyimprovementandenergyconservation,industrialprocesses,agriculture,and forestryandmunicipalwaste. Regardingenergyproductionandtransformation,measuresaimtostrengthentheexisting energylegalsystem,improvethenationalenergyprogramme,implementtheRenewable Energy Law, promotefavourable conditionsfor renewable energy development and GHG mitigation,stimulateenergypricereform,optimisetheenergymixandpromoteinnovation andefficiencyimprovementsinvariouspowergeneratingtechnologies,bothrenewableand nonͲrenewable, including nuclear power. All these policies are expected to have a major influenceontheenergyandutilitiessectors.Chineseleadersessentiallyequateclimatechange withenergyconservation. Monitoringarrangements:Chinapromotedanumberofpoliciesandmeasurestoadjustthe economic structure, change the development patterns, save energy and improve energy efficiency,optimiseenergymixandpromoteafforestation. Targets Thegovernmentplanstocutenergywasteby20%between2006and2010.Italsosetan ambitiousgoalforusingrenewableenergy,a10%raiseintheproportionofrenewableenergy inprimaryenergysupplyby2010.Italsoaimstostabilisethe2005nitrousoxideemission level,increasethe2001forestcoveragerateby20%,andincreasethecarbonsinkby50Mt overthe2005levelby2010. China Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 107 RenewableEnergyAct PromulgatedbytheStandingCommitteeoftheNationalPeople’sCongress,28February2005, effective1January2006,amended26December2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill ThisActdescribeddutiesofthegovernment,businessandotherusersinrenewableenergy development and utilisation. It also included a series of measures and goals relating to mandatorygridconnection,pricemanagementregulation,differentiatedpricing,specialfunds andtaxreliefs,anditsetthegoaltorealise15%ofChina’senergyfromrenewablesourcesby 2020. Energy–supplyͲsidepolicies:TheActrequiresthegovernmenttoencourageandsupportthe applicationofrenewableenergyinvariousareas. Researchanddevelopment:Article24requiresthattheGovernmentbudgetestablishesa renewableenergydevelopmentfund. Monitoringarrangements:Article6requiresthatenergyauthoritiesoftheStateCouncilare responsiblefororganisingandcoordinatingnationalsurveysandmanagementofrenewable energyresources,andworkwithrelateddepartmentstoestablishtechnicalregulationsfor resource surveys. Relevant departments of the State Council, within their respective authorities,areresponsibleforrelatedrenewableenergyresourcesurveys.Thesurveyresults willbesummarisedbytheenergyauthorityintheStateCouncil. Targets Article 7 requires that energy authorities of the State Council set middleͲ and longͲterm targetsofthetotalvolumeforthedevelopmentandutilisationofrenewableenergyatthe nationallevel,whichshallbeimplementedandreleasedtothepubicafterbeingapprovedby theStateCouncil. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyConservationLaw 1November1997adopted;28October2007firstamended;2008amended Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Energyconservation,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill TheActaimstostrengthenenergyconservation,particularlyforkeyenergyͲusingentities, promoterationalutilisationofenergyandadvancementofenergyconservationtechnology. Monitoringarrangements:theNationalPeoplesCongressservesasthemonitoringbody. Targets TheActrequiresthegovernmenttoencourageandsupporttheapplicationofrenewable energyinvariousareas. Colombia ClimateChangeLegislation 109 4.8 Colombia 4.8.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 180 154 NA 2004 Top50 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:22March1995 Dateofentryintoforce:20June1995 Dateofratification:30November2001 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Unilateralguaranteeofaminimum77% shareofrenewableenergyinthenational mix;ZerodeforestationintheAmazonbasin andincreasedmarketshareofbiofuelsup to20%oftotalfuelconsumptionwith externalfinancialsupport LawNo.1450of2011RatifyingtheNational DevelopmentPlan2010–2014(LeyNo.1450 de2011–PorlacualseexpideelPlan NacionaldeDesarrollo,2010–2014) 110 4.8.2 ClimateChangeLegislation Colombia LegislativeProcess Colombia’s1991ConstitutionestablishesanobligationonthepartoftheStateto protectthecountry’snaturalwealththroughsome60dispositions,whichestablish a linkage between environmental issues and development plans and places environmentalpoliciesonthesamefootingaseconomicandsocialpolicies. TheConstitutiongrantscertainlegislativepowerstoCongressingeneral,divides otherpowersbetweenthetwoHouses,andapportionsothersbetweenCongress and the President. Legislative authority is vested in the bicameral Congress, consistingoftheSenate(Senado),with114members,andtheHouseofRepreͲ sentatives(Cámara),with199members. BothhousesofCongresshavejointresponsibilityforinitiating,amending,interͲ preting and repealing legislation; inaugurating the President and selecting the presidentialdesignate;selectingthemembershipoftheSupremeCourt;changing the boundaries of the territories, creating new departments, granting special powerstothedepartmentallegislaturesandmovingthelocationofthenational capital;supervisingthecivilserviceandcreatingnewpositionsinit;andsetting nationalrevenues,providingforpaymentofthenationaldebtanddeterminingthe nation’scurrency. BothHouseshavethreetypesofcommittees:permanentconstitutional,legaland accidental.AllCongressmembersareobligedtositononlyonecommittee.Each Househas7constitutionalcommittees. SomeCongresslegalcommitteesarecommontobothHouses.TheFifthCommitͲ tee is responsible for agriculture, environment and regional government. It is integrated by 13 Members in the Senate and 19 Members in the House of Representatives. Afteracongressmanorgovernmentministerintroducesabillineitherchamber, the congressional leadership refers it to one of the standing committees. If approvedbythecommittee,itisreportedbackforasecondreadingtoaplenary session of the House of origin, where a member of the committee guided it throughdebate.Ifapprovedbythefullmembership,thebillisforwardedtothe otherHouse,whereitundergoesthesameprocess. Colombia ClimateChangeLegislation 111 CongressaffectspolicyͲmakingmostlybydelayingormodifyinglegislation,since theexecutive,thepoliticalpartiesortheministerialbureaucracytaketheinitiative inpreparinglegislation.However,itspowerofinterpellationallowsittoquestion cabinetmembersandpublicofficialsonthemannerofimplementinglegislation. Furthermore,CongressexercisespurviewoverthePublicMinistrybyappointingits director, the attorney general. Although lacking cabinet status, the attorney generalisanimportantofficialwithbroadpowersofinterventioninthenation’s politicalprocesses. TheNationalCouncilofEconomicandSocialPolicy(CONPES–ConsejoNacionalde PolíticaEconómicaySocial)wasinstitutedbyLaw19of1958.TheCONPESisa “superͲorgan” of the Government. Its weekly meetings are chaired by the President of the Republic and attended by the Ministers in charge of Foreign Affairs,ExternalTrade,theTreasury,Development,LabourandPublicWorks.The headoftheNationalPlanningDepartmentalsoattendsthesessionservingasthe Secretary,alongwiththedirectoroftheNationalBank.OtherMinistersandcivil servantscanattendbyinvitationofthePresident. TheCONPESisthehighestnationalplanningauthorityandservesasthefundaͲ mentaladvisorybodytothegovernmentonallaspectsrelatedtotheeconomic andsocialdevelopmentofthecountrybystudyingandadoptingdocumentswhich proposeguidelinesandorientationsforthedevelopmentofgeneralpolicies,which aredraftedbytheNationalPlanningDepartmentactingastheCONPESSecretariat andpresentedinsessionfordiscussionandadoption. 4.8.3 ApproachtoClimateChange In2000theEnvironment,HousingandTerritorialDevelopmentMinistry(MAVDT) coordinatedthepreparationofaNationalStrategyStudyfortheImplementationof theCleanDevelopmentMechanisminordertoevaluateColombia’spotentialinthe newmarket,toidentifythecapacityshortagesandsolutionsandtopromotethe potentialbenefits. Colombia submitted its first National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2001, preparedbytheInstituteofHydrology,MeteorologyandEnvironmentalStudies of Colombia (Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia–IDEAM),presentingthefirstanalysisofpossibleadaptationmeasures andthenationalGHGemissionsinventoryfor1990and1994.84%ofColombia’s electricityisgeneratedbyhydropower,whichexplainswhyitspowersectorisnot 112 ClimateChangeLegislation Colombia amongColombia’s7largestGHGemitters.Beefcattlehusbandryisthebiggest emitter,witha25%shareofthetotal,followedbythetransportsector(11%)and deforestation(9%). AccordingtotheguidelinesforclimatechangepolicyandtheNationalDevelopͲ mentPlan2002–2006(PlanNacionaldeDesarrollo2002–2006)oftheNational Planning Department, which set targets for reduction of GHG emissions, an institutionalstrategywasestablishedforthesaleofenvironmentalservicesderived frommitigationofclimatechange(CONPES3242),toencouragegreaterparticipaͲ tionbyColombiaintheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)andestablishthe generationofaninstitutionalframeworkrequiredforthedevelopmentofemission reductionactivities. In2002theMAVDTandtheNationalPlanningDepartmentdevelopedtheGuideͲ linesforClimateChangePolicyproposingmitigationandadaptationstrategies. TheColombianOfficeforClimateChangeMitigationwassetupinthesameyear asthebodyinchargeofpromotingCDMprojectsinColombia.In2003theCONPES document 3242 “National Strategy for the sale of mitigation environmental services”introducingguidelinesforthedevelopmentofCDMprojectsasnational mitigationmeasureswasadopted. Energy,transport,forestry,LULUFC:earlymeasures TheNationalDevelopmentPlan2002–2006establishedanumberofmitigation actions,including:thedevelopmentofanationalprojectforGHGcapture,witha targettoreduce200,000tonnesofCO2;participationinthecarbonmarket,via CDM,withafinaltargetofareductionof1,000,000tonnesofCO2equivalentfor the energy sector; the promotion of less contaminating mass transit, with reductionsof800,000tonnesofCO2equivalent;andaprojecttotakeadvantageof methaneinwasteinfills,withareductionof10,000tonnesofCO2equivalent. Fourmitigationprojectswereapprovedfortheenergysectorwithanestimated reduction of 233,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. A project was approved in the transportsectorwithpotentialmitigationof246,563tonnesofCO2equivalent peryear.Theseprojectsgeneratedsome872,655certificates,andincomeofcirca US$3million,or1,123,000tonnesinCO2equivalentofCERiftheforestryprojectis includedwithapproximateearningsofUS$4.5millionsmore. MitigationpoliciesintheenergysectorincludeprovisionsoftheNationalEnergy Plan2006–2025,theprogrammeforRationalEnergyUseandNonͲConventional Energy Sources, the programme for rational energy use and other forms of nonconventionalenergy(2001and2003);subprogrammesfornonͲinterconnected zones(2005),andtheMethaneMarketProgramme,withUSͲEPA. Colombia ClimateChangeLegislation 113 Intheoilsector,Ecopetrolstructuredamitigationstrategyunderacollaboration agreement with the InterͲAmerican Development Bank in 2008. The action identified38initiativesformitigationinproduction,transportandrefining,witha potential of some 2,000,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent/year, focusing on the exploitationofgas,fuelsubstitution,thegenerationofelectricitywithlessGHGͲ intensivetechnologiesandfuels,andenergyefficiency. Integratedmasstransitsystemsarecurrentlyunderconstructionorinoperationin Bogotá, Soacha, Barranquilla, Cali, Cartagena, Medellín (Valle de Aburra) and Pereira(DosQuebradas),withanaveragepotentialreductionofaround810,726 tonnesofCO2equivalentperyear.AccordingtothemonitoringreportforPhases2 and 4 of the Transmilenio mass transit system in Bogotá, GHG reductions of 128,905tonnesofCO2equivalentweregeneratedduring2006and2007. The government designed a National Forestry Development plan in 2000. A workingplanwassetupformitigationintheforestrysector.Actionsproposed included the definition of areas with potential for the execution of mitigation forestryprojects,basedonthedefinitionofforestsinthecontextofCDMs;the establishmentofprinciples,requirementsandcriteriafortheapprovalofCDM forestry projects; and the preliminary formulation of a National CDM Forestry Project, with potential for reduction of emissions of 26 million tonnes of CO2 equivalentin25years. Duringtheperiod2002–2008,MAVDTencouragedtheintroductionof151,801ha ofprotectivereforestation,tosupporttheintegralmanagementofwaterresources withapotentialforreducingemissionsofupto13,175,937tonnesofCO2equivaͲ lentin20years.Foritspart,theMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment (MADR)promotedthecommercialreforestationwiththeplantingof260,287ha. Further,theForestWardenFamiliesprogrammeoftheOfficeofthePresident engaged88,488familiesinmitigationactivities,protects282,588haofwoodland, scrubandpàramo,andmadeitpossibletorecover53,477ha.Thereare49,845 families with legal planted crops over 87,748 ha, who have been engaged in productionprojects. MAVDT and IDEAM drew up a plan for “Scientific and technical institutional trainingtosupportREDDprojects”developedovertwoyearsbyIDEAMwiththe supportofFundaciónNatura,asaresultofadonationfromtheGordonandBetty MooreFoundation,inordertodevelopsubͲnationalandnationalproceduresfor theprocessingofimagestomonitordeforestation,estimatecarbonlevelsinwoodͲ lands and other vegetal cover and monitor biomass. The project produced a preliminaryquantificationoftherateofdeforestationfortheperiod2000–2007. 114 ClimateChangeLegislation Colombia Environmental management in agriculture uses two instruments which bring togethermeasuresrelatingtothemitigationofclimatechange.TheinterminisͲ terialenvironmentalagenda,involvingMAVDTandMADR,setlinesofactionwhich integrate mitigation measures such as 1) conservation and sustainable use of environmentalgoodsandservicessuchasclimateregulationandwatersupply, strategicsystemsandagroͲbiodiversity,managementofclimatechange,mitigation services and support for CDM, and 2) Environmental sustainability in national production,whichseekstodevelopmanagementaspectsinallalternativesystems forsustainablefarmproductionandthedevelopmentofecologicalproduction, environmental management for farm production and encouragement for the efficientuseofsoilandirrigation. The environmental strategic plan for the farming sector (PEASA) encourages integralmanagementofnaturalresources,tobringsustainabilitytoenvironmental goodsandservicessupportingproductionandstrengthenthesector’scapacityto facethechallengesimplicitinathreattotheproductivebase,suchasdesertiͲ ficationandclimatechange.PEASAcontainsactivitiesforemissionreductions,such asthedevelopmentofproductivesystemswithschemesfor1)agroͲforestryand woodlandͲpasturesystems,2)integralmanagementofthesoil,3)goodagricultural practices(GAP),4)ecologicalagriculture,5)precisionagriculture(evaluationof inputsrequiredperunitofproducingsoil),and6)vegetalgermplasmbanksfor plants,cattleandmicroorganisms.ThereisastrategicplanforColombiancattleͲ breeding(FEDEGAN,2006),whichisconcernedwitharangeoftargetswhichare articulatedtomitigation. TheMADRhasdesignedaresearchstrategylinkedtoproductivechains,called “Agricultureandclimatechange”,financingprogramsandprojectsinresearch,and technologicaldevelopmentandinnovationwithinthefarmingsector,byproducͲ tionchains.Theresearchprogrammesproposeddevelopandevaluatearangeof technologies for mitigation in four themes: evaluation of levels of removal or capture of carbon dioxide, with different production systems, options in soil management,measuresandtechnologiesforcattleproduction,andevaluationof theimpactofclimatechangeonfarming,fisheriesandforestryproduction. Two cattle raising projects, with support of GEF and the World Bank, seek to implement silvoͲpastoral systems (SPS) in the sector, with a series of good managementpractices,toachieveprofitablereductionofGHGemissionsandto reducevulnerabilitytoclimatechange:theprojectforIntegratedSilvoͲpastoral Focus in Ecosystem Management, completed in 2008, and the “Colombia mainstreamingsustainablecattleranchingproject”. Colombia ClimateChangeLegislation 115 The National Development Plan 2006–2010 ratified by Law 1151 of 2007 acknowledged the need to provide support to the current portfolio of CDM projects,inordertostrengthentheofferofenvironmentalgoodsandservices,and topromoteoptionsforthereductionofGHGemissions.Inthecomponentfor biodiversityconservation,thePlanproposeddevelopmentofapolicydocumentto defineandregulatethenationalsystemofprotectedareas(SInap),instrumentsof financialsustainability,andanexpansionofanadditional200,000ha.Further,it establishedtheneedtodevelopplansforlandͲuseregulationandmanagementof 2,000,000 ha of natural forest. The following new protected areas have been createdsince2006:SerraníadelosChurumbelosAukaWasiNaturePark,Doña JuanaVascabelVolcanicComplex,YaigojeͲApaporisNatureParkandtheOritoͲIngi AndeMedicinalPlantSanctuary. Resolutions2733and2734of29December2010developtheregulatoryframeͲ workforCDMmitigationprogrammesofactivitiesandprojectsbydefiningthe requirements and evidence of contribution to the sustainable development of the country and establishing the procedure for the national adoption of programmesofactivitiesandprojectsundertheCDMandregulatingtheauthoriͲ sationofcoordinatingbodies. TheNationalDevelopmentPlan2010–2014(PlanNacionaldeDesarrollo2010– 2014)wasratifiedbyLaw1450of16June2011,includingprovisionsforcompreͲ hensive, crossͲsectoral climate programmes and measures which have been developed inaLowͲCarbon Development Strategy, a National Planfor Climate ChangeAdaptationandaNationalStrategyforREDD+tobedeliveredunderthe coordinationofthenewlycreatedNationalClimateChangeSystem. ColombiahasratifiedmultilateralalliancesgivingprioritytoCDMasaninstrument foreffectivemitigation.AmongthemostimportantarethosewiththeWorldBank Prototype Carbon Fund, the CAF Latin American programme for carbon and alternativeenergy;theMemorandumofUnderstandingwiththegovernmentof the Netherlands (2002–2012) and that with the Government of France (2003– 2012). Institutionalandadministrativedevelopments CONPES Document 3700 Institutional Strategy for the Articulation of Climate ChangePoliciesandActionsinColombia(EstrategiaInstitucionalparalaArticuͲ lacióndePolíticasyAccionesenMateriadeCambioClimáticoenColombia)of 14 July 2011 proposed an institutional and administrative strategy for the 116 ClimateChangeLegislation Colombia articulationofclimatechangepoliciesandactionsconsistingofthecreationofa NationalClimateChangeSystem(SistemaNacionaldeCambioClimático)ledbythe NationalPlanningDepartment(DNP).TheNationalSystemforClimateChangewill coordinate 10 ministries at the political level, with an Executive Committee composed of all ministers. The System will be thus composed of an Executive ClimateChangeCommission(COMECC),aCommitteeforFinancialManagement, anOrientationGroup,aConsultativeGroupforPermanentSubͲcommitteesrelated tothesectorandterritorialissues,aswellasinternationalaffairs,andknowledge production and analytical work. It will also be possible to set up ad hoc subͲ committeesandinterͲinstitutionalworkinggroupsforspecificthemesorwhenever necessary. The National Climate Change System will help coordinate and align all the institutionalactorswhoseinvolvementisrequiredfortheimplementationofthe climatechangeactionsprioritisedbythegovernment:theNationalClimateChange AdaptationPlan(PNACC)andtheColombianLowͲCarbonDevelopmentStrategy (ECDBC)yENREDD+willguidethedevelopmentofnewinitiatives. MitigationactionsinColombiaarecoordinatedbytheMitigationGroupforClimate ChangeintheMinistryofEnvironment,HousingandTourism(MAVDT),asaspecific institutionalinstancewhichconcentratesandarticulatesactiontakenbyvarious productionsectors.OneoftheobjectivesoftheClimateChangeMitigationGroup ofMADVTisthepromotionofdevelopmentofhighqualityCMDprojects.Upto December 2009, the Group’s activities had enabled a national portfolio of 144 projectstobeconsolidated,49ofthemwithapprovalatnationallevelbydirect requestoftheproposals,20beingregisteredwithUNFCCC,andsixwithCER. Thedistributionoftheseprojectsbysectorsis:energy(31.25%),transport(8.3%), forestry(11.8%),industry(31.25%)andwaste(17.36%).Theannualpotentialfor the GHG emission reductions in CDM projects which are part of the national portfolio is approximately 16,402,496 tonnes of CO2 equivalent, which could generatepotentialincomeforColombiaofsomeUS$152million. FuturelowͲcarbondevelopment The Colombian LowͲCarbon Development Strategy (Estrategia Colombiana de DesarrolloBajoenCarbono–ECDBC)waslaunchedinFebruary2012asatoolto deliver the objectives of the National Development Plan 2011–2014 and the CONPESDocumentonClimateChangebypromotingefficientlowͲcarbongrowth. ItforeseestheidentificationofaGHGemissionsbaselineandtheformulationand Colombia ClimateChangeLegislation 117 implementation of lowͲcarbon development plans for the sectors of energy, mining,agriculture,transport,industry,wasteandconstruction.Onthebasisof these results appropriate NAMAs and projects will be put in place. With the supportoftheEU,theUKEmbassytoColombiaandtheChildrenInvestmentFund Foundation, UNDP will contribute to the implementation of the strategy by providinginformationforthedevelopmentofthesectoralemissionsbaselinesand costͲeffectivesectoralactionplansandpublicpolicies.Itwillalsostrengthenthe capacity of the sectoral ministries to integrate lowͲcarbon aspects into their activities. Adaptation TheNationalPlanforClimateChangeAdaptation(PlanNacionaldeAdaptaciónal Cambio Climático, PNACC) was launched on 31 August 2012. Its objectives are toincreaseknowledgeofthepotentialrisksandopportunitiesassociatedwith climatechangeandclimatevariability,toincorporateclimateriskmanagementin territorialandsectoralplanningandtomitigatetheclimatechangevulnerabilityof ecologicalandsocioͲeconomicsystems. NationalstrategyforREDD+ TheprocesstowardstheadoptionofaNationalStrategyforREDD+startedin2009 withtheconstitutionofanationalREDDPlatform(MesaREDD)in2009asaspace fordialoguebetweentheColombianGovernment,theprivatesectorandthecivil societyincludinglocalcommunitiesasaninitiativesupportedbyWWF,Fundación Natura,TheNatureConservancy(TNC),ConservaciónInternacionalColombia(CI) andUSAIDthroughitsMIDASProgrammeandCorporaciónEcoversa. Colombia is currently developing a National Strategy for REDD+ (Estrategia NacionalREDD+,orENREDD+asperitsSpanishacronym)asoneoftheclimateͲ relatedactionsforeseenintheColombianNationalDevelopmentPlan2010–2014. TheestimateddurationoftheENREDD+preparationprocessistwotothreeyears. ImplementationoftheStrategywillfollowimmediately. Between2010and2011theColombiangovernmentdevelopedaProposalforthe PreparationofaNationalStrategyfortheReductionofEmissionsofDeforestaͲ tionandForestDegradation(RͲPP)aspartofthepreparatoryworktodevelop REDD+activities,whichalsoincludeactionsdevelopedthroughtheWorldBank’s PartnershipFundforForestCarbon(FCPF),theREDD+Programme,international cooperationandthenationalbudget.TheRͲPPwasdevelopedthroughapublic dialoguestructuredin20eventswhichgathered280organisationsand700people 118 ClimateChangeLegislation Colombia from indigenous, afroͲcolombian, peasant and civil society organisations, the industrysector,regionalauthorities,ministriesandtheofficeoftheColombian Ombudsman. TheRͲPPdescribesthesocial,economicandenvironmentalaspectsofforestsand climatechangeinColombia;liststhestudiesandconsultationsneededtoprepare ColombiaforafutureREDD+mechanism;andreflectsthedevelopmentofthe process and the contributions of the different interest groups partaking in the preparation of the ENREDD+. The RͲPP has six components: organisation and consultation;preparationofthestrategy;developmentofareferencelevel;design ofamonitoringsystem;scheduleandbudget;anddesignofaprogramͲmonitoring andevaluationframework. Atnationallevelpreparatoryactionsfocusonthedesignandimplementationofa forest cover monitoring and reporting system and on the creation of the institutionalinstructionsrequiredforthedevelopmentofthestrategy.Atregional levelpreparatoryactionsfocusonidentifyingthemeasuresneededtoachieve economicandsocialdevelopmentwiththelowestpossibleimpactonforests,asa resultofthedialoguewiththeindustrysectorandcommunitiesandlocal,regional andnationalauthoritiesineachofthefiveecoͲregionsofColombia(Amazonía, Pacífico,Andina,CaribeyOrinoquía).Thisregionalapproachisakeyfeatureofthe Colombian process and stems from the diversity of ecological and economic conditionssuchasthedistributionofforestsandthedifferentpressurefactorson these.ThecorrespondingfiveregionalworkshopswereorganisedbytheMinistry fortheEnvironment,WWF,COICAandOPIACwiththefinancialsupportofthe WorldBank’sProgrammeforCapacityBuildingforForestͲDependentPeoplesin REDD.AtlocallevelpreparatoryactionsfocusonthepromotionofearlyimpleͲ mentationprojectstoallowstakeholdersto“learnbydoing”intermsoftechnical, legal,institutionalandlocalgovernanceissues,incompliancewithnationaland internationalrulesasregardsrightsofcommunitiesandtheirterritoriesandthe conservationofnaturalresourcesunderfairnegotiationconditions,andsupported byvoluntarycarbonmarketsandFunds. TheRͲPPwassubmittedtotheFCPFinOctober2011,whichgrantedthedonation ofUS$3.6milliontosupporttheColombianREDD+readinessprocess.TheWBis currentlyfollowingtheduediligenceprocesswiththeaimtosignthedonation agreementandtocontinueprovidingtechnicalassistancetotheprocess. Colombia ClimateChangeLegislation 119 ParalleltothepreparationoftheENREDD+,Colombiaisimplementingaseriesof demonstrationactivitiesandprojectsfortheREDD+VoluntaryCarbonMarket, suchastheproject“Institutional,TechnicalandScientificCapacityfortheImpleͲ mentationofREDD+”byIDEAMandFundaciónNaturafinancedbytheGordonand BettyMooreFoundation;theproject“PreparationofaVoluntaryGHGMitigation MechanismforColombia”bytheEnvironmentMinistry,FundaciónNatura,the Colombian Business Council for Sustainable Development (CECODES), and the ColombianExchange,financedbyGEF;aswellasREDDpilotprojectssuchasSan NicolásAgroforestrywhichisestablishingforestryandagroforestrysystemson 1,100 ha of abandoned pastures with the support of the World Bank’s Forest CarbonPartnershipFund. Colombia:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law No.1450 of 2011 (16June) by whichtheNational Development Plan2010–2014is issued(LeyNo.1450de2011–PorlacualseexpideelPlanNacionaldeDesarrollo,2010– 2014) 16June2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × Driverfor Economicandsocialdevelopmentandclimatechange implementation Summaryofbill ChapterVIaddressesenvironmentalsustainabilityandriskpreventionasoneofthebasesof theplan,anditforeseestheimplementationofaNationalClimateChangePolicy,thedesignof a National Climate Change System, the identification and prioritisation of climate change adaptationmeasuresintheframeworkofaNationalAdaptationPlan,thestrengtheningof datagenerationforsectoralandterritorialvulnerabilityanalysis,thedesignofalowͲcarbon development strategy including emission reductions from avoided deforestation and the identificationofcommercialbarriersassociatedwithcarbonfootprintstandardsandlabelling schemes. Targets Nonespecified 120 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Colombia Colombia:OtherRelevantLegislation National Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático,PNACC) 31August2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheNationalPlanforClimateChangeAdaptation’sobjectivesaretoincreaseknowledgeofthe potentialrisksandopportunitiesassociatedwithclimatechangeandclimatevariability,to incorporateclimateriskmanagementinterritorialandsectoralplanningandtomitigatethe climatechangevulnerabilityofecologicalandsocioͲeconomicsystems. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ColombianLowͲCarbonDevelopmentStrategy(EstrategiaColombianadeDesarrolloBajoen Carbono) 2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheColombianLowͲCarbonDevelopmentStrategy(EstrategiaColombianadeDesarrolloBajo enCarbono–ECDBC)waslaunchedinFebruary2012asatooltodelivertheobjectivesofthe NationalDevelopmentPlan2011–2014andtheCONPESDocumentonClimateChangeby promoting efficient lowͲcarbon growth. It foresees the identification of a GHG emissions baselineandtheformulationandimplementationoflowͲcarbondevelopmentplansforthe sectorsofenergy,mining,agriculture,transport,industry,wasteandconstruction.Onthe basisoftheseresultsappropriateNAMAsandprojectswillbeputinplace.Withthesupportof theEU,theUKEmbassytoColombiaandtheChildrenInvestmentFundFoundation,UNDPwill contributetotheimplementationoftheStrategybyprovidinginformationforthedevelopͲ mentofthesectoralemissionsbaselinesandofcostͲeffectivesectoralactionplansandpublic policies.ItwillalsostrengthenthecapacityofthesectoralministriestointegratelowͲcarbon aspectsintotheiractivities. Colombia Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 121 Colombia’sLCDSseekstoexplorewaysinwhichColombiacancontributetothechallengeof mitigatingglobalclimatechange,whileadaptingtotheimpactsofchangingclimaticcondiͲ tionsdomestically.Notwithstandingthebroadergoalsofmitigatingandadaptingtoclimate changeimpacts,ColombiaseespotentialcoͲbenefitsintermsoftheLCDScontributingto economic,socialandenvironmentalgoals.Forinstance,intermsofeconomiccompetitiveness itseespotentialgainsbyincreasingenergyefficiencyandhenceproductioncosts.Planning documentspubliclyavailableontheLCDSfromMay2012refertothedevelopmentofworking groups to examinethe potential mitigationandadaptation benefitsin each sector ofthe economy, in addition to production of sectorͲspecific abatement curves for Colombia. However,atthetimeofwritingtheColombiangovernmentwebsitewhichhostedtheLCDS documents(andhencethedocumentsthemselves)wasnotavailable,andsothissummary necessarilyhadtobewrittenwithlittleprimaryinformationastothecontentsoftheStrategy. Nonespecified Resolution18Ͳ0919oftheMinistryofMinesandEnergyAdoptingtheIndicativeActionPlan 2010–2015todeveloptheProgrammeforaRationalandEfficientuseofEnergyandofother NonͲConventionalEnergySources(Resolución180919del1°dejuniode2010porlacualse adoptaelPlandeAcciónindicativo2010–2015paradesarrollarelProgramadeUsoRacional yEficientedelaEnergíaydemísFuentesnoConvencionalesdeEnergía[PROURE]) 1June2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor EnergyselfͲsufficiency,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThePlanintroducesenergyefficiencysectoralsubͲprogrammesforresidentialsector(phase out of incandescent bulbs, introduction of energyͲefficient stoves, lowͲenergy housing construction),industry(optimisationofenergyuseincoldchains,boilers,lighting,combustion processes,cogeneration),commercial/public(promotionandimplementationofbestpractices inrefrigeration,lighting,buildingstockretrofitandlowͲenergynewbuilding)andtransport (modernisationoffleets,bestpractices,modalshift). ThePlanalsointroducesprovisionsfortheexpansionofnonͲconventionalrenewableenergies (FNCEsbytheirSpanishacronym)differentiatingbetweenzonesconnectedtothenational powergridandzonesnotconnected. ThePlanistobecarriedoutbytheInterͲsectoralCommissionfortheRationalandEfficient UseofEnergyandofNonͲConventionalSourcesofEnergy(CIURE). Targets ThePlanintroducesdifferentiatedsectoralenergysavingtargetsfor2015:housing(9.21%), industry(3.68%),commercial/public(2.66%)andtransport(1.29%).ThetargetsforFCNEsfor connectedareasareof3.5%in2015and6.5%in2020andof20%for2015and30%by2020 fornonͲconnectedareas.Thetargetswillbesubjecttoannualrevisionsandadjustments. 122 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Colombia NationalEnergyPlan2006–2025(PlanEnergéticoNacional[PEN]2006–2025) 10October2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Economicandsocialdevelopmentandclimatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThePlanestablishesaseriesoflongͲtermstrategiesandrecommendationstoinformdecisionͲ makers and orientate the formulation of energy supply policies adequate to face global productivityandcompetitivenessconditions. ItincludesananalysisofColombia’scurrentenergyneedsandscenariofortheevolutionofthe energyneedsofthecountryanditssupplyalternativesaswellasthepossibilitiesforenergy supplyintegrationatregionalandinternationallevels.Thedocumentproposestheanalysisof specific longͲterm projects including the construction of a refinery on the Pacific, the regasificationofnaturalgasinthenorthandanincreaseinexportsofvalueͲaddedoiland coalͲbasedproducts. Thedocumentdefinesfiveprincipalobjectives,themainofwhichistomaximisetheenergy sector’scontributiontothesustainabledevelopmentofthecountry.Theobjectivesinclude thefollowing:usingresourcestomeetnationaldemandwhilepreservingtheenergysector’s longͲterm sustainability; consolidating regional energy integration; increasing vertical integrationinthecountry’senergymarket;developingpricestructurestoguaranteemarket competitiveness;andmaximisingcoverageandaccesstoenergythroughoutthecountry. Five horizontal elements fundamental for the attainment of these objectives are also analysed: x nonͲconventionalenergysourcesandrationaluseofenergy x environmentalandpublichealthprotection x scienceandtechnology x institutionalandregulatoryframework x information,promotionandcapacityͲbuilding Thegovernment’sgoalsonenergypolicyincludethepromotionoftheenergysourceswiththe highestpotentialinthecountryandespeciallyrenewablesonthebasisoftheirenvironmental benefits,fulldevelopmentofColombia’snaturalpotentialfortheproductionofbiofuelstaking into consideration evaluations of technical, economic and environmental feasibility for domesticandforeignmarketsandinstitutionalreformstoincreaseenergyefficiencyinthe energysectorsuchastheproposedOfficeforthemanagementanddevelopmentofbiofuels. Targets Nonespecified Colombia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 123 Decree3683of2003RegulatingtheRationalandEfficientUseofEnergyasperLaw697of 2001 and Creating an InterͲsectoral Commission (Decreto 3683 de 2003: Por el cual se reglamentalaley697de2001ysecreaunaComisiónintersectorial) 19December2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor EnergyselfͲsufficiency,climatechange,economicdevelopment implementation Summaryofbill The Rational and Efficient use of Energy and the Use of other NonͲConventional Energy Sourcesisdeclaredasapublicinterestissueandasanationalprioritytoensureenergysupply, competitivenessandenvironmentalprotection. TheStateismandatedtoestablishthelegal,technical,economicandfinancialframework needed for the development and application of the law and the development of shortͲ, mediumͲandlongͲtermprojects.TheMinistryofMiningandEnergyisresponsibleforthe promotion, organisation, facilitation and monitoring of energy efficiency and renewables programmesunderthePROUREProgrammetobegraduallyexpandedtocoveralltheenergy chain.Specialobligationsareforeseenforpublicservicecompanies.TheGovernmentshall supportenergyefficiencyandrenewablesresearchanddevelopmentprogrammes.Companies importingorproducingspareparts,boilers,solarpanels,biogasgenerators,windturbinesand anyothertechnologyorproductusingrenewableenergysourcesorallowingenergysavings willbenefitfromincentives. Nonespecified Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law788/2002bywhichnationalandterritorialtaxandpenalnormsareadopted(Ley788 porlacualseexpidennormasenmateriatributariaypenaldelordennacionalyterritorial) 27December2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor EnergyselfͲsufficiency,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill Thecomprehensivetaxreformintroducesseveralprovisionsinsupportofthedevelopmentof renewablesourcesofenergy.Thesaleofelectricityfromwindenergy,biomassoragricultural wasteistobeexemptedfromincometaxfor15years,aslongasthefollowingcriteriaare satisfied: participation in CO2Ͳpermit trading in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol, and reinvestmentofatleast50%ofrevenuesfromthesaleofpermitsinsocialprojectssituated withintheareaservedbytheutility. In addition, it was established that the importation of machinery and equipment for the projectwhichgenerateGHGreductioncertificateswillbeexemptfromsalestax(IVA),bothon theproductandonrelatedservices. Nonespecified Targets 124 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Colombia Law697*of2001PromotingtheRationalandEfficientuseofEnergyandtheUseofother NonͲConventionalEnergySources(Ley697de2001:Medianteelcualsefomentaeluso racionaldeenergía,sepromuevelautilizacióndeenergíasalternativas) *regulatedbyDecree3683of2003andDecree2688of2008,furtherregulatedbyDecree 2331of2007andDecree895of2008phasingoutincandescentlighting,Decree2501of2007 on energy use of energyͲtransforming and energyͲusing products; Decree 3450 of 2008, Resolution 180540 of 2010, Resolution 182544 of 2010 and Resolution 180173 de 2011 banningthecommercialisationoflowͲefficiencylightingandResolution180606of2008on technicalspecificationsforlightinginpublicbuildings. 3October2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × × Driverfor EnergyselfͲsufficiency,climatechange,economicdevelopment implementation Summaryofbill The Rational and Efficient Use of Energy and the Use of other NonͲConventional Energy Sourcesisdeclaredasapublicinterestissueandasanationalprioritytoensureenergysupply, competitivenessandenvironmentalprotection. TheStateismandatedtoestablishthelegal,technical,economicandfinancialframework needed for the development and application of the law and the development of shortͲ, mediumͲandlongͲtermprojects.Itisplannedtosetupaprogrammefortherationaluseof energyandtheuseofrenewableformsofenergy(ProgramadeUsoRacionalyEficientedela EnergíaydemásformasdeEnergíaNoConvencionales–PROURE)undertheauspicesofthe MinistryofMiningandEnergy. Itisalsointendedtodeveloppoliticalguidelinesandstrategiesalongwithinstrumentsto promotenonͲconventionalenergysources,withthemainemphasisbeingplacedonregions that do not have access to electricity. Special obligations are foreseen for public service companies.Thegovernmentshallsupportenergyefficiencyandrenewablesresearchand developmentprogrammes.Companiesthatmanufactureorimportcomponentsforusein exploitingrenewableenergysourcesandenergyefficiencyaretoreceivespecialassistance. TheMinistryofMiningandEnergyisresponsibleforthepromotion,organisation,facilitation and monitoring of energy efficiency and renewables programmes under the PROURE Programmetobegraduallyexpandedtocoveralltheenergychain. Targets Nonespecified ElSalvador ClimateChangeLegislation 125 4.9 ElSalvador 4.9.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 16 12 NA 1994 Belowtop50 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:4December1995 Dateofentryintoforce:3March1996 Dateofsignature:8June1998 Dateofratification:30November1998 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nopledgemade NationalEnvironmentalPolicy 126 4.9.2 ClimateChangeLegislation ElSalvador LegislativeProcess ElSalvadorhasaunicamerallegislativesystemorganisedintheformofalegislative Assembly(“AsambleaLegislativa”)with84Deputies(“Deputados”).Asestablished bytheConstitution,thelawͲmakingprocessencompassesthelegislativeandthe executive powers, but the right to initiate a legislative process is extended to numerousactors.Asageneralrule,DeputiesandthePresident(actingthroughthe Ministries)holdtheresponsibilitytoproposeapieceoflegislation;however,the SupremeCourtofJusticecansuggestlawsdirectlyrelatedtothefieldofJustice.In addition,localCouncilshaveavoiceinlawsthatwouldaddresslocaltaxations, whereas the Central American Parliament (Parlacen) can propose legislations regardingcertainaspectsoftheintegrationprocesswithinCentralAmerica. Inallthesecases,thelawproposalmustbesubmittedtotheAssemblyintheform of a Communication. The document is received by the Directive Board (“Junta Directiva”)whichschedulesaformalpresentationoftheprojecttotheLegislative. Following,theproposalissubmittedfortheapprovalofalegislativecommittee. TheCommitteedraftsalawproposalandsubmitsittotheAssembly,whereitis votedupon.Ifapprovedbyasimplemajorityofvotes,theproposalbecomesalaw Decree. According to the Constitution, the Decree must be presented to the Presidentwithin10daysofitsapproval.SanctionedbythePresident,theDecreeis publishedattheOfficialDiary(Gazzette)andbecomesapieceoflaw.Incasesin whichthePresidenthasobservationsorvetoestheDecree,thetextissentbackto theAssembly.TheDeputiesthenanalysethepresidentialcommentsandalterthe lawaccordingly.Inthecaseofpresidentialveto,thetextisvotedagainbythe Deputies,and,ifapprovedbytwoͲthirdsoftheAssembly,thelawisratifiedand sent again for presidential sanction. In the extreme circumstance in which the Presidentstilldisagreeswiththeratificationandquestionstheconstitutionalityof thelaw,he/shecanaskfortheSupremeCourttodeliberateonthematter,having thefinalsayonthelaw. 4.9.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Overthepastyears,ElSalvadorhasmadesignificantprogressintermsofclimate related policies/legislation. Increased concern with climate change partially spurredbythecountry’svulnerabilitytoadverseclimateeventshasresultedin theadoptionofvariouspolicyinstruments,withsignificantemphasisonadaptation andmitigation,butespeciallyonriskmanagement.Nonetheless,themostrecent initiatives have been restricted to the Executive and were not converted into legislation.Furthermore,intheabsenceofaNationalClimateChangePolicy/Plan, ElSalvador ClimateChangeLegislation 127 El Salvador stilllacksa broad and comprehensive policyframework on climate change.Nevertheless,theneedforageneralClimatePlanhasbeenrecognisedby thegovernmentandsuggestedinseveraldocuments.Expectationsarethatsuch aninstrumentwillbeadoptedinthenearfuture. Background InMay2012thegovernmentapprovedtheNationalEnvironmentalPolicy,defining itsgeneralobjectiveas“toreducetheprocessofenvironmentaldegradationand thevulnerabilitytoclimatechange”. Moreover, the 2010–2014 FiveͲYear Development Plan recognises the direct associationbetweenclimatechangeanddevelopment,placingspecialemphasison thenegativeimpactofnaturaldisastersfortheeconomy.Thus,thePlanidentifies asoneofitsprioritiestheefficientmanagementofenvironmentalrisks,underͲ stoodintermsofpreventionofnaturaldisastersintheformofanalertsystem,and the recovering of the infrastructure and means of production affected by past events.Forthispurpose,thePlanestablishestheEnvironmentandRisksReduction Policy. The Plan also calls for the adoption of a National Climate Change Plan addressing issues of adaptation and mitigation, but this Plan remains to be established. AdaptationandMitigation TheIntegralProgrammeforFiscalSustainabilityandClimateChangeAdaptation focuses on reducing the country’s natural and physical vulnerability to climate change. For this reason, the Programme aims at strengthening the conditions availabletopromoteeffectiveresponsemeasurestoclimateeventsindifferent aspects.Thus,theProgrammesuggeststhatthepublicpoliciesaddressingtheissue ofdevelopmentshouldtakeintoaccountfourcoreelements:1)macroeconomic stability;2)fiscalsustainability;3)strengtheningofinstitutionalcapability;and 4)resilienceandadaptation. The2005CivilProtection,DisastersPreventionandMitigationLawprovidesfurther legalbasisforinitiativesonpreventionandmitigationofnaturaldisasters,creating theCivilProtection,DisastersPreventionandMitigationNationalSystem. As a longͲterm strategy to prepare society to deal with natural disasters, the MinistryofEducationadoptedthe2012–2022ClimateChangeandRiskManageͲ mentEducationalPlan.ThemainobjectiveofthePlanistoincreasetheattention devotedtoclimatechangeandenvironmentalissuesbytheeducationalsystem. Forthispurpose,thePlanaimsto:1)providetrainingonclimatechangerelated issues for educators; 2) support research on the topic; 3) develop social comͲ 128 ClimateChangeLegislation ElSalvador municationsmechanismstoenhancepublicawarenessonclimatechangeandrisk management;4)reͲmodeltheinfrastructureplanningofschoolstoreducetheir vulnerabilitytoclimateevents;and5)ensurefinancialsupporttotheseinitiatives. Inaddition,focussingonadaptation,theMinistryfortheEnvironmentandNatural ResourceslaunchedtheNationalEcosystemandLandscapeRecoveryProgramme, inMay2012.Themaindriverfortheadoptionoftheinstrumentistheperception thatenvironmentaldegradationincreasesthevulnerabilitytoclimatechange. The2011–2015NationalFoodandNutritionPolicyassociatesclimatechangewith foodsecurity,andcallsfortheadoptionofmitigationmeasuresasaninstrumentto reducethevulnerabilityoffoodproductiontotheseclimateevents.Inasimilar note, the document proposes the establishment of a national system of food storagetobeemployedinthecaseofemergency. Energypolicy The 2010–2024 National Energy Policy considers the need to address climate changewhendefiningpoliciesinthesector.Inthislight,thedocumentproposeda setofactionsonenergyefficiency,promotingthereductionoftheuseoffossil fuelsassourcesofenergyforindustry,transportandhouseholds.Furthermore,the policypointstotheimportanceoffosteringthedevelopmentofhydropowerand geothermal energy, in addition to biofuels, in order to diversify the country’s energymatrix,diminishingElSalvador’sdependenceonexternalenergysupply. Additionally,theproposaltopromotefurtherdevelopmentofbiofuelactivitiesis supportedbya2007legislationthatadoptswellͲdefinedinstrumentstograntfiscal incentivestothesector,mostlytranslatedintotaxexemptions. Forestmanagement The 2011–2030 National Forest Policy Proposal acknowledges that the lack of politicalpriorityhasbeenpartiallyresponsibleforirregulardeforestationpracͲ ticesthatincreasedthecountry’svulnerabilitytotheimpactofclimatechange. Addressingthisgap,thePolicyintendstopromotetherecoveryofaround15%of deforestedareas.Inaddition,thePolicyaimsatmodernisingtheforestsector, maximisingthesustainableproductionofgoodandservices,whileatsametime contributingtothediminishingofElSalvador’svulnerabilitytoclimatechange. ComplementingthisPolicy,inearly2012,theMinistryforAgricultureandLivestock adopted the Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation National Strategy for Agriculture,Livestock,AquicultureandForestsectors. ElSalvador ClimateChangeLegislation 129 The2002ForestLawprovidesthelegalbasispolicyinitiativesinthisrealm,itsaims being to adopt provisions that allow the strengthening, management and the sustainableuseofforestresources. ElSalvador:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalEnvironmentalPolicy 30May2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Climatechangeandenvironmentalsustainability implementation Summaryofbill TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicy,passedasagovernmentdecreebythecouncilofministers, offersanambitiousframeworkthroughwhichthegovernmentwillrespondtoclimatechange andenvironmentaldegradation.ThegeneralobjectiveofthePolicyistoreverseenvironͲ mentaldegradationandreducevulnerabilitytoclimatechange. Thestructureofthepolicyfollowssixlinesofactionthatwillbeprioritisedbythenational government: x restorationofdamagedecosystemsandlandscapes x integralenvironmentalsanitation x integratedmanagementofwaterresources x integrationofenvironmentalpolicyandprioritiesintothegeneralgovernanceofthe nationalterritory x environmentalresponsibilitiesandcompliance x adaptationandriskreductioninrelationtoclimatechange Oneofthemajormandatesofthepolicyisthateachministrymustincorporateenvironmental concernsintotheirownpoliciesandparticipateinaninterͲministerialenvironmentalcouncil coordinatedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResources.Thiscouncilwillassistin the creation of an “action plan” that will lay out implementation plans for the tasks and responsibilitiesexplicatedintheNationalEnvironmentalPolicycorrespondingtoeachofthe linesofactionlistedabove. 130 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation ElSalvador Inrelationtoclimatechange,adaptationisspecificallyprioritisedalongwithreductionof environmentalrisks.ThePolicycallsforthedevelopmentofaNationalAdaptationPlan.The AdaptationPlanshouldincludemechanismstomonitorandevaluateclimatechangeandthe risksitposes;projectstoimprovewatermanagement,especiallyinrelationtofloodingduring therainyseasonanddroughtsduringthedryseason;incorporationofadaptationintourban planningandhousingdesigns;evaluationofepidemiologicalmonitoringandpublichealth systemsinrelationtospecifichealthriskscausedbyclimatechange;promotionofenvironͲ mentalconcernsandclimatechangewithinthenationaleducationcurriculum;promotionof renewableenergy;fundingprioritiesandplanstotakeadvantageofinternationalfinancing schemes. Nonespecified ElSalvador:OtherRelevantLegislation FiscalIncentivesforIncreasedUseofRenewableEnergyinElectricityGenerationLaw 20December2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill The Law sets out to foster investments on renewable energy, including hydroelectric, geothermal,wind,solarandbiomassenergy.Forthispurposethelawconceivesaseriesof fiscalincentivesforthedevelopmentofnewprojectsofelectricitygeneration.Taxexemption can be claimedaccordingtothevolume of energy produced,varyingfrom 5to 10 years, dependingonthenatureofthetax. TheLawalsoexemptsinvestorsfromanysortoftaxonrevenuesdirectlygeneratedfrom activitiesrelatedtoEmissionTradingSchemes(ETS),subjecttoacertificationissuedbythe government. Oneoftheeligibilitycriteriatoapplyforthesetaxexemptionsiscompliancewithcertification andregistrationnormsoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanism,undertheframeworkofthe KyotoProtocol.Breachesoflawaresubjecttopenalty. TheLawdefinesinstitutionalcompetencesoverimplementationandcompliance. Targets Nonespecified ElSalvador Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 131 CivilProtection,DisastersPreventionandMitigationLaw 31August2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Mitigation implementation Summaryofbill TheLawaimsatadoptingmechanismsofprevention,mitigationandimmediateresponseto naturalandanthropogenicdisasters,designatingapublicserviceofcivilprotectiontooperate in these eventualities. For this purpose, the Law creates the Civil Protection, Disasters PreventionandMitigationNationalSystem.Inadditiontoensuringtheimplementationofthe Law, the System is also in charge of ensuring the inclusion of provisions regarding risk managementin development policies,as wellas mappingareas of riskand raising public awarenessonpreventionandmanagementofdisasters. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ForestAct2002 17June2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Forestmanagement implementation Summaryofbill TheLawaimsatregulatingthemanagementandsustainableuseofforestresourcesandthe developmentofforestryactivities. TheLawrecognisesallforestsasnationalheritageanddelegatestheresponsibilitytoprotect andmanagetheseareastotheState.Nevertheless,thelawdefinesthateveryplantedtreeisa privatepropertyofthepersonwhoplantedit(shiftingfromamoreregulatoryapproachto privatepropertyadoptedinthepreviousForestCode). Article1callfortheestablishmentofconditionstofomenttheengagementoftheprivate sectorinreforestationactivities,subjecttofiscalincentivesestablishedbytheLaw. Article77delegatecompetencesovertheestablishmentofmarketinstrumentstopromote reforestation,takingintoaccounttheeconomicvaluationofforestareasoverthepastyears. 132 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation ElSalvador ThelawmandatestheMinistryofAgricultureandlivestockprimaryresponsibilityoverthe implementation of the Forest Code, and should, for that purpose: 1) create a “Forest Commission”composedbythegovernmentandrepresentativesoftheforestsectorwiththe aimtopromoteindustrialandtechnologicaldevelopmentwithinthesector;2)adoptpolicies thatpromotetheproductiveuseofforestresources;3)managenationalandinternational fundsforactivitiesaddressingforestdevelopmentandsustainableuseofforestareas. Nonespecified EnvironmentLaw1998 4March1998 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × × Driverfor Environmentprotection implementation Summaryofbill The1998EnvironmentLawsetsouttofurtherdevelopconstitutionalprovisionsregarding: 1)environmentconservationandprotection;sustainableuseofnaturalresourcesaimingat improvingthequalityoflifeofthecitizens;2)regulationofpublicandprivateenvironment protectionactivities;3)definingenvironmentalprotectionasalegalobligationofthenational andlocalgovernmentssharedwithindividuals;and4)ensuringcompliancewithinternational agreementsratifiedbyElSalvador. TheLawdelegatestotheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcestheresponsibilityto draftandcoordinatetheexecutionofnationalplansaddressingclimatechangeandozone layerprotection. The Law adopts a series of criteria regulating land use, and the exploitation of natural resources,includingforests,inadditiontocreatingtheProtectedAreasSystem. Targets Nonespecified Ethiopia ClimateChangeLegislation 133 4.10 Ethiopia 4.10.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 38 48 NA 1995 Top50 Dateofsignature:10June1992 Dateofratification:05April1994 Dateofentryintoforce:04July1994 Dateofratification:14April2005 Dateofentryintoforce:13July2005 Actionsinrenewableandalternative energy;transportation,waste,agriculture, forestryandlandsectors ClimateͲResilientGreenEconomy(CRGE) Initiative 134 ClimateChangeLegislation Ethiopia 4.10.2 LegislativeProcess EthiopiaisaFederalparliamentaryrepublic.Itisformallyabicameralsystem–the UpperHouseknownastheHouseofFederation(HOF)andtheLowerHouseasthe HouseofPeoples’Representatives(HPR).550MembersoftheHPRareelected every5years,withaminimumof20seatsreservedbydirectionoftheconstitution forminoritynationalitiesandpeoples.Thepoliticalpartywithmostseatsonthe HPRwillformandleadtheexecutivebranch.TheHPRactsasthemainlegislative authoritybyissuinglaws,calledproclamations.TheHPRnominatesthecandidate forPresident,whohasmoreformalobligationsthanrealͲpowerones.TheHPRalso ratifiesinternationalagreementsandappointsfederaljudges. TheHOFservesasarepresentativehousefornations,nationalitiesandpeople– eachrecognisedethnicͲnationalgrouphasonerepresentativeandanadditional representativeforeverymillionofitspopulation.MembersoftheHOFareelected by the State Councils in each regional state. The HOF does not have general legislativepowers,butratherisdedicatedtotheinterpretationoftheconstitution, issuesofselfͲdetermination,disputesamongstatesanddistributionoffederaland staterevenuesandfederalsubsidiesamongstates. Inadditiontothemainformoflegislation,i.e.HPRproclamations,theexecutive branch(CouncilofMinistersoftheFederalGovernmentandfederalministries) mayissuedecrees,regulationsanddirectivesaccordingtoamandateissuedbythe HPR.Additionally,accordingtotheconstitution,internationalagreementsratified bytheparliamentareintegrallawsoftheland. 4.10.3 ApproachtoClimateChange InFebruary2011,theEthiopiangovernmentfinalisedthe“ClimateͲResilientGreen Economy” Green economy strategy – the first of its kind in Africa – under the leadershipofthePrimeMinister’sOffice,theEnvironmentalProtectionAuthority andtheEthiopianDevelopmentResearchInstitute.Thestrategyseeksto“identify greeneconomyopportunitiesthatcouldhelpEthiopiareachitsambitiousgrowth targetswhilekeepinggreenhousegasemissionslow”.Thelastfewyearshaveseen Ethiopia’srealGDPgrowingatadoubledigitrate,with11%perannumin2005– 2011.TheCRGEinitiativeaimstopreservethistrend,whilefreezingemissionsat their 2010 level until 2030. The sections covering climate resilience were not publishedwiththeoriginalCRGEdocumentinSeptember2011. Ethiopia ClimateChangeLegistation 135 ThelateEthiopianpresidentMelesZenawi,whopassedawayinAugust2012after 21yearsinpower,hadspearheadedeffortstofightclimatechangeinAfricaandto generategreengrowthinthecountryandintheregion.Ethiopia’s1995ConstituͲ tionincludestheprincipleofenvironmentalrights,includingtherighttoaclean andhealthyenvironmentandtheprincipleofgovernmentresponsibilitytoensure thisright.In1997,theEnvironmentalProtectionAuthorityformulatedtheEnvironͲ mentPolicyofEthiopia,aspartofawiderConservationStrategy.TheEnvironment Policydefineskeyguidingprinciples,includingresponsibleandsustainableuseof nonͲrenewableandrenewablesources.Itdefinespolicyguidelines(althoughno instruments)onatmosphericpollutionandclimatechange;landuse;forest,woodͲ land and tree resources; biodiversity; water resources; and energy resources. Atmosphericpollutionandclimatechangepoliciesinclude:promotingaclimate monitoringprogramme;acknowledgingcommitmenttomitigateemissions,even at low or even insignificant levels of contribution to global emissions; actively participatinginprotectingtheozonelayerasameansofreducingthevulnerability ofthehighlandsofEthiopia;andencouragingreͲvegetation,monitoringgrazing andrehabilitatingdegradedlandtocompensateforhighbiomassͲfuelconsumpͲ tion. EthiopiaisanonͲAnnexImembertotheUNFCCCandtheKyotoProtocol,whichit ratifiedin2005.IthastakenanactiveroleintheCopenhagenclimatenegotiations, issuingonbehalfofAfricaandjointlywithFranceanappealtoreachanambitious accord,includingamongothershalvingglobalCO2emissionsby2050comparedto 1990levelsandfulltransparencyofcommitments,andadoptionofa“fastͲstart” threeͲyearfundofUS$10billiondedicatedtoadaptationandmitigationactions, includingthefightagainstdeforestationindevelopingcountries,mainlythepoor andvulnerableones. The Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority was established under the Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection (MNRD&EP),inMay1994.In2002theEPAwasreͲestablishedasanindependent institution.TheEthiopianElectricityAgency,anautonomousfederalgovernment organestablishedin1997undertheElectricityProclamation,andlaterrenamedas theEthiopianEnergyAgency,overseesEthiopia’senergypolicy.AftertheratifiͲ cationofUNFCCC,therehasbeencapacityͲbuildingattheNationalMeteorological ServicesAgency(NMSA)–aclimatechangeandairpollutionresearchteam,which aimstoprovideresearchguidanceanddirectivesonclimaterelatedissues. Energysupply Ethiopia’sinadequateaccessibleenergysourcesstruggletomeetincreasingenergy demandcausedbyadoubledigitgrowthintheeconomyinrecentyears.Only 136 ClimateChangeLegislation Ethiopia about5%oftheenergydemandismetbyelectricpower(mostofithydroͲelectric), andtherestbywoodͲfuel,animalwasteandhumanandanimalpower. Ethiopia’sEnergyPolicywasadoptedin1994,andfocusesonresearchanddevelͲ opmentaimedatbuildingtechnologicalcapacityinthesector,andontransforming theenergysectorfromtraditionalsources(especiallybiomass)tomodernones, whileconservingandprotectingtheenvironment.InJanuary2012theMinistryof Water and Energy and the EPA finalised a draft Ethiopian Investment Plan for ScalingͲUp Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP). The SREP is a targetedprogrammeoftheStrategicClimateFund(SCF),whichisoneoftwofunds withintheClimateInvestmentFunds(CIF)framework. TheMinistryofWaterandEnergyResourcehasdraftedaFeedͲinͲTariffproclaͲ mation,whichitpresentedtothecabinetinOctober2011.Theproclamationis expectedtopassinthenextfewmonths.Thedraftopensthewayfortheprivate sectortocontributepowertothenationalgrid.Theratesthataresetinthedraft areaminimumrateofUS$0.08per100kWofhydroͲelectricpowerandUS$0.10 for500kWproducedfromwindpowerorbiomass,decreasingwithpowerinput increase–payingUS$5.50for25,000kWto40,000kWofhydroͲelectricpowerand US$0.80for100kWto500kW.TherateswillbepaidbytheEthiopianElectricand PowerCorporation,whichoperatesthegrid. InDecember2011EthiopiaratifieditsmembershipintheInternationalRenewable Energy Agency, by ratifying the Statute establishing the Agency at the HPR. WendimuGezahegn,anEthiopiangovernmentofficial,explainedthat“…Ethiopia willbenefitfromtechnologytransferandcapacitybuilding…Ethiopiamaydevelop itsexpertiseintheareaofrenewableenergythroughexperiencesharing,policy debates,technologyselection,andotherincentivemechanismsthatcomesoutof beingamemberoftheAgency”. Adaptation Ethiopia’sClimateChangeNationalAdaptationProgrammeofAction(NAPA)was finalisedinJune2007bytheMinistryofWaterResourcesandtheMeteorological service. The NAPA identifies high priority adaptation projects, for example, promotingdrought/cropinsuranceprogramme;strengthening/enhancingdrought and flood early warning systems in Ethiopia; community based sustainable utilisationandmanagementofwetlands;CommunityBasedCarbonSequestration ProjectintheRiftValleySystem;establishmentofnationalresearchanddevelopͲ ment(R&D)centreforclimatechange;strengtheningthemalariacontainment programme;andpromotionofonfarmandhomesteadforestryandagroͲforestry practicesinarid, semiͲaridand dryͲsubhumid parts of Ethiopia. The NAPA was Ethiopia ClimateChangeLegistation 137 updated and replaced in 2010 by the Ethiopian Programme of Adaptation to ClimateChange(EPACC),identifyingclimatechangerelatedrisks,andinstitutions inchargeofmitigatingtheserisks. Ethiopia:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateͲResilientGreenEconomy(CRGE)Initiative FinalisedinSeptember2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Greengrowth,sustainabledevelopment,vulnerability implementation Summaryofbill TheClimateͲResilientGreenEconomy(CRGE)initiativeisaclimatechangefocusednational plan, headedbytheoffice ofthePrime Minister,targetingjoint effortsof mitigationand adaptation,andsettingatargetofkeepingemissionsattheir2010levelby2030. The CRGE’s vision is achieving middleͲincome status by 2025 in a climateͲresilient green economy,outliningfourpillars: x Agriculture: Improving crop and livestock production practices for higher food securityandfarmerincomewhilereducingemissions x ReducingemissionsfromdeforestationbyprotectingandreͲestablishingforestsfor theireconomicandecosystemservicesincludingascarbonstocks x Power:expandingelectricitygenerationfromrenewableenergyfordomesticand regionalmarkets x Transport,industrialsectorsandbuildings:Leapfroggingtomodernandenergy efficienttechnologies ThereareprogrammestoaddressthewidespreadofwoodͲfuelfordomesticuse,andreplace itwithlessemittingandotherwisepollutingfuels,suchasbiogas.Plansforthedissemination of9millionstovesby2015and34millionby2030areanticipated. The initiative establishes a national financial mechanism called the “CRGE Facility”, the purposeofwhichistomobilise,access,sequenceandblenddomesticandinternational,public andprivatesourcesoffinancetosupporttheinstitutionalbuildingandimplementationof Ethiopia’sCRGEstrategy.Theabatementcostforover80%oftheinitiativesisestimatedat underUS$15pertonneCO2e. Targets x Realising 25,000 MW of Ethiopia’s generation potential by 2030 – hydro 22,000MW,geothermal1,000MWandwind2,000MW. x Limiting2030emissionsto150MtCO2e(levelof2010emissions),approximately 250MtCO2elessthaninthebusinessasusualscenario. 138 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Ethiopia Ethiopia:OtherRelevantLegislation EthiopianProgrammeofAdaptationtoClimateChange(EPACC) 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Adaptation/vulnerability implementation Summaryofbill TheEPACCcallsformainstreamingclimatechangeintodecisionmakingonanationallevel, andemphasisesplanningandimplementationmonitoring.Itidentifiestwentyclimatechange risks,mainlyinthefollowingareas:healthrisks(humanandanimal);agricultureproduction decline;landdegradation;watershortages;biodiversity;waste;displacement;distributive justice.TheEPACCalsoidentifiesinstitutionswhichareresponsibleformitigatingtheserisks. Specificadaptationobjectivesinclude: x Reducingimpactsofdroughtsbycloudseedingtoinducerain x Establishing building and construction codes that ensure structures withstand extremeweatherevents x Storingfoodandfeedingoodyearsforuseinbadyears x Ensuringtransportationaccesstodisasterproneareas x Developinginsuranceschemesforweatherdamagecompensation x Organisinglocalcommunitiesforquickresponsetoextremeweatherevents x Preparingtocaterforrefugeesdrivenawaybyclimatechange x Mappinganddelineatingareaslikelytosufferfromclimatechangeandextreme weatherevents x Developinganaccessibleinformationnetworkonclimatechange x Developinganearlywarningsystemtoalertpeopleofimpendingextremeweather events Targets Nonespecified Ethiopia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation 139 TheGrowthandTransformationPlan(GTP) 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Development implementation Summaryofbill TheGTPisthegovernment’sdevelopmentplanfor2010–2015.Concerningenergy,thePlan setsafewtargets–generationofelectricityfromrenewablesfordomesticuseandexport, expansionoftransmissionanddistributionsystems(whichsufferfromahighlossrate)and nearͲdoublingtheaccesstoelectricity.ItstatestargetswithregardstobioͲfuels(ethanoland bioͲdieselproductionandblending),minimisingthegapbetweensupplyanddemand. TheGTPfocusesonbuildinginstitutionalcapacitynationallyandintheregions,enhancing energy development and management capabilities and awareness. The electric power company is to undergo complete restructuring and regulation is to be developed and strengthened. Targets x Generationofanadditional8,000MWrenewableenergy x Increasingelectricitycustomerbasefrom41%to75% x IncreasingbioͲethanolproductionto194.9millionlitresandbioͲdieselusageto1.6 billionlitres x Increasingethanolblendingfacilitiesto8,andbiodieselto72 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalDisasterPreventionandPreparednessFundEstablishmentProclamation 2000 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Adaptation implementation Summaryofbill Theproclamationestablishesadisastermanagementfund,tomaintainareadilyavailablecash reservetocombatdisasters,andtoassisttheimplementationofEmploymentGeneration Schemes(EGS)thatwouldsupporttheachievementofNationalFoodSecurity. Targets Nonespecified 140 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Ethiopia EnvironmentPolicyofEthiopia 1997 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Sustainabledevelopment implementation Summaryofbill The Policy’s stated goal is to “improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopiansandtopromotesustainablesocialandeconomicdevelopmentthroughthesound managementanduseofnatural,humanͲmadeandculturalresourcesandtheenvironmentas awhole…”ThisisdonethroughseveralsectoralpoliciesaswellassomecrossͲsectoralpolicies. Oneofthesectoralpoliciesspecificallyaddressestheissueofclimatechangeandatmospheric pollution,through: x Promotingaclimatemonitoringprogramme x acknowledging commitment to mitigate emissions, even at low or even insignificantlevelsofcontributiontoglobalemissions x actively participating in protecting the ozone layer, as a means to reduce vulnerabilityofthehighlandsofEthiopia x encouragingreͲvegetation,monitoringgrazingandrehabilitatingdegradedlandto compensateforhighbiomassͲfuelconsumption Othersectoralpoliciesinclude: x SoilHusbandryandSustainableAgriculture x Forest,WoodlandandTreeResources x Genetic,SpeciesandEcosystemBiodiversity x EnergyResource x WaterResources x MineralResources x HumanSettlement,UrbanEnvironmentandEnvironmentalHealth x ControlofHazardousMaterialsandPollutionFromIndustrialWaste x CulturalandNaturalHeritage Targets Nonespecified Ethiopia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation 141 TheElectricityProclamation(No.86Ͳ1997) 1997 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energymanagement implementation Summaryofbill TheproclamationestablishestheEthiopianElectricityAgency(EEA)asanautonomousfederal government organ (later changed to Ethiopian Energy Agency). The Agency’s mandate is regulating the operation of the energy sector on technical and economic issues – from standards,efficiencyandreliability,totariffs. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories DisasterPreventionandPreparednessCommissionEstablishmentProclamation 1995,amended2004and2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × × Driverfor Adaptation implementation Summaryofbill Theproclamationestablishesafederalcommissiontooverseethemanagementofnational humanͲmadeandnaturaldisasters.Climatechangeisnotmentionedspecifically. TheCommissionwasoriginallyestablishedasanautonomouspublicinstitutionoftheFederal Government,butlaterproclamationstransferreditsrightsandobligationstotheMinistryof AgricultureandRuralDevelopment. Targets Nonespecified 142 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Ethiopia EthiopiaEnergyPolicy 1994 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Increasingenergysupply implementation Summaryofbill Ethiopia’sEnergyPolicyaimstoincreaseavailabilityofreliableandaffordableenergysupplies and ensure their use in a rational and sustainable manner in order to support national developmentgoals,mostlyincreasingenergysupplytomeetneeds,amongothersbydevelͲ oping and utilising hydroͲelectric power, natural gas and oil explorations, and providing alternative energy sources for the household, industry, agriculture, transport and other sectors–namingcoalasthemainalternativetothepopularbiomass. Itaimstointroduceenergyconservationandenergysavingmeasuresinallsectors.Theplan alsodiscussescommunityparticipation,withafocusonwomen,andthepromotingoflegal andinstitutionalframeworkstodealwithenergyissues. Transportationismentionedbriefly,withtheobjectiveofintroducingconservationmeasures toreducefuelconsumption. Targets Nonespecified EuropeanUnion ClimateChangeLegislation 143 4.11 EuropeanUnion 4.11.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 4409 4721 Ͳ862 2010 Top51 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:21December1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:29April1998 Dateofratification:31May2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 20%from1990unilaterally;moveto30%as partofaglobalandcomprehensive agreementfortheperiodbeyond2012and providedthatotherdevelopedcountries committhemselvestocomparableemission reductionsandthatdevelopingcountries contributeadequatelyaccordingtotheir responsibilitiesandrespectivecapabilities ClimateandEnergyPackage ———————— 1 The EU’s emission ranking has been calculated as if it had been an individual country. Otherwise, EU memberstateshavebeenrankedindividually. 144 ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion 4.11.2 LegislativeProcess DecisionͲmaking at the European Union (EU) level involves the European Commission(independentfromnationalgovernments),theEuropeanParliament (electedbyEUcitizens),andtheCounciloftheEuropeanUnion,whichrepresents MemberStates.Mostoften,theEuropeanCommissionproposesnewlegislation, butitistheCouncilandParliamenttogetherthatpassthelaws. ThemainformsofEUlawsaredirectivesandregulations.AdoptedbytheCouncil in conjunction with the European Parliament or by the Commission alone, a “regulation”isageneralmeasurethatisbindinginallitsparts,isdirectlyappliͲ cableintheMemberStatesandisaddressedtoeveryone.AdoptedbytheCouncil in conjunction with the European Parliament or by the Commission alone, a “directive”isaddressedtotheMemberStates.Itisbindingastotheresulttobe achieved but leaves states the choice of the form and method they adopt to achieveit.TheCommissionisrequiredtoverifythatMemberStatestranspose correctlyandinduetimethedifferentdirectivesthathavebeenadoptedandcan sanctionthem. The Commission can also publish “Action Plans”, “White Papers” and “Green Papers”.AWhitePapersetsouttheCommission’spolicyprogrammeinaspecific area. Before a White Paper is written, a Green Paper is published, which is a consultativedocumentincludingsuggestionsandoptionsfornewpolicy.However, eachsingleproposalforlegislationannouncedinaWhitePaperorderivingfroma policyinitiativeannouncedinitwillbesubjecttooneormoreroundsofopen consultationandimpactassessment.Theycanthusbeusefultoidentifyfuture Commissionproposals. 4.11.3 ApproachtoClimateChange EU legislation on climate change has been characterised by a strategy of cooperationwiththeinternationalcommunity,compliancewiththeKyotoProtocol and a will to maintain leadership in terms of ambitious targets and emission reductionmechanisms.This“internationaldimension”isillustratedbythedecision toadopta30%emissionreductiontargetbelowthe1990level(insteadofthe20% reduction target that is currently in place) provided that other industrialised nationscommitthemselvestocomparableemissionreductionsandthat“advanced developingcountries”(i.e.ChinaandIndia)alsocontributeundertheframeworkof apostͲ2012agreement. EuropeanUnion ClimateChangeLegislation 145 Further to the European Council endorsement of the objective of reducing EU emissionsofGHGsto80–95%below1990levelsby2050,andsincecurrentpolicies areprojectedtoreducedomesticemissionstoͲ30%in2030andͲ40%in2050,in March2011theEuropeanCommissionadoptedaRoadmapfortransformingthe EuropeanUnionintoacompetitivelowcarboneconomyby2050describingacostͲ effectivepathwaytoreachtheEU’sobjectiveofcuttingGHGemissionsby80–95% of1990levelsby2050andgivingdirectiontosectoralpoliciesforalleconomic sectors,nationalandregionallowͲcarbonstrategiesandlongͲterminvestments. TheRoadmaprecommendedthatEuropeshouldachieveitstargetlargelythrough domesticmeasuressincebymidͲcenturyinternationalcreditstooffsetemissions will be less widely available and any credits used would increase the overall emissionsreductionbeyond80%. TheeconomicmodellingunderlyingtheRoadmapshowedthattoachievean80% European“domestic”reductionby2050,cutsoftheorderof40%and60%below 1990levelsshouldbeachievedby2030and2040,respectively.Allsectorswill needtocontribute.ItalsoshowedthatthemostcostͲefficientpathwaytothe2050 target requires a 25% emissions cut in 2020, to be achieved through internal measures alone, rather than the current 20% reduction target. The Roadmap indicatedthatthis25%domesticcutcouldbereachedin2020iftheEUmeetsits 20%energyefficiencyimprovementgoalandfullyimplementstheClimateand Energypackageof2009. TheRoadmapestimatedthatoverthenext40yearsadditionalannualinvestment equivalentto1.5%ofEUGDP–or€270billion(US$353billion)–ontopofoverall current investment of 19% of GDP would be required. This proposed increase wouldreturnEuropetotheinvestmentlevelsseenbeforetheeconomiccrisis. Muchorallofthisextrainvestmentwouldberecoveredthroughlowerimportbills for oil and gas. These savings were estimated at €175–320 billion (US$228– 418billion)ayear.Thisinvestmentincleantechnologies,infrastructuresuchas “smart” electricity grids and environmental protection would have multiple benefits in terms of reduced energy dependency and created domestic valueͲ added,thedevelopmentofnewsourcesofgrowthandemploymentcreation,as wellaslowerairqualityͲrelatedhealthcostswhichcouldreachupto€88billion (US$115billion)ayearby2050. TheEuropeanParliamentexpresseditssupportfortheRoadmapinMarch2012, butinJunetheEnergyMinistersoftheEU27MemberStateswereunabletoadopt unanimous conclusions on the Roadmap in Council owing to the opposition of 146 ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion Poland.However,legislativeprogressalongthelineslaiddownintheRoadmapis possible,asundertheEULisbonTreatyclimatepolicydecisionsaretakenbythe qualifiedmajorityunderenvironmentpolicylegalbase.ThereforetheCommission isexpectedtocontinuedevelopingspecific2050sectoralroadmaps. Carbonpricing AkeycomponentofEUclimatelegislationisthe“EmissionTradingSystem”(ETS) thatenteredintoforcein2005(Directive2003/87/EC)inordertohelpreachthe targets agreed at Kyoto. This mechanism has been amended several times to extendittonewsectors(forexample,aviation:Directive2008/101/EC)ortonew GHGs (petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminium, nitrous oxide and perfluoroͲ carbons:Directive2009/29/EC).Inparallel,theEUhassetupaMechanismfor monitoringGHGemissions(Decision280/2004/EC)toenablemoreaccurateand regularevaluationoftheprogressofemissionsreduction. The Commission published a proposal for a Regulation on a mechanism for monitoringandreportingGHGemissionsandforreportingotherinformationat nationalandUnionlevelrelevanttoclimatechangeinNovember2011.Themain objectiveofthisRegulationistohelptheUnionanditsMemberStatesmeettheir national,Unionandinternationalcommitmentsandgoalsandtofurtherdevelop policy throughtransparent, accurate, consistent, comparable and complete reporting.ItseekstoimprovetheavailabilityofinformationforUnionpolicyand decisionͲmakingandthecoordinationandconsistencyofUnionandMemberState reporting under the UNFCCC. This proposal provides the necessary accounting rigour to implement the annual compliance of the EU effortͲsharing decision’s lineartrajectoryandofinternationalreporting,butalsoincludesanobligationfor theEUMemberStatestoadoptlowcarbondevelopmentstrategiesfor2050,as wellasharmonisedreportingontheuseofETSauctionrevenuesforclimateand internationalclimatefinance. InJuly2012theEuropeanCommissiontabledaProposalforaDecisionamending Directive 2003/87/EC clarifying provisions on the timing of auctions of GHG allowancesinordertoaddressthegrowingsurplusofallowancesbuiltupduring the 2nd Phase of the ETS in the short term to improve the functioning of the market for adoption before the Phase 3 starts at the beginning of 2013. This technical amendment to the ETS Directive aims to clarify that the timing of auctionswithinatradingperiodmaybechanged,inexceptionalcircumstances,by theCommissionthroughamendingtheRegulationonauctioninginordertoensure the orderly functioning of the carbon market. On 14 November 2012 the CommissionpresentedafirstreportonthefunctioningoftheEuropeancarbon EuropeanUnion ClimateChangeLegislation 147 marketsettingoutsomestepsthatareneededtoaddressthegrowingimbalance betweensupplyanddemandintheEUETS.Thereportoutlinesashortlistofsix optionsforstructuralmeasuresthatcouldprovideasustainablesolutiontothe surplusallowancesinthelongerterm.TheCommissionisinvitingstakeholders’ viewsandwilllaunchaformalconsultationprocess. On 28 August 2012 the Australian Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency,theHonGregCombetMP,andtheEuropeanCommissionerforClimate Action,MsConnieHedegaard,announcedthatAustraliaandEuropewillbelinking theiremissionstradingsystems.ThisagreementshouldbeadoptedbytheEuroͲ pean Union and the Commonwealth of Australia by midͲ2015 to facilitate the commencementoffulllinkingnolaterthan1July2018.AfulltwoͲwaylink,by meansofthemutualrecognitionofcarbonunitsbetweenthetwocapͲandͲtrade systems,willallowbusinessestousecarbonunitsfromtheAustralianemissions trading scheme or the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) for complianceundereithersystem. Energysupplyandemand TheEU’s“flagship”climatechangelegislationisthe“ClimateandEnergyPackage (CAREpackage)”thatenteredintoforceinJune2009.Thepackageillustratesthe integratedapproachoftheEUandproposesbindinglegislationtoimplementthe 20Ͳ20Ͳ20 targets: 20% emission reduction; 20% EU energy consumption from renewable Climate Change Legislation European Union energies; and 20% reduction in primary energy use compare with projected level through energy efficiency improvement. This ambitious package is based on an extension and revisionoftheETS(Directive2009/29/EC),anEffortͲsharingDecision(Decision 406/2009/EC)betweenMemberStatestakingintoaccountrespectivecapacities, national targets for renewable energy (Directive 2009/28/EC) as well as the promotionofcarboncaptureandstorage(Directive2009/31/EC). Thesetargetsaretobeachievedthroughseveralpiecesoflegislationpromoting more“energyefficient”productsanduses.Theyincludethedirectiveonenergy performance of buildings (2002/91/EC), the legislation on the ecoͲdesign requirementsforenergyͲusingproducts(2005/32/EC)andtheBiofuelDirective (2003/30/EC)whichsetstargetsforMemberStates. TheEUhasalsoputinplaceEuropeancertificationschemes,subsidiesandother incentivemechanismsatthecommunityleveltosupporttheuseofrenewable energy(Directive2001/77/EC;Directive2009/28/EC). 148 ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion ThepublicationofaCommissionProposalforaRegulationontheEnergyLabelling of Boilers is expected imminently as an implementing act under EcoͲdesign Directive(combiningminimumrequirementsforefficiencyandlabellingrequireͲ ments).Thisproposalwillcoverthesectorwiththebiggestpotentialforenergy savingundertheEcoͲdesigninstrumentanditwillbethefirstmeasuretocomͲ plementtherecentlyadoptedEnergyEfficiencyDirectivetowardstheEUenergy saving target for 2020. The combined Regulations on EcoͲdesign and Energy EfficiencyofBoilersareexpectedtobringanadditional2%ofenergysavingstoadd tothe15%expectedfromtheimplementationoftheEnergyEfficiencyDirective. ThenonͲpublishedproposalwhichemergedfromtheCommission’sInterͲService Consultationforeseestheintroductionofasinglelabelschemeforboilersplacedon theEUmarketwhichwillcreateanincentivemechanismfortheuptakeofthemost efficientrenewableenergysystemsandwillallowcleardifferentiationbetween productsontheEUmarket. InJune2011theCommissionpublisheditsProposalsfortheEU2014–2020MultiͲ AnnualFinancialFramework.TheproposedclimateͲrelatedshareofthefutureEU budgetwassignificantlyincreasedtoincludeinvestmentinprojectswithasignifiͲ cant climate component, in order to meet the Europe 2020 goals and to help countries worldwide step up their efforts to combat climate change. Climate mitigation and adaptation actions will be become a part of all the major EU programmeswithabudgetof€800million(US$104million).Infrastructureprojects ofcommonEUinterestweregranted€40billion(US$52million)ofwhich€9.1 billion (US$11.9 billion) are earmarked for energy infrastructure projects. The reformed,greenerCommonAgriculturalPolicy,incorporatingproposedclimate objectives,wouldreceive€386.9billion(US$505.5billion). TheEuropeanParliamentadoptedaResolutiononthebudgetaryperiod2014– 2020inJune2011askingthattheensembleofallEUfundingshouldleadtoan improvementinthegeneralstateoftheEuropeanenvironment.Thisincludesa reduction in GHG emissions that at least corresponds to the objectives in the present EU legislation and proposes that positive and negative climate and environmenteffectsofthespendingofEUfundsshouldbeanalysedonaggregated levels.TheMultiͲAnnualFinancialFrameworkwasscheduledtobeadoptedbefore theendof2012butthecomplexityofthenegotiationshavemeantthatleaders willrequiremoretimetoagree.Anewroundoftalksisexpectedinearly2013. In October 2011 the Commission published a draft Regulation for an Energy InfrastructurePackagefor2014–2020foravalueof€9.1billion(US$11.9billion).A numberofprojectsofcommonEUinterestandimportantforreachingitsclimate andenergygoalswillbeeligibleforEUcoͲfinancingviagrants,projectbondsor EuropeanUnion ClimateChangeLegislation 149 guarantees (up to 50% of the costs for studies and works, and in exceptional circumstances up to80%). This is the first time thatthe EU will coͲfinance the constructionoflargeenergyinfrastructurefromitsregularbudget.Theprojects shoulddisplayeconomic,socialandenvironmentalviabilityandinvolveatleast twoMemberStates.AdditionalsectorͲspecificcriteriawillensurethatprojects notablystrengthensecurityofsupply,enablemarketintegration,fostercompetͲ ition,ensuresystemflexibilityandallowtransmissionofrenewablegenerationto consumptioncentresandstoragesites.Anoffshoregridtotransportelectricity producedbyoffshorewindparkstoconsumersinthebigcitiesandinnovative projectstostoreelectricitywouldbeexamplesofthekindofprojectseligible.The Regulationisexpectedtocomeintoforcein2013.Thiswillleaveenoughtimefor theestablishmentofthefirstUnionͲwidelistofprojectsofcommoninterest,in viewoftheirpossiblefinancingundertheCEF,whichwillenterintoforcein2014. REDD+/LULUCF FollowingthedecisionadoptedattheUNFCCCCOP17onrevisedaccountingrules from soils and forests, in March 2012 the European Commission published a proposalforaDecisiononaccountingrulesandactionplansonGHGemissionsand removalsresultingfromactivitiesrelatedtolanduse,landusechangeandforestry, takingafirststeptowardsincorporatingremovalsandemissionsfromforestsand agriculture,thelastmajorsectorswithoutcommonEUͲwiderules,intotheEU’s climatepolicy.MemberStateswouldbeobligedtoadoptactionplansonhowthey willincreaseremovalsofcarbonanddecreaseemissionsofGHGsinforestsand soils.Theproposaldoesnotincludeacommitmentfornationalemissionreduction targets for these sectors. This may come later once the accounting rules have provenrobust. This initiative follows the Commission’s proposals for the Reform of the EU CommonAgriculturalPolicy(CAP)after2013publishedinOctober2011.Inline with the other Commission policy initiatives for the period after 2013, the proposedreformedCAPwouldintegrateclimatechangemitigationandadaptation measuresbyintroducingtwoRuralDevelopmentpolicyprioritiesforrestoring, preservingandenhancingecosystemsandforresourceefficiencyandthefight againstclimatechange,subjecttoexͲanteconditionalityofcompliancewithEU policies, supporting the shift towards a lowͲcarbon economy in all sectors and promotingclimatechangeadaptation,riskpreventionandmanagement,suchas the Energy Efficiency Directive, the Water Framework Directive and the RenewablesDirective. 150 ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion Transport The transportation sector is also a key area where EU legislation attempts to reduce emissions and achieve energy efficiency. It has recently set emission performancestandardsfornewpassengercars(Regulation[EC]No.443/2009), newlightcommercialvehicles(Regulation[EC]No.510/2011)andsupportsthe researchanddevelopmentofcleanvehicles(Directive2009/33/EC). InJuly2012theCommissionputforwardproposalstoimplementtargetsthatwill furtherconsiderablyreducecarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromnewcarsand lightcommercialvehicles(vans)by2020.Theproposalscutaverageemissionsfrom newcarsto95gramsofCO2perkm(gCO2/km)in2020from135.7gin2011anda mandatorytargetof130gin2015.Emissionsfromvanswillbereducedto147g CO2/km in 2020 from 181.4g in 2010 (the latest year for which figures are available)andamandatorytargetof175gin2017.Themandatorytargetsfor2020 arealreadyenvisagedinexistinglegislationbutaresubjecttoimplementation.The Regulationsproposedestablishthemodalitiesbywhichthesetargetswouldbe achieved. TheEuropeanCommission’slegislativeproposaltoaddresstheindirectlandͲuse changeimpacts(ILUC)ofbiofuelswaspublishedon17October2012tolimitglobal landconversionforbiofuelproduction,andraisetheclimatebenefitsofbiofuels usedintheEU.TheuseoffoodͲbasedbiofuelstomeetthe10%renewableenergy targetoftheRenewableEnergyDirectivewillbelimitedto5%.Thisistostimulate thedevelopmentofalternative,soͲcalledsecondgenerationbiofuelsfromnonͲ foodfeedstock,likewasteorstraw,whichemitsubstantiallyfewerGHGsthan fossilfuelsanddonotdirectlyinterferewithglobalfoodproduction.Forthefirst time,theestimatedgloballandconversionimpacts–IndirectLandUseChange (ILUC)–willbeconsideredwhenassessingtheGHGperformanceofbiofuels. Withthesenewmeasures,theCommissionwantstopromotebiofuelsthathelp toachievesubstantialemissioncuts,donotdirectlycompetewithfoodandare moresustainableatthesametime.Whilethecurrentproposaldoesnotaffectthe possibility for Member States to provide financial incentives for biofuels, the Commissionconsidersthatintheperiodafter2020biofuelsshouldonlyreceive financialsupportiftheyleadtosubstantialGHGsavingsandarenotproducedfrom cropsusedforfoodandfeed. EuropeanUnion ClimateChangeLegislation 151 EuropeanUnion:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheEUClimateandEnergyPackage(contains3directivesand1decision;seebelow) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill InMarch2007theEU’sleadersendorsedanintegratedapproachtoclimateandenergypolicy thataimstocombatclimatechangeandincreasetheEU’senergysecuritywhilestrengthening itscompetitiveness.InJanuary2008theEuropeanCommissionproposedbindinglegislationto implement the 20Ͳ20Ͳ20 targets. This “climate and energy package” was agreed by the EuropeanParliamentandCouncilinDecember2008andbecamelawinJune2009.Thecoreof thepackagecomprisesfourpiecesofcomplementarylegislation. Targets The20Ͳ20Ͳ20targets:areductioninEUGHGemissionsofatleast20%below1990levelsby 2020;20%ofEUenergyconsumptiontocomefromrenewableresources;anda20%reduction inprimaryenergyusecomparedwithprojectedlevels,tobeachievedbyimprovingenergy efficiency.TheEUleadersalsoofferedtoincreasetheEU’semissionsreductionto30%,on conditionthatothermajoremittingcountriesinthedevelopedanddevelopingworldscommit todotheirfairshareunderaglobalclimateagreement. MemberStateswilllimittheirGHGemissionsbetween2013and2020accordingtoalinear trajectorywithbindingannualtargets.This willensureagradual movetowardsthe 2020 targetsinsectorswherechangestaketimetoimplement,suchasbuildings,infrastructureand transport.ToincreasethecostͲeffectivenessofpoliciesandmeasures,MemberStatesare allowedtodeviatefromthelineartrajectorytoacertaindegree. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme (Directive 2009/29/EC)(amendingDirective2003/87/) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × 152 ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion Summaryofbill ArevisionandstrengtheningoftheEmissionsTradingSystem(EUETS). AsingleEUͲwidecaponemissionallowanceswillapplyfrom2013andwillbecutannually, reducingthenumberofallowancesavailabletobusinessesto21%belowthe2005levelin 2020.Thefreeallocationofallowanceswillbeprogressivelyreplacedbyauctioning.From 2013thepowersectorwillberequiredtobuyallemissionspermitsunderaEUͲwideauction (withsometimeͲlimitedexceptionsfornewermembercountries).From1January2013(phase III of EU ETS, 2013–2020), the revised ETS will incorporate new sectors; petrochemicals, ammonia and aluminium, nitrous oxide and perŇuorocarbons. Smaller emitters (<25,000 tCO2/year)mayoptoutoftheEUETS. Oneofthemeasuresrequiresthatby31December2009theCommissiondeterminesthe sectorsorsubͲsectorsdeemedtobeexposedtoasignificantriskofcarbonleakage.According totheDirective,productionfromsectorsdeemedtobeexposedtoasignificantriskofcarbon leakagewillreceiverelativelymorefreeallowancesthanothersectors.In2008and2009,the Commissionheldfivestakeholdermeetingsonthesubjectofcarbonleakage.Therevised Directivealsorecognisesthatthecompetitivesituation,andthustheriskofcarbonleakage, maychangeunlessthereisaninternationalclimatechangeagreement.TheCommissionfirst consultedthestakeholdersontheanalyticalreportanditspreliminaryconclusionsatanadͲ hocmeetingoftheEuropeanClimateChangeProgramme(ECCP)workinggrouponemissions tradingon17March2010. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories An“EffortSharingDecision”(DecisionNo.406/2009/EC) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ItaimstoreduceGHGemissionsfromsectorsnotincludedintheEUEmissionTradingSystem (EUETS)suchastransport,buildings,agricultureandwaste. Targets Theoverallgoalis10%reductionofemissionsfromthenonͲETSsectorsin2020compared with2005levels.UndertheDecisioneachMemberStatehasagreedtoabindingnational emissionslimitationtargetfor2020thatreflectsitsrelativewealth.Thetargetsrangefroman emissionsreductionof20%bytherichestMemberStates,toanincreaseinemissionsof20% bythepoorest.ThesenationaltargetswillcuttheEU’soverallemissionsfromthenonͲETS sectorsby10%by2020comparedwith2005levels.MemberStatesmaytransferunused emission allocations to the following year or to other Member States and purchase a proportionofcreditsfromthirdcountries.TheETSandeffortͲsharingtogetherproducethe 20%emissionsreductionsby2020from1990levels. EuropeanUnion Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 153 Promotionoftheuseofenergyfromrenewablesources(Directive2009/28/EC) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy/climatechange implementation Summaryofbill Establishesacommonframeworkfortheproductionandpromotionofenergyfromrenewable sources. The Directive takes into account energy from biofuels and bioͲliquids. The latter should contributetoareductionofatleast35%ofGHGemissionsinordertoberecognised.From1 January2017,theirshareinemissionssavingsshouldbeincreasedto50%. Commissiontoassesstheinclusionofemissionsandremovalsrelatedtolanduse,landuse changeandforestry(LULUCF)–anticipatedtofollowuponanyinternationalagreementon forestryanddeforestation. MemberStatesshouldbuildthenecessaryinfrastructureforenergyfromrenewablesources inthetransportsector.TheMemberStatesarerequiredtoestablishnationalactionplans whichsettheshareofenergyfromrenewablesourcesconsumedintransport,aswellasinthe productionofelectricityandheating,for2020.Theseactionplansmusttakeintoaccountthe effects of other energy efficiency measures on final energy consumption (the higher the reductioninenergyconsumption,thelessenergyfromrenewablesourceswillberequiredto meetthetarget).Theseplanswillalsoestablishproceduresforthereformofplanningand pricingschemesandaccesstoelectricitynetworks,therebypromotingenergyfromrenewable sources. TheDirectiverequiresCommissionreportingfrom2012withanimpactandimplementation reviewin2014. Targets Bindingnationaltargetsforrenewableenergythatcollectivelywilllifttheaveragerenewable shareacrosstheEUto20%by2020.EachMemberStatecan“exchange”anamountofenergy fromrenewablesourcesusingastatisticaltransfer,andsetupjointprojects.Undercertain conditionsitisalsopossibletoestablishcooperationwiththirdcountries. EachMemberStatehasamandatorynationaltargetfortheoverallshareofrenewableenergy ingrossfinalconsumptionofenergyfor2020,dividedacrossMemberStatesbasedonexisting scaleofeffortandGDP.Thenationaltargetsrangefromashareof10%inMaltato49%in Sweden.Therearerulesfordeterminingthetradingoroffsettingoftargetrequirementsboth withinEuropeandwiththirdcountries. Theshareofenergyfromrenewablesourcesinthetransportsectormustamounttoatleast 10%offinalenergyconsumptioninthesectorby2020. 154 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion Geologicalstorageofcarbondioxide(Directive2009/31/EC) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheDirectiveestablishesalegalframeworkfortheenvironmentallysafegeologicalstorageof CO2.ItcoversallCO2storageingeologicalformationsintheEU,andlaysdownrequirements coveringtheentirelifetimeofastoragesite.Itimplementsapermitregimeforexploration andstorage,andselectioncriteriaforstoragesites. TheDirectivedefinestherelationshipbetweencarbon,captureandstorage(CCS)andtheEU ETSintermsoffinanceandalsorulesthatCO2capturedandstoredwillbeconsideredas“not emitted”.ThekeydebatewillbelinkedtofinanceofCCSbothintermsofsupportfromEUand nationalfundsandrecyclingofrevenuesfromtheEUETS.Moneyhasbeensetasidetofund up to twelve CCS demonstration projects and innovative renewable energy technologies demonstrationprojects.Inaddition,theEuropeanEconomicRecoveryProgrammeallocated around€1billion(US$1.3billion)tofundsixCCSdemonstrationprojects. Therearemonitoringandreportingobligations,inspections,measuresincaseofirregularities and/orleakageandprovisionoffinancialsecurity. SiteselectionisthecrucialstageforensuringtheintegrityofaprojectandtheDirectivelays downextensiverequirements.Asitecanonlybeselectedforuseifaprioranalysisshowsthat, undertheproposedconditionsofuse,thereisnosignificantriskofleakageordamageto humanhealthortheenvironment.Theoperationofthesitemustbecloselymonitoredand corrective measures taken in the case that leakage does occur. In addition, the Directive contains provisions on closure and postͲclosure obligations, and sets out criteria for the transferofresponsibilityfromtheoperatortotheMemberState. Targets Nonespecified EuropeanUnion ClimateChangeLegislation 155 EuropeanUnion:OtherRelevantLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories DirectiveonEnergyEfficiencyandrepealingDirectives2004/8/ECand2006/32/EC November2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energysaving,energyselfͲreliance,mitigation,competitiveness implementation Summaryofbill TheDirectivebringsforwardlegallybindingmeasurestostepupMemberStateseffortstouse energymoreefficientlyatallstagesoftheenergychain–fromthetransformationofenergy anditsdistributiontoitsfinalconsumption.Measuresincludethelegalobligationtoestablish energyefficiencyobligationsschemesorpolicymeasuresinallMemberStates.Thesewill driveenergyefficiencyimprovementsinhouseholds,industriesandtransportsectors.Other measures include an exemplary role to be played by the public sector and a right for consumerstoknowhowmuchenergytheyconsume. Summaryofkeymeasures Indicative national energy efficiency target: each Member State will be obliged to set an indicative national energy efficiency target, based on either primary or final energy consumption,primaryorfinalenergysavingsorenergyintensity. Exemplaryroleofpublicbodies’buildings:publicbodieswillneedtoplayanexemplaryrole,as MemberStateswillhavetoensurethatasfrom1January2014,3%ofthetotalfloorareaof heatedand/orcooledbuildingsownedbytheircentralgovernmentisrenovatedeachyear. Building renovation: Member States shall establish a longͲterm strategy for mobilising investmentintherenovationofthenationalstockofresidentialandcommercialbuildings, bothpublicandprivate. Energy efficiency obligation schemes: Member States must set up an energy efficiency obligation scheme, ensuring that obligated energy distributors and/or retail energy sales companiesachieveacumulativeendͲuseenergysavingstargetby31December2020.That targetshallbeatleastequivalenttoachievingnewsavingseachyearfrom1January2014to 31 December 2020 of 1.5% of the annual energy sales to final customers of all energy distributorsorallretailenergysalescompaniesbyvolume,averagedoverthemostrecent 3Ͳyearperiodpriorto1January2013. However,toachievethistarget,MemberStateswillhavetheoptionofusingabundleof flexibilitymeasuresaswellasequivalentalternativemeasures.Theuseoftheseflexibility measures should not lead to a reduction of more than 25% of the amount of the energy savingstarget. 156 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion Energyaudits:MemberStatesshallensurethatlargeenterprisesaresubjecttoanenergy auditcarriedoutinanindependentandcostͲeffectivemannerbyqualifiedand/oraccredited expertsorimplementedandsupervisedbyindependentauthoritiesundernationallegislation within3yearsaftertheentryintoforceofthisDirectiveandatleastevery4yearsfromthe dateofthepreviousenergyaudit. Billing of customers based on actual consumption:in order to enable final customers to regulate their own energy consumption, billing should take place on the basis of actual consumptionatleastonceayear,andbillinginformationshouldbemadeavailableatleast quarterly,onrequestorwheretheconsumershaveoptedtoreceiveelectronicbillingorelse twiceyearly. Promotionofefficiencyinheatingandcooling:by31December2015,MemberStatesshall carryoutandnotifytotheCommissionacomprehensiveassessmentofthepotentialforthe applicationofhighͲefficiencycoͲgenerationandefficientdistrictheatingandcooling.Forthe purposeofthisassessment,MemberStatesshallcarryoutacost–benefitanalysiscovering theirterritorybasedonclimaticconditions,economicfeasibilityandtechnicalsuitability. TheNationalEnergyEfficiencyActionPlansshalllistsignificantmeasuresandactionstaken towardsprimaryenergysavinginallsectorsoftheeconomy.Foreverymeasureorpackageof measures/actionsestimationsofexpectedsavingsfor2020andsavingsachievedbythetime ofthereportingshallbeprovided. Where available, information on other impacts/benefits of the measures, including GHG emissionsreductionandthebudgetfortheimplementation,shouldbeprovided. By30June2014,theCommissionwillassesstheprogressachievedandwhethertheUnionis likelytoachieveenergyconsumptionofnomorethan1474Mtoeofprimaryenergyand/orno morethan1078Mtoeoffinalenergyin2020. TheDirectiveaimsatenablingEUͲwide15%energysavingsby2020. EachMemberStateshallsetanindicativenationalenergyefficiencytarget,basedoneither primaryorfinalenergyconsumption,primaryorfinalenergysavings,orenergyintensity. Whendoingso,theyshallalsoexpressthosetargetsintermsofanabsolutelevelofprimary energyconsumptionandfinalenergyconsumptionin2020andshallexplainhow,andonthe basisofwhichdata,thishasbeencalculated. Emission performance standards for new light commercial vehicles as part of the EU’s integratedapproachtoreduceCO2emissionsfromlightͲdutyvehicles(Regulation[EC]No. 510/2011) 2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × EuropeanUnion ClimateChangeLegislation 157 Driverfor Transport/emissions implementation Summaryofbill Thislegislationsetsemissionperformancestandardsfornewlightcommercialvehicles. In2014,70%ofeachmanufacturer’snewlyregisteredunitsmustcomplyonaveragewiththe limitvaluecurvesetbythelegislation.Thiswillriseto75%in2015,80%in2016and100% from2017. A“superͲcredit”schemewillhelpmanufacturerscomply:amultiplierfiguredecreasingfrom 3.5om2014to1.7in2017willbeappliedtoeveryvehiclewithspecificemissionsofCO2of lessthan50gCO2/km,upto25,000unitspermanufacturer. Toincentiviseinvestmentinnewtechnologies,from2014onwards,producerswillhavetopay anincreasingpenaltyiftheirfleetfailstomeettheirtarget. VehiclesrunningonE85(petrolwith85%bioethanol)willbenefitfroma5%loweremission target by 31 December 2015 in recognition of the greater technological and emission reductioncapabilitywhenrunningonbiofuelsofatleast30%ofthefillingstationsinthe MemberStateinwhichthevehicleisregisteredprovidethistypeofalternativefuelcomplying withtheEUsustainabilitycriteriaforbiofuels. CO2 savings achieved through the use of innovative technologies shall be taken into considerationupto7gCO2/km. TheCommissionshallpublishalistindicatingwhethereachmanufacturerhasmettherelevant targetfortheprecedingcalendaryearonanannualbasis. ByJanuary2013theCommissionshallcompleteareviewofthespecificemissionstargetsand ofthederogations,withtheaimofdefiningthemodalitiesforreaching,by2020,alongͲterm targetof147gCO2/kminacostͲeffectivemanner.Then,ifappropriate,theCommissionshall makeaproposaltoamendthisregulation. By2014theCommissionshall,ifappropriate,launchaproposaltoincludeintheRegulation vehiclesincategoryN2andM2withareferencemassnotexceeding2160kgandvehiclesto whichtypeͲapprovalisextendedintheRegulation(EC)No.715/2007,withaviewtoachieving thelongerͲtermtargetfrom2020. By2014theCommissionshallpublishareportontheavailabilityofdataonfootprintand payloadandtheiruseasutilityparametersfordeterminingspecificemissionstargetsand,if appropriate,submitaproposaltotheEuropeanParliamentandtotheCouncil. Targets Limitof175gCO2/kmfortheaverageCO2emissionsfrommanufacturers’fleetofsmallvansof average mass by 2017. Specific targets for individual vehicles will vary according to their weight.A2020targetof147gCO2/kmhasbeenincluded. 158 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion White paper – Adapting to climate change: towards a European framework for action (CommunicationCOM/2009/0147) Published2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Adaptation implementation Summaryofbill The European Commission presented a White Paper on adapting to climate change that presentstheframeworkforadaptationmeasuresandpoliciestoreducetheEuropeanUnion’s vulnerabilitytotheimpactsofclimatechange.Asanextstep,theCommissionwillpresenta “BlueprinttoSafeguardEuropeanWaters”by2012,which,togetherwiththeanalysisofall plansfor110riverbasindistricts,willperformareviewoftheStrategyforWaterScarcityand Droughtsandofthevulnerabilityofwaterandenvironmentalresourcestoclimatechangeand humanͲmadepressures. Successfuladaptationtotheimpactsofclimatechangeonwaterdependsnotjustoneffective nationalandEuropeanwaterregulations,butalsoontheextenttowhichwatermanagement canbeintegratedintoothersectoralpoliciessuchasagriculture,energy,cohesionandhealth. TheWhitePaperhighlightstheneed“topromotestrategieswhichincreasetheresilienceto climate change of health, property and the productive functions of land, inter alia by improving the management of water resources and ecosystems”. As part of the actions includedintheWhitePaper,inDecember2009WaterDirectorsofEUMemberStatesadopted aGuidancedocumentonadaptationtoclimatechangeinwatermanagementtoensurethat theRiverBasinManagementPlans(RBMP)areclimateͲproofed. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Emissionperformancestandardsfornewpassengercars(Regulation[EC]No.443/2009) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Transport/emissions implementation Summaryofbill Thislegislationsetsemissionperformancestandardsfornewpassengercars.In2012,65%of eachmanufacturer’snewlyregisteredcarsmustcomplyonaveragewiththelimitvaluecurve setbythelegislation.Thiswillriseto75%in2013,80%in2014,and100%from2015onwards. Commissiontoreportonimplementationby2010andtopublishperformanceindicatorsfor each manufacturer, highlighting success or failure to comply (by 31 October each year, beginningin2011). EuropeanUnion Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 159 Until2018themanufacturerhastopayanexcessemissionspremiumforeachcarregisteredif theaverageCO2emissionsofamanufacturer’sfleetexceeditslimitvalueinanyyearfrom 2012. Car manufacturers must ensure their average annual CO2 emissions do not exceed 130g CO2/km.Atargetof95g/kmisspecifiedfortheyear2020.Themodalitiesforreachingthis targetandtheaspectsofitsimplementationincludingtheexcessemissionspremiumwillhave tobedefinedinareviewtobecompletednolaterthanthebeginningof2013. CleanandenergyͲefficientroadtransportvehicles(Directive2009/33/EC) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Transport/energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill MemberStatesshallensurethatcontractingauthorities,contractingentitiesandoperators under a public service contract, take into account the operational lifetime energy and environmentalimpactswhenpurchasingroadtransportvehicles. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories CleanSkyJTI(CouncilRegulation[EC]No.71/2008) 2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × × Driverfor Economy/transports implementation Summaryofbill The“CleanSky”JointTechnologyInitiative(JTI)isaimingtounitethepublicandprivatedriving forces(humanandfinancial)inEuropeanaviationandtodevelopthetechnologiesnecessary foraclean,innovativeandcompetitivesystemofairtransport,throughresearch. Targets “CleanSky”aimstoreduceCO2emissionsby50%andNOxby80% 160 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion SeventhFrameworkProgramme(2007to2013)(DecisionNo.1982/2006/EC) 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Economy implementation Summaryofbill The 7th Framework Programme is adapted to the EU’s needs in terms of growth and employment. After wideͲranging public consultation, four main objectives have been identifiedwhichcorrespondtothefourspecificprogrammesaroundwhichtheEuropean research effort is to be structured Environment including climate change and energy are identifiedaskeyresearchareas. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Reductioninfluorinatedgreenhousegases(Regulation[EC]No.842/2006) 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheRegulationisaimedatreducingemissionsofcertainfluorinatedgases(HFCs,PFCsand sulphurhexafluorides),toimprovecontainmentandmonitoringofthesegasesandrestrict theirmarketinganduse. From31March2008,andeveryyearthereafter,anyoneproducing,importingorexporting morethanonetonneofanyoffluorinatedGHGsmustcommunicatetheimportedorexported amount produced, the applications in which they will be used including the expected emissions,andtheamountsrecycled,reclaimedordestroyed. Targets TheRegulationwasexpectedtoleadtoareductioninemissionsof23milliontonnesofcarbon dioxideequivalentby2010,andanevengreaterreductionthereafter. EuropeanUnion Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 161 ActionPlanforEnergyEfficiency(2007–2012)(ActionPlanforEnergyEfficiency:Realisingthe Potential[COM(2006)]545) 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill This Plan replaces the Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 2000–2006. The Commission has adoptedanActionPlanaimedatachievinga20%reductioninenergyconsumptionby2020. TheActionPlanincludesmeasuresto:improvetheenergyperformanceofproducts,buildings andservices;improvetheyieldofenergyproductionanddistribution;reducetheimpactof transport on energy consumption; facilitate financing and investments in the sector; encourageandconsolidaterationalenergyconsumptionbehaviour;andincreaseinternational actiononenergyefficiency. In2012,theEuropeanCommissionwillassesstheprogressachievedbytheCommunityand MemberStateswithregardtotheimplementationoftheActionPlanforEnergyEfficiencythat laysdownthefirstobjectivesforemissionreductionsby2020.Followingthisassessment,the Commissionwillproposestrengthenedornewmeasures. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories CompetitivenessandInnovationFrameworkProgramme(CIP)(2007–2013) 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Economic/researchanddevelopment implementation Summaryofbill Theprogrammesupportsmeasurestostrengthencompetitivenessandinnovationcapacityin the European Union. Particularly, it encourages the use of information technologies, environmentaltechnologiesandrenewableenergysources. TheIntelligentEnergy–EuropeProgrammehelpsspeedupeffortstoachievetheobjectivesin thefieldofsustainableenergy.Itsupportsimprovementsinenergyefficiency,theadoptionof newandrenewableenergysources,greatermarketpenetrationfortheseenergysources, energyandfueldiversificationandanincreaseintheshareofrenewableenergy. Targets Nonespecified 162 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion Energy endͲuse efficiency and energy services (Directive 2006/32/EC [repealing Council Directive93/76/EEC]) 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill ThepurposeoftheDirectiveistomaketheenduseofenergymoreeconomicandefficient: x byestablishingindicativetargets,incentivesandtheinstitutional,financialandlegal frameworksneededtoeliminatemarketbarriersandimperfectionswhichprevent efficientenduseofenergy x by creating the conditions for the development and promotion of a market for energy services and for the delivery of energyͲsaving programmes and other measuresaimedatimprovingendͲuseenergyefficiency x theDirectiveappliestothedistributionandretailsaleofenergyandthedeliveryof measures to improve endͲuse energy efficiency. Activities included in the GHG emissionstradingschemeandcertainaspectsofthearmedforcesareexcepted x Member States must ensure that the public sector adopts measures to improve energyefficiency,informthepublicandbusinessesofthemeasuresadoptedand promotetheexchangeofgoodpractice.MemberStatesmustappointoneormore new or existing organisations to carry out administrative, management and implementationdutiesinordertomeettheirobligations x MemberStatesrequiredtodevelopaseriesofNationalEnergyEfficiencyAction Plans.Thefirstactionplanwasdueonthe30June2007;thesecondactionplanwas dueonthe30June2011;whilethethirdactionplanisdueonthe30June2014. Targets MemberStatesmustadoptandachieveanindicativeenergysavingtargetof9%by2016in theframeworkofaNationalEnergyEfficiencyActionPlan(NEEAP).MemberStatesmustalso setthemselvesanintermediatenationalindicativetargettobeachievedby2009. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EcoͲdesignrequirementsforenergyͲusingproducts(Directive2005/32/EC)(RecastProposal [COM(2008)]399) 2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements EuropeanUnion ClimateChangeLegislation 163 Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Thedirective2005/32/ECaimstoestablishacoherentframeworkforecoͲdesignrequirements appliedtoenergyͲusingproducts.Mandatoryminimumrequirementsaresetforproducts takingaccountoflifeͲcyclecosts.Theextensionexpandedthedirective’sscopetoencompass allenergyrelatedproducts. Theagreeddirectivedefinestheconditions,criteriaandmethodologyfortheCommissionto adopt ecoͲdesign requirements for specific products using the fastͲtrack comitology procedure.Inaddition,thedirectivewillapplytoanyproductusingenergy,exceptmotor vehicles;however,itdoesnotcreatelegalobligationsformanufacturers,unlessimplementing measuresareadopted. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Mechanismformonitoringgreenhousegasemissions(Decision280/2004/EC) 2004 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheEuropeanUnionhasestablishedanewmechanismformonitoringandreportingGHG emissionstoevaluatemoreaccuratelyandmoreregularlytheprogressmadeinreducing emissions. The Member States and the Community must devise, publish and implement national programmes and a Community programme to limit or reduce anthropogenic emissionsbysources,andenhancetheremovalbysinks,ofallGHGsnotcontrolledbythe Montreal Protocol. The national programmes must include information on: the effect of nationalpoliciesandmeasuresonemissionsandremovals,brokendownbygasandbysector; nationalprojectionsforemissionsandremovalofCO2andotherGHGsfor2005,2010,2015 and2020;measuresbeingtakenorplannedtoimplementrelevantCommunitypolicies;andto complywithcommitmentsundertheKyotoProtocol. Targets Notapplicable 164 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion Cogeneration(Directive2004/8/EC[amendingDirective92/42/EEC]) 2004 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The purpose of this Directive is to facilitate the installation and operation of electrical cogeneration plants (a technology allowing the production of heat and electricity in one process)inordertosaveenergyandtherebycombatclimatechange. Intheshortterm,theDirectiveshouldmakeitpossibletoconsolidateexistingcogeneration installationsandpromotenewplants.Inthemediumtolongterm,theDirectiveshouldserve asameanstocreatethenecessaryframeworkforhighefficiencycogeneration,aimedat reducingemissionsofCO2. FollowingarequestbytheCommissionatleastsixmonthsbeforetheduedate,Member StatesmustevaluateprogresstowardsincreasingtheshareofhighͲefficiencycogenerationfor thefirsttimebythe21February2007atthelatestandthereaftereveryfouryears. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading scheme (Emission Trading Scheme [ETS]) (Directive2003/87/EC) 2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThisDirectiveestablishesaCommunityGHGemissionstradingschemefrom1January2005.In thiscontext,“allowance”meanstheentitlementtoemitatonneofcarbondioxide(oran amountofanyotherGHGwithanequivalentglobalwarmingpotential)duringaspecified period. This scheme should enable the Community and the Member States to meet the commitmentstoreduceGHGemissionsmadeinthecontextoftheKyotoProtocol.Directive 2004/101/ECreinforcesthelinkbetweentheEU’semissionallowancetradingschemeandthe KyotoProtocolbymakingthelatter’s“projectͲbased”mechanisms(JointImplementationand theCleanDevelopmentMechanism)compatiblewiththescheme. EuropeanUnion Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 165 Witheffectfromthe1January2005,allinstallationscarryingoutanyoftheactivitieslistedin Annex I to this Directive (activities in the energy sector, iron and steel production and processing,themineralindustry,andthewoodpulp,paperandboardindustry),andemitting thespecificGHGassociatedwiththatactivity,mustbeinpossessionofapermitissuedbythe appropriateauthorities. EachMemberStatemustdrawupanationalplancomplyingwiththecriteriasetoutinAnnex IIItothisDirective,indicatingtheallowancesitintendstoallocatefortherelevantperiodand howitproposestoallocatethemtoeachinstallation. IncludingaviationactivitiesintheemissionstradingschemewithintheCommunity(Directive 2008/101/EC):ThisbillincludesaviationwithintheEUEmissionsTradingScheme(ETS).All flightsthatarriveordepartfromaMemberState’sterritoryshallbesubjecttotheEUETS (by1January2012). At the end of the year, the operator must submit a report to the appropriate authority detailingtheGHGemissionsproducedbytheinstallationduringthatyear.Anyoperatorfailing tosurrender,by30April,thequantityofallowancescommensuratewiththeemissionsfrom his/her installation during the previous year will be required to pay an excess emissions penalty.Thepenaltyis€100(US$130.5)foreachtonneofcarbondioxideequivalent(€40 [US$52]duringthe3Ͳyearperiodstartingon1January2005)andwillnotreleasetheoperator fromtheobligationtosurrenderanamountofallowancesequaltotheexcessemissions. Nonespecified Communityframeworkforthetaxationofenergyproductsandelectricity(CouncilDirective 2003/96/EC) 2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill TheEuropeanUnionestablishesgeneralisedarrangementsforthetaxationofenergyproducts andelectricity.TheCommunitysystemofminimumrates(previouslyconfinedtomineraloils) isextendedtocoal,naturalgasandelectricity.Energyproductsandelectricityareonlytaxed whentheyareusedasmotororheatingfuel. InlinewiththeCommunity’sobjectivesandtheKyotoProtocol,theframeworkencourages moreefficientuseofenergysoastoreducedependenceonimportedenergyproductsand limit GHG emissions. Also, in the interests of protecting the environment, it authorises MemberStatestogranttaxadvantagestobusinessesthattakespecificmeasurestoreduce their emissions. Member States can apply for exemption for biofuels or energy which is derivedfromsolar,wind,tidal,geothermal,biomassorwaste. Targets Nonespecified 166 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion Useofbiofuels(Directive2003/30/EC) 2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange;reductionofdependenceonoil implementation Summaryofbill TheDirectiverequiresthattheMemberStatesintroducelegislationandtakethenecessary measurestoensurethatasof2005,biofuelsaccountforaminimumproportionofthefuel sold on their territory. Biofuels are defined as liquid or gaseous fuels which are used for transportandwhichareproducedfrombiomass.Biomassisbiodegradablewasteobtainedfor examplefromagricultureandforestry. TheDirectivesetsaminimumpercentageofbiofuelstoreplacedieselorpetrolfortransport purposesineachMemberState. TheCommissionwillpresentareporttotheEuropeanParliamentandtotheCouncilbefore the31December2006ontheprogressachievedintheuseofbiofuelsintheMemberStates, andthendecidewhetheranynewlegislativeproposalswillbenecessary. Targets TheMemberStatesmustensurethattheminimumshareofbiofuelssoldontheirmarketsis 2%bythe31December2005,and5.75%byDecember2010.AnyMemberStatesettinglower objectiveswillhavetojustifythisonthebasisofobjectivecriteria. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Energyperformanceofbuildings(Directive2002/91/EC)(alsoRecastadoptedbyparliament in2010) 2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The Member States must apply minimum energy performance requirements of new and existingbuildings,ensurethecertificationoftheirenergyperformanceandrequiretheregular inspectionofboilersandairconditioningsystemsinbuildings.TheDirectiveconcernsthe residentialsectorandthetertiarysector(includingofficesandpublicbuildings).TheDirective formspartoftheCommunityinitiativesonclimatechange(commitmentsundertheKyoto Protocol)andsecurityofsupply(theGreenPaperonsecurityofsupply). EuropeanUnion Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 167 The directive requires a common methodology for calculating the integrated energy performanceofbuildings.Thisincludes:minimumstandardsontheenergyperformanceof newbuildings,andexistingbuildingsthataresubjecttomajorrenovation.Italsoincludes systemsfortheenergycertificationofnewandexistingbuildingsandtheprominentdisplayof thiscertificationandotherrelevantinformationforpublicbuildings.Certificatesmustbeless than five years old. Regular inspection of boilers and central air conditioning systems in buildingsandanassessmentofheatinginstallationsinwhichtheboilersaremorethan15 yearsoldmustbeconducted. Intherecast,thegoalisthatattheendof2018,publicbuildingswillhavenearlyzeroͲenergy standardsandby2020,allnewbuildingsaretobenearlyzeroͲenergy.Extendingthescopeof the directive by eliminating the current 1,000m² threshold would mean that all existing buildingsundergoingmajorrenovationswouldhavetomeetminimumefficiencylevels. TheEUMemberStatesareresponsiblefordrawinguptheminimumstandards.Theywillalso ensure that the certification and inspection of buildings is carried out by qualified and independentpersonnel. Therecastadoptedbyparliamentin2010intendstoclarify,strengthenandextendthescope oftheexistingDirective. Inthe2010recast,theEUexecutiveexpectstheoverhaultobringitsenergyconsumption downby5–6%,consequentlyslashingCO2emissionsby5%by2020. Promotionofelectricityfromrenewableenergysources(Directive2001/77/EC) 2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheEuropeanUnioniscreatingaframeworkforpromotingrenewableenergysourcesfor electricity production. It is setting an objective for renewables of a 21% contribution to electricityproductionandislayingdownspecificmeasuresrelatingtotheevaluationofthe originoftheelectricity,connectiontothegridandadministrativemeasures.Thisframework beenrepealedbyDirective2009/28/EC(cf.CARE). Targets 12%renewablecontributiontoelectricityproductionby2010 168 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation EuropeanUnion InformationonthefuelconsumptionandCO2emissionsofnewcars(Directive1999/94/EC), amendedbyDirective2003/73/ECandRegulation(EC)No.1882/2003 2000 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Transport/emissions implementation Summaryofbill Tohelpconsumerschoosevehicleswithlowfuelconsumption,theEuropeanUnionrequires dealersofnewpassengercarstoprovidepotentialbuyerswithusefulinformationonthese vehicles’fuelconsumptionandCO2emissions. ThepurposeoftheDirectiveistoensurethatinformationrelatingtothefueleconomyand CO2 emissions of new passengercars offered for saleorleaseintheCommunityis made availabletoconsumers.Thisconsumerinformationsystemistobesetupusingthefollowing fourmethods:attachingafuelconsumptionandCO2emissionslabeltothevehicle;producing a fuel consumption and CO2 emissions guide; displaying posters in car showrooms; and includingfuelconsumptionandCO2emissionsdatainpromotionalmaterial. Targets Nonespecified France ClimateChangeLegistation 169 4.12 France 4.12.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 496 528 Ͳ34 2010 Top20 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:25March1994 Dateofentryintoforce:23June1994 Dateofsignature:29April1998 Dateofratification:31May2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 20%reductionfrom1990levelsby2020 risingto30%underaninternational agreement,pertheEUposition. Domestically,theGrenelleenvisagesa75% (factor4)cutby2050,annualreductionsof 3%andannualemissionsoflessthan140 MtCO2e. GrenelleIandGrenelleII(2009and2010) 170 ClimateChangeLegistation France 4.12.2 LegislativeProcess In France, there is a bicameral parliamentary system where legislative power belongstothe“AssembléeNationale”andthe“Sénat”.Statutelegislationmaybe proposedbythegovernment(councilofministers)orbymembersofParliament. ThegovernmenthasastronginfluenceinshapingtheagendaofParliamentand only10%ofexistinglawswereproposedbymembersofparliament. Thereisastrictseparationbetweenwhatbelongsto“law”andwhatbelongsto “regulation”.Lawsdeterminegeneralprinciplesandrulesindomainsexplicitly quotedintheconstitutionsuchascivilrights,nationalityandcrime.Lawsmustbe votedonbytheparliamentandcanbeblockedbythe“ConseilConstitutionnel”if itfindsthatthelawgoesagainsttheconstitution.Inthiscase,thelawmustbe modifiedandvotedonagain,orabandoned.RegulationscanestablishrulesoutͲ sideofthelaw’sdomainorspecifymorepreciselytheimplementationmodalities ofpassedlaws.Regulationsdonotneedtobevotedonbytheparliament. 4.12.3 ApproachtoClimateChange ClimaterelatedregulationinFrancecomesfromdifferentsources.In2000,France produceditsfirstNationalProgrammeforTacklingClimateChangethatsyntheͲ sisedtheobjectivesandmeasuresthatthegovernmentwantedtoimplementto tackle climate change. These measures were then either inscribed in laws or regulationsonenergy,finance,agriculture,urbanplanning,orabandoned.The sameexperiencewasreproducedwiththeClimatePlan2004andtheClimatePlan 2006. It is now required that the Climate Plan be refreshed every two years accordingtothe2005EnergyPolicyFrameworkLaw(2005Ͳ781).Also,thestate encourageslocalauthoritiestoadoptthesameprocessatthesubͲnationallevel andtoproducelocalclimateplans. Most of the policies regarding transportation or energy efficiency have been implementedthrougharegulatoryframework(forinstanceThermalRegulation 2005reinforcedthrough“GrenelleI”in2009).Thefiscaltools,suchasincentives for renewable energy or feedͲin tariffs, have been passed through the yearly financelaws(“LoideFinances2005,2006,2009”).Mostenergysupplyrelated objectiveshavebeenpassedthroughtheEnergyPolicyFrameworkLaw(2005Ͳ781) of2005.France’sambitiontoreachatargetof23%ofrenewableenergyinthe totalnationalenergyconsumptionby2020(LoiGrenelleI,2009)goesabovethe EU’starget(20%in2020). France ClimateChangeLegistation 171 InOctober2007,anoriginalprocesscalled“Grenelledel’environnement”was initiated.“Grenelle”referstotheGrenelleagreementsthatwerenegotiateddurͲ ingtheeventsofMay1968betweenthegovernmentandunions.Theobjectiveof “Grenelledel’environnement”wastogatherenvironmentstakeholders,inorder to reach a series of agreements, policies and objectives, which would then be translated into laws and regulations. One of the six working groups focused specificallyonclimateandenergy,andwascomposedof40membersdividedinto fivesubͲgroups(state,authorities,nonͲgovernmentorganisations,employersand employees).SomeofthemeasuresagreedwereadoptedintheGrenelleIlawin 2009. More precise policies (designed to implement the principles stated in Grenelle I) were voted on in the June 2010 Grenelle II law. One of the key mechanismsagreedintheGrenellewasthecarbontax,or“ContributionClimatͲ énergie”.However,thispolicywaseventuallyabandonedbythegovernmentfor reasonsofnationaleconomiccompetitiveness.Instead,theFrenchgovernment announcedthatitwouldstronglypushforaEuropeanbordercarbontax,before implementingacarbontaxatthenationallevel. TheintegrativeapproachoftheGrenellehascontributedinbringingtheimportant principles and policies addressing climate change into the mainstream. The Grenellehaseitherstrengthenedthosepoliciesandgoalswhichalreadywerepart ofnationallegislation,orhasincorporatedthemintoaspecificallydedicatedlaw ontheenvironment.Ithasalsocreatedadynamicbetweenvariousstakeholders thatstillcontinuestoday. Althoughsomeoftheinitiallyplannedmeasureshaveprovenchallenginggiventhe economicslowdownandbudgetaryconstraints,theGrenelleIIlawstillcontains manypositiveprovisions.Particularlyencouragingisthatitprioritisesemission reductions and energy efficiency improvements in the buildings and transport sectors.ThesetwosectorsaccountforthebulkofFrance’sGHGemissions,and reducingthemisadauntingtask,especiallyforthetransportsector(IEA). AnothersourceofclimatelegislationinFrancecomesfromtheEuropeandirectives thatFrancehastransposedintonationallegislation.Thiswasachieveddirectlyin thecaseoftheFrenchNationalAllocationPlanvotedonin2005toimplementthe CO2 EUͲEmissions Trading Scheme (Directive: 2003/87/CE); or can be achieved indirectlythroughbroaderlawssuchastheEUDirective2002/91/CEontheenergy performance of building transposed within the Energy Policy Framework law passedin2005(2005Ͳ781).Themainnationalobjectivesandregulationstoreduce emissionsandimproveenergyefficiencyfindtheirsourcesinEuropeanlaw. 172 ClimateChangeLegistation France Inhisfirstmajorspeechon6May2012PresidentFrançoisHollandesetthecourse forFrancetobecome“thenationofenvironmentalexcellence”andindicatedthe wayforFrancetowardsanenergytransitionbasedonsobrietyandefficiencyas well as on the development of renewable energy. This transition involves a sustainedreductionofGHGemissionscoupledwithareductionoftheweightof nuclearenergyinthenationalenergymixfromthecurrent75%to50%by2025. Todefinethemostappropriateandeconomically,environmentallyandsociallyfair transition,anationaldebateonenergytransitionstartedinautumn2012whose outcomewillbeaBillbymidͲ2013.Adedicatedorganizationwillbecreatedto leadthedebateandensureobjectivity.Itwillbesequencedaroundkeyissues: developingrenewables,housingstockenergyretrofitsandreorganisation,transͲ formationandcreationofindustrialsectors. A national commission respecting the balance of six colleges, including parliamentarians,willconstitutethe“parliament”ofthedebate.Ledbyasteering committee, it will rely on a committee of scientific experts and citizens. It will organise and lead a transparent dialogue with all companies involved in the debate.TheCommissionwillensureadialoguewithParliament,theEconomic, SocialandEnvironmentalCommission(EESC)andtheNationalCommissionfor PublicDebate(CNDP).ThenationaldebatewillcoveraperiodfromNovember 2012toMay2013. ThenewgovernmentheldaNationalEnvironmentConferenceon14–15SeptemͲ ber 2012 where a set of measures in the field of climate and energy was announced: x PushforareductionoftheEU’semissionsofGHGby40%in2030and60% in2040andfortheintroductionofacarboninclusionmechanismforsectors mostexposedtointernationalcompetition. x Hydraulic fracturing technology now known only for exploration and exploitationofunconventionalhydrocarbonswillremainprohibitedbecause oftherisktopublichealthandtheenvironment. x Goaltodevelopinthenexttenyearsindustrialvehiclesconsuming2litres ofgasolineper100kilometreswithintheframeworkprogrammeforFuture Investmentsdedicatedtocleanvehicles. x Scaling of the ambition of buildings’ thermal renovation with a new programmetostartin2013increasingresourcesfortherenovationofsocial housingbyincreasingecoͲspecificloansavailable.Implementationofanew France ClimateChangeLegistation 173 fundingsystem–involvingtheinterventionofthirdͲpartyinvestors–will relieve owners of the advance fee. This device will be strengthened by contributionsfromenergyproducers,throughthedeviceofEnergySavings Certificates.Inaddition,anationalcallforprojectswillselectprojectsfor localthermalrenovationtohelptheirfundingand/ordeployment. x Simplification of administrative procedures for the development of renewableenergyandnetworks. x Continuedsupportforwindpower. x AcallfortenderswillbelaunchedbyDecember2012forthecreationof offshorewindfarmsatTréportandNoirmoutier. x SupporttothesolarsectorbyfavoringhighstandardstoensurethequalͲ ityoftheFrenchandEuropeanoffers.Acallfortenderswillbelaunched beforetheendof2012tosupportlargeinstallationstargetinginnovative technologiesandlocaleconomicdevelopment.Thistenderwillfavourlarge roofstoavoidtheuseoffarmland.TargetvolumestriggeringrateadjustͲ ment for small installations will be immediately scaled up significantly, takingintoaccountthefeedbackontheprojectscarriedoutsinceMarch 2011. x Purchase prices for installations and simplified integration for nonͲresiͲ dentialbuildingsshallbeaccompaniedbyabonusofupto10%depending ontheoriginofthecomponentsofthephotovoltaicpanels. x x Pathwaysforheatnetworks,biomassandgeothermalenergywillalsobe supported, building on local initiatives and avoiding conflicts of uses for bioenergy.Theextensionoftheheatfundcontributestothedevelopment ofrenewableheat. TheEnvironmentandEnergyManagementAgency(ADEME)willlaunchan initiativeinearly2013fortheconstructionoftidalenergydemonstration plants.AstudyonthepotentialofthemarineenergysectorwillbecomͲ pletedbylate2012. 174 ClimateChangeLegistation France France:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories GrenelleI(“LoideprogrammerelatifàlamiseenœuvreduGrenelledel’environnement”) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Environmentalpolicy implementation Summaryofbill InJuly2007,theFrenchgovernmentestablishedsixworkinggroupsgatheringstateandnonͲ state actors to address ways to redefine France’s environment policy. The proposed recommendationswerethenputtopublicconsultation,leadingtoasetofrecommendations releasedattheendofOctober2007.TheserecommendationswerepresentedtotheFrench parliamentinearly2008. One working group was specifically created to address the issue of climate change. The GrenelleILawstatestheprinciplesoftheGrenelleprocess.TheGrenelleIILawwillgivea more detailed implementation framework. Not all the measures negotiated during the Grenelleprocesswereadoptedafterthelawwentthroughparliament. Thenameoftheprocess,“LeGrenelledel’Environnement”,referstoa1968conferencewhen governmentnegotiatedwithunionstoendweeksofsocialunrest. Monitoringarrangements:aspecificcommittee(“Comiténationaldudéveloppementdurable etduGrenelledel’Environnement”)issetuptomonitortheimplementationofthemeasures adopted in the Grenelle Laws and report once a year to the parliament to suggest improvements. The committee is also associated with the formulation, monitoring and evaluationofsustainabledevelopmentandbiodiversitynationalstrategies.Thecommittee wasinstitutedbyDecreeNo.2010Ͳ370inApril2010andhelditsfirstmeetinginMay2010.It istheinstitutionalisationofthe“ComitédeSuividuGrenelle”createdin2007. This “Comité national du développement durable et du Grenelle de l’Environnement” is chairedbytheMinistryofenvironment,theinterͲministerialdelegateforsustainabledevelͲ opment and several groups made up of representatives of the State, the private sector, EnvironmentalNGOsandunions.Ithasalso6memberswhorepresentthedomainoffamily, consumers protection, solidarity, social integration, youth, development aid and a representativeoftheChamberofCommerceandIndustry.Intotal,ithas41members. This committee has a secretariat within the Minister ofthe environmentand Sustainable Development (the same secretariat as for the “Commissariat général au développement durable”) and must meet at least four times. It can also meet when needed under a convocationfromtheMinistryofenvironment.Itcanalsomeetiftwothirdsofitsmembers demandit. France Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation 175 Theoutcomesofthismeetingaremadeavailabletothepublic. Local and regional authorities are invited to produce Local Climate plans before 2012. Measures to mainstream climate change and energy efficiency into urban law. Several measures for state exemplarity (carbon footprint studies, +20% energy efficiency etc.). ReorganisationofpublicenvironmentalexpertisetoincludemoremultiͲdisciplines. Transport of merchandise: objective of 25% of nonͲroad based transport (support and extensionofrailway,highspeedtrains,fluvial,maritimetransportation). Supportofpublictransportandcleanvehicles.ExtensionofsubwayandregionaltraininIleͲ deͲFrance(Parisregion). Research and development: Additional funding for Sustainable Development research programmes (€1 billion over 4 years). Objective: by 2013 spending for clean energy and environmentistobeequaltospendinginresearchoncivilnuclearprogrammes. Nonespecified GrenelleII(“LoiportantEngagementnationalpourl’environnement”) 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Environmentalpolicy implementation Summaryofbill This law aims at specifying the Grenelle I axes and objectives in order to facilitate their implementation. Puttingapriceoncarbon:thefirstversionoftheCarbonTaxpropositionwasblockedbythe “ConseilConstitutionel”inDecember2009forreasonsoffiscalinequalities. Later,inthecontextoftheeconomiccrisisthecarbontaxprojectwasincreasinglyseenbythe governmentasanimportantissuefornationaleconomiccompetitiveness.Beforetheregional elections,presidentSarkozyannouncedthewithdrawalofthelegislativeprojectjustifyingitby thewilltopromoteaEuropeanCarbontaxbeforeimplementingoneatthenationallevel. Energy–supplyͲsidepolicies: x Betterlinkageofrenewableenergytothemainenergynetwork x Regulationofexperimentalcarbonstorageinstallations Support and administrative facilitation for wind power. Incentives for solar power (each personisallowedtohavephotovoltaicpanelsonhis/herbuildingandtosellit) 176 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation France Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:“Carbontax”abandoned. Improvement of energy saving certification schemes. Improvement of energy consumers’ informationontheirlevelofconsumptionandmeansofreduction. PublicationofRegionalprogrammesforclimateandenergywithinayearofthelawentering intoforce. SameasforGrenelleI France:OtherRelevantLegislation FinanceLaw 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Nationalfinance implementation Summaryofbill The2009FinanceLawcontainsvariousprovisionstoincreasefinancingforenergyefficiency investmentsandinsupportofrenewableenergy. The Law also includes some provisions targeting biofuels. Ethanol E85 is to benefit from progressivelyreducedconsumptiontaxes. TheFinanceLawestablishedazeroͲinterestloanprogrammeforthosepurchasingahomefor the first time (either new or existing construction); the loan amount is increased by EUR 20,000 if the building meets standards beyond those required under current building regulations. EcoͲloan: 0% loan for energyͲefficient renovation (Art. 99) (thermal insulation for roofs, exteriorwalls,Installation,regulationorreplacementofheatingorhotwatersystemsetc.). Targets Nonespecified France Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation 177 BonusͲMalus:vehicleCO2bonusandpenaltysystem 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill Followingthe“Grenelleoftheenvironment”process,acombinedbonusandpenaltysystem (BonusͲMalus programme) was announced to encourage the purchase of lowͲpolluting vehicles. Thebonussystemappliestonewvehiclespurchasedfrom5December2007andisprovidedas afunctionoftheCO2emitted Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories FarmingPolicyFramework(“Loid’OrientationAgricole”No.2006Ͳ11) 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Landuse implementation Summaryofbill Setsoutsthemaintargetsandpoliciesforthenationalagriculturepolicy Targets ThisLawgoesbeyondthe2010Europeanobjectiveof5.75%ofbiofuels(cf.2003/30/CEand EnergyPolicyFramework)andsetsanambitioustargetof7%ofbiofuelsinfuelsfor2010. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories PlanClimat(Policyframework) 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × Driverfor Climatechange implementation × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × 178 ClimateChangeLegistation France Summaryofbill As envisaged in the Energy Policy Framework (2005), the government elaborated a new ClimatePlantwoyearsafterthe2004ClimatePlan.TheClimatePlan2006wasmeantto reinforcethemeasuresadoptedintheClimatePlan2004andimplementafewnewmeasures. Mostofthemeasureshavebeenimplementedunderpreviousexistinglaws,decreesand regulationsthatdonotneedparliamentaryapproval. Energy–supplyͲsidepoliciesincludeincreasingthenumberof“certificatesforenergysavings” (“certificats économie énergie”) in order to incite energy producers to promote energy savings. Incentiveandinformationmechanismstopromotewoodheatingandsolarelectricity:e.g.: increaseofthefeedͲintariffsforphotovoltaics. Energy–demandͲsidepoliciesinclude: x reinforcementoftaxexonerationonrenewableinstallations x January2007:creationoftheSustainableDevelopmentbooklets:itenablesbanks tofinancelowinterestrateloansforenergyefficiencyrenovationofbuildings x Generalisation of the energy performance diagnostics monitored by an interͲ ministerial mission on GHG. Increased transparency through an operational document(“Documentdepolitiquetransversal”)annexedtotheyearlyBudgetary Law(“loidefinances”)inordertogivemorevisibilitytomembersofparliament. Localauthoritiesofmorethan100,000inhabitantsareincitedtoproduceLocalClimatePlans. Increasedpresenceofclimatechangeinschoolprograms. Transportpolices:ExtensionoftheEnergylabeltosecondhandcarsandadvertisments.Aset ofmeasuresisintroducedforlimitingairpollution(congestioncharges,increaseinthenumber oftaxisandpublictransportetc.). September2007:Creationofa5ͲyearNationalAdaptationPlanforclimatechange. Avoiding10%emissionsby2010.Dividingemissionsby4by2050 Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ThermalRegulation2005(RT2005) 2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements France ClimateChangeLegistation 179 Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill ThermalRegulation2005(RegulationThermique2005)directlyreplacesThermalRegulation 2000,introducingmorestringentregulationsofthermalinsulationandheatingsystems. RT2005requires15%improvementofthermalefficiencyandappliestonewbuildings.Italso creates a labelling system to identify energy efficient buildings. Calculations now include naturallightingandrenewableenergysources. Impositionofdistinctsummerandwinterrequirementstoencouragebioclimaticarchitecture. CalculationofairconditionedbuildingstodiscouragetheiruseandconstructioninFrance. Targets Nonespecfied Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Energy Policy Framework (“Loi de Programme fixant les orientations de la politique énergétique”[POPE],No.2005Ͳ781) 2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Energysupplyandenergyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Thislaw,adoptedaftertwoyearsofpublicdebate,definestheobjectivesandorientationsof France’s energy policy (energy security, competitive energy market, fighting greenhouse effect,managedemand,diversifysourcesofsupply,developnewtechnology).Thebillstates thattacklingclimatechangeisapriorityofFrance’senergypolicy. Itcontainsobjectivestoincreasetheshareofrenewableelectricityinthenationalenergymix andtodiversifyenergysources:includingatargetthatrenewableenergies’satisfy10%of Frenchenergydemandby2010.Specifically,thisentailsthedevelopmentofthermicenergy sourcesby50%before2010andthefuelmixincorporationofbiofuelsby2%before2006and 5.75%before2011(BiofuelPlan). TheLawcreatesaHighCouncilonEnergytomanageallaspectsoftheenergysector(including exchangeofWhiteCertificateoncleanenergy). Objectivetodecreaseenergydemandinordertodecreasethefinalenergyintensityby2.5%in 2030. Italsoincludesnewincentivemechanismssuchastaxexonerations,energylabelforbuilding andaWhiteCertificateProgrammetoencourageenergyefficiencyamongfirmsintheenergy sectorasenvisagedinthe2004ClimatePlan. 180 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation France Transposition of the EU directive 2002/91/CE on the energy performance of building (standards, energy performance certificate, energy efficiency studies before construction begins). Informationcampaignstargetingbothschoolchildrenandconsumers. EnergyTechnologyR&D:Thegovernmentwillpublishitsdomesticresearchstrategy,tobe revised every 5 years, and report each year to Parliament regarding development of renewableenergiesandenergyefficiencyprograms.FundshavebeengiventotheNational ResearchAgency. ItrequiresthegovernmenttoelaborateaClimatePlaneverytwoyearsinordertoelaborate allthenationalframeworkandpoliciesimplementedtofightclimatechange.Italsodemands supportforregionalandmunicipalprogramsofenergymanagement. Includesobjectiveofannualreductionbetweennowand2015ofFrenchenergyintensityby 2%,andbetweennowand2030by2.5% ObjectivetodecreasetheGHGemissionsby3%peryearreducetotalofemissionsby75%by 2050. It contains objectives to increase the share of renewable electricity in national energy productionandtodiversifyitssources:renewableenergiestosatisfy10%ofFrenchenergy demandby2010. PlanClimat2004(Policyframework) 2004 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill After extensive interministerial discussions the plan was postponed 5 times and finally adoptedbythegovernmentinJuly2004.ThegoaloftheClimatePlan2004(PlanClimat2004) wastoreinforcetheNationalProgrammeforTacklingClimateChangeandtoimplementa pragmaticsetoftoolstorespectFrance’sKyotocommitments.Somemeasureshavebeen implemented. The Plan envisaged the February 2005 “French National Allocation Plan 2005–2007” (Implementationofthe2003EuropeanDirectivecreatingaCO2EUͲEmissionsTradingScheme [2003/87/CE]).ThescopeoftheFrenchNAPhasbeenenlargedtoinstallationsofothersectors thatarenotmentionedintheEuropeanDirective(chemicals,agroͲfood,services),adding morethan700installations.Thenewentrantsreservehasincreasedto5.69Mt. France Targets ClimateChangeLegistation 181 MostoftheClimatePlanenergysupplysideͲmeasuresrestsonthe2005Frameworklawon Energy.Taxexonerationforsolarenergyinstallations(40%in2005,50%in2006). January2005(FinanceLaw2005):Includesthecreationofataxexonerationthataimsto support the integration of energy efficient equipment, materials and devices in private households.Thisprovisionistobeappliedfrom2005to2009with40%taxexonerationforthe expensesonequipmentproducingrenewableenergy. April2005:Airconditionersmusthaveenergylabel. January2006(FinanceLaw2006):Taxormalusontheregistrationdocumentacquiredforthe purchaseofcarsproducingmorethan200gCO2/km. January2006(FinanceLaw2006):increaseoftaxexonerationforcleanvehicles(1525eurosto 2000euros). May2006:EnergyLabel(“EtiquetteEnergie”)fornewcarsmandatory(transpositionofEU directiveof1999). Biofuel Plan: objective 5.75% of Biofuels in 2010 (transposition of the Biofuel European directive),developmentofanetworkofbiofuelstations. Taxexonerationsfororganicfarmersareintroduced. ExtensionofCompanyMobilityPlans(“PlandeDéplacementpourlesenterprises”).Thisisa set of measures that incites and helps companies to improve professional transportation plans,reducingtheuseofindividualcars.AccelerationoftheconstructionofnewHighSpeed Trainrailways. TheClimatePlanisdistributedintovariousministriesandturnedintosectoralmoredetailed plansafterwhichdifferenttoolsandregulationsaredevelopedandimplemented.Elaboration ofvoluntaryregionalplansandsubsidiesforrenewableenergy(AlsaceandRhôneͲAlpes). Supportoflocaladministrations(regions,departments)todeveloptheirownpoliciesand regulations(urbanplanning,CO2quantificationetc.). The Plan Climat 2004 mandates ONERC to prepare a strategy for national adaptation to climatechangeandtoleadacertainnumberofprojectsinthisfield. TheplanismonitoredbyaninterͲministerialmissiononGHGs. Goaltoreduceby75%thelevelofemissionsin2050andtocut72milliontonnesofcarbon dioxideemissionsannuallyuntil2010. 182 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation France Financebillfor2003(LawNo.2002Ͳ1575of30) 2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Nationalfinance implementation Summaryofbill Thisyearlylawsetsoutthebenefitsandexpensesofthestate.Itcontainsmechanismsto achieveemissionorenergyefficiencytargets. TheFinanceLawof2003extendsthetaxcreditforacquiringenergyproducingequipment whichusesarenewablesourceofenergy,andwhichisinstalledinnewhousing.Thecreditis equalto15%oftheamountofthepurchaseprice. TheFinanceLawextendsuntil31December2005thetaxcreditfortheacquisitionofanew vehicle operating on natural gas, liquefied natural gas and hybrid vehicles (electric/ combustion). Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Creation of the National Observatory on the Effects of Global Warming (Observatoire nationalsurleseffetsduréchauffementclimatique–ONERC) 2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill The Observatory is created to improve the links between scientific and political national institutionsonclimatechangeandmonitortheeffectsofclimatechange. Itisintendedtocollectanddisseminateinformation,studiesandresearchontherisksrelating toglobalwarmingandextremeclimaticphenomenainconnectionwithothernationalor internationalinstitutions.Toadvisethemeansofclimatechangemitigationandadaptationto limitassociatedrisks. Targets Nonespecified France Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation 183 NationalProgrammeforTacklingClimateChange2000/2010(ProgrammeNationaldeLutte contreleChangementClimatique[PNLCC]) 2000 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill Followingpreviousnationalreportsorcommunicationsonthesubject(1990,1995,1997),the ProgrammewasadoptedinJanuary2000inordertoreachtheobjectivesadoptedatKyoto. Thisprogrammeprovidesinformationonthenationaldispositionstotackleclimatechange butisnotlegallybinding.Itwasinspiredbythewilltopursuelegislativeactivityonclimate change, create structural and fiscal measures, economic incentives tools as well as mechanismstocontrolenergyproductionandconsumption.Itsuggestedmeasuresthatif appliedwouldhelpFrancereachitsobjectivesforthe2008–2010period.Notallmeasures proposedhavebeenadopted. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:Raisingthetaxonnaturalgasinordertogiveasignalto domesticconsumers.Thisincreaseshouldbecompensatedbythedecreaseofothertaxes. The French government decided in December 2000 to create an information network on energyefficiency,“PointsInfoEnergie”,tosupplylocalinformationconcerningenergysaving andrenewableenergy. Transportpolices:Raisingtheinternaltaxonoilproducts(TaxeIntérieuresurlesProduits Pétroliers–TIPP)inordertolowerdemandintransportationsector. Reinforcement of existing measures such as increase of rail merchandise transportation, decreaseofunitaryvehicleconsumption Increasedsupporttoresearchanddevelopmentinrenewableenergies(wind,solar,wood). MonitoredbyaninterͲministerialmissiononGHG. Targets Stabilisationofemissionsin2008–2012atthelevelof1990semissions(Kyoto):avoidingthe emissionof16millionstonnesofCO2efrom2000to2010. 184 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegistation France ThermalRegulation 2000 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Building/energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Thisregulationistheresultoftheimplementationofthe“Lawonairandrationaluseof energy”(1996).Itsetsuptheminimalthresholdforbuildings’thermalcharacteristicsandthe conventional methodology to calculate energy consumption of buildings. It consists of a decreeonthethermalcharacteristicsofconstructionandanorderrelatingtothethermal characteristicsofnewbuildingsandnewadditionstoexistingbuildings. The new rules apply standards that are 20% more stringent than previous ones for the residential sector, and 40% more stringent in the light industry sector. The National Programme for Tackling Climate Change 2000/2010 allows for periodically increasing the standards,beginningin2005. Targets Nonespecified Germany ClimateChangeLegislation 185 4.13 Germany 4.13.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 954 937 Ͳ310 2010 Top10 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:9December1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:29April1998 Dateofratification:31May2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 30%reductionby2020comparedto1990 levels,providedthatotherdeveloped countriescommitthemselvesto comparableemissionreductionsandthat developingcountriescontributeadequately accordingtotheirresponsibilitiesand respectivecapabilities;however,the currentcoalitiongovernmentgoeseven furtherbysettingadomestictargetto reduceGHGemissionsby40%below1990 levelsby2020. LegislativeactsinthecontextoftheEnergy Conceptof2010/11,buildingonthe IntegratedClimateandEnergyProgramme of2007/8 186 ClimateChangeLegislation Germany 4.13.2 LegislativeProcess InGermany,theBundestagisthemostimportantorganofthelegislativebranch. The German Bundesrat is also involved in the legislative process as an organ throughwhichthesixteenLänderofGermanyparticipateinthelegislationofthe Federation. The Federal Government introduces most legislation; when it does so, the BundesratreviewsthebillandthenpassesitontotheBundestag.IfabillorigiͲ natesintheBundesrat,itissubmittedtotheBundestagthroughtheexecutive branch.IftheBundestagintroducesabill,itissentfirsttotheBundesrat.TheJoint ConferenceCommitteeresolvesanydifferencesoverlegislationbetweenthetwo legislativechambers.Oncethecompromisebillthatemergesfromtheconference committeehasbeenapprovedbyamajorityinbothchambersandbythecabinet, itissignedintolawbythefederalpresident. The German Basic Law assigns no general legislative powers to the Federal Governmentinrespectofenvironmentprotection.Rather,therespectivelegislaͲ tivepowersareseparatedoutforairpollutioncontrol,noiseabatement,waste management,natureconservationandwatersupply.EnvironmentalresponsibiliͲ tiesthatfalleithertoalimitedextentunderthesesectoralresponsibilitiesorare notcoveredbythematallcan,undercertaincircumstances,becoveredbythe legislativepowerof“lawrelatingtoeconomicaffairs”.Then,legislationonclimate changecaninpartbecoveredbythelegislativeareaof“airpollutioncontrol”,but mustalsobecoveredbythe“lawrelatingtoeconomicaffairs”.Therefore,thereis nouniformlegislativeareaofclimatechangelawinGermany. 4.13.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Energysupply Buildingonitsnationalclimatepolicyprogrammesof2000and2005,Germany launcheditsfirstnationalclimatechangeandenergyprogrammein2007,closely followedbyasecondpackagein2008.Morerecently,inSeptember2010,the GermangovernmentlauncheditsEnergyConceptforanEnvironmentallySound, ReliableandAffordableEnergySupply.Thisstrategyincludedanextensionofthe operationofitsnuclearreactors(byanaverageof12years)andtheexpansionof renewableenergysources.However,followingtheFukushimadisasterinJapanin March2011,theGermangovernmentreassessedtherisksassociatedwithnuclear Germany ClimateChangeLegislation 187 power.Thegovernmenthasnowdecidedtophaseoutnuclearenergyby2022and willincreaseitsambitionforrenewableenergy,includingatargettoproduce35% ofelectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2020(fromtheoriginaltargetof30%).In 2011thegovernmentamendedtheAtomicEnergyActandtheRenewableEnergies SourcesActtoputthesechangesintolaw. Historically,thegovernment’sintegrationofclimatechangemitigationintothe legal system has been primarily focused on energy efficiency and renewable energy. Germany has introduced a range of statutory regulations on energy efficiencyinkeysectors.AmendmentstotheCombinedHeatandPowerActin 2008,2009and2012increasedthepercentageshareofhighͲefficiencycombined heatandpower(CHP)plantsinelectricityandheatgeneration(primaryenergyuse over90%)from12to25%in2008and2009toreacha25%shareofthetotal conventional energy generated by 2020. District heat networks will also be expanded.ThegovernmentamendedtheCombinedHeatandPowerActin2011 and again in 2012 on the basis of a monitoring report to strengthen energy productioninCHPplants. UseofrenewableenergyisoffundamentalimportanceinGermanclimatechange legislation.TheRenewableEnergySourcesActof25October2008remainsthe mostimportantinstrumentforexpandingtheuseofrenewableenergysources. Thislawsetatargettogenerate30%ofelectricitysupplyfromrenewableenergy resources by 2020 and this target was increased to 35% in 2011 following the Fukushimadisasterandtheresultantdecisiontophaseoutnuclearpowerby2022. ThefeedͲinͲtariffregimeforphotovoltaicinstallationswasrevisedinsummer2012. PaymentsforPV systems above 10 MW were cancelled. The feedͲinͲtariffs for installationsbelow10MWhavebeenadjustedforseveralclassesofPVsystems. For April 2012 ranges between 13.5 and 19.5 cent/kWh have been set which decrease1%permonthplus/minusavariablefactorstartinginSeptember2012 withanmaximumdegressionfixedat29%.Thegovernmenthasannouncedthatit wantstomaintainasolar“growthcorridor”of2,500–3,500MWperyear,with supportfornewinstallationscappedwhenanationaltotalof52GWisreached.A classsystemformediumͲsizedroofͲtopinstallationswillalsobeintroduced. InlinewiththeMesebergIntegratedEnergyandClimateProgramme,newinstruͲ mentswereintroducedundertheRenewableEnergiesHeatActof7August2008, which is designed to foster and enforce the use of renewable energy for heat supply.GiventhataroundhalfoftheenergyusedinGermanygoestosupplying heat and for refrigeration, the aim of this Act is not only to reduce energy 188 ClimateChangeLegislation Germany consumptionbyimprovingenergyefficiency,amongotherthingswiththeaidof theEnergySavingOrdinance(EnEV),butalsotoswitchtheunavoidableportionof energyconsumptionovertorenewableenergy. TheActonDemonstrationandApplicationofGechnologiesforCapture,Transport and Permanent Storage of Carbon Dioxide (CCS), transposing the EU Directive 2009/31onCCS,wasadoptedin2012,afteralongconciliationprocessbetween thelower(Bundestag)andtheupper(Bundesrat)Chambers.Thefederalregions (Länder)representedintheBundesratdemandedtheintroductionofanannual storagelimitof4milliontonnesofCO2,aswellasprovisionsgrantingdiscretionary powerstotheLänderastotheauthorisationofCCSdemonstrationsitesonthe basis ofalternative usesfor the site,its geologicalfeaturesand publicinterest factors. Toexpandandupgradethegridintheexpansionofrenewableenergysources,the government intends to adopt a Grid Expansion Acceleration Act to create the prerequisitesforaquickerexpansion.Thisisparticularlyrelevantforelectricity transmissiongridswiththemainfunctionoftransportingwindpowerfromthe Northtotheconsumptioncentresofthesouth.TherevisedEnergyIndustryAct willcreateastrongerbasisforsmartgridsandstoragefacilities.Thegovernmentis alsopreparingaPlanningAccelerationActtohelpensuretherequiredcapacitiesof fossilfuelpowerplantsarecreatedquickly. Anotherkeycomponentinthepromotionofrenewableenergyinvolvesgreater useofbiofuels.TheGermangovernmenthasintroducedapackageofrulesthat simplifiestheprocedureforfeedingbiogasintothegasgrid.Thepackageincludes arevisedGasGridAccessOrdinance2008andtheGasGridFeeOrdinance2008. Whatismore,theMesebergIntegratedEnergyandClimateProgrammecontained a17%targetforbiofuelsby2020.ThelegalbasisisprovidedbytheBiofuelQuotas Actof2009.GermanyhasalsotransposedtheRenewablesDirectiverequirements onsustainablebiomassproductiononeforoneintonationallawbymeansofthe FederalBiofuelsSustainabilityOrdinancein2009. Energyefficiency Inthebuildingssector,theEnergySavingOrdinance(EnEV)wasamended(most recentlyin2009),withtherequirementsforrestrictingprimaryenergyuseand transmissionheatlossbeingsignificantlytightened.AnupcomingEnergySaving Ordnancewillprovideforagradualharmonisationofstandardsfornewbuildings withthefutureEuropeanstandardfornearzeroͲenergybuildingsby2020.Inorder Germany ClimateChangeLegislation 189 to comply with stringent energy efficiency criteria (any products and services procured should have best performance with regard to energy efficiency), the government will adopt amendments to the Ordinance on the Award of Public Contracts. The Heat Cost Ordinance was also amended in 2009 to foster energyͲsavingbehaviouramongtenantsofrentedpremises.TheLawforenergy labellinglegislationimplementingEUDirective2010/30of19May2010onthe indicationoftheconsumptionofenergyandotherresourcesbyenergyͲrelated productsbylabellingandstandardproductinformationwasadoptedin2012. Transport Forroadtransport,improvementsareexpectedinthestatutoryreductiontargets for CO2 emissions per kilometre. Among other things, these include enhanced engineefficiency(RegulationEC443/2009).ConsumerͲsideincentivescomeinthe formofrevisedfuelconsumptionlabellingforprivatevehicles(OrdinanceonFuel ConsumptionLabellingforCars,lastamendedin2006).Inrespectofindustrial facilities, greater efficiency is expected to be achieved through the emissions tradingscheme. Landuse The Federal Ministry for Education and Research is funding the project “InterͲ dependenciesbetweenLandUseandClimateChangeStrategiesforaSustainable LandUseManagementinGermany(CCͲLandStraD)”,runningfrom2010to2015,to evaluate the mitigation and adaptation potential of various land management strategiesacrossthemajorlandͲusingsectorsareaͲwideinGermanyinorderto develop sustainable land management strategies in close collaboration with stakeholderstakingfeasibilityandsocialacceptabilityintoaccount. Germany:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories IntegratedClimateandEnergyProgramme 2007and2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energysecurity,energyefficiencyandclimatechange implementation × × 190 ClimateChangeLegislation Germany Summaryofbill Thisprogramme,whichdrawsonthegovernment’spolicystatementof26April2007andthe resultsofanenergysummitheldon3July2007,hasasitsguidingprinciplessecurityofsupply, economicefficiencyandenvironmentalprotection. Theintegratedclimateandenergyprogrammeaimstocutgreenhouseemissionsby40%by 2020comparedwith1990levels. Through29measures,theprogrammeaddressesawiderangeofissues,includingcombined heatandpowergeneration,theexpansionofrenewableenergyinthepowersector,carbon captureandsequestrationtechnologies,“smart”metering,cleanpowerstationtechnologies, theintroductionofmodernenergymanagementsystems,supportprogrammesforclimate protectionandenergyefficiency(apartfrombuildings),energyefficientproducts,provisions onthefeedͲinofbiogastonaturalgasgrids,anenergysavingsordinance,theoperatingcosts of rental accommodation, a modernisation programme to reduce CO2 emissions from buildings,energyefficientmodernisationofsocialinfrastructure,theRenewableEnergiesHeat Act,aprogrammefortheenergyefficientmodernisationoffederalbuildings,acarbondioxide strategyforpassengercars,theexpansionofthebiofuelsmarket,reformofvehicletaxonthe basisofcarbondioxide,energylabellingofpassengercars,reinforcementoftheinfluenceof theHGVtoll,aviation,shipping,thereductionofemissionsoffluorinatedGHGs,procurement ofenergyefficientproductsandservices,energyresearchandinnovation,electricmobility, internationalprojectsonclimateprotectionandenergyefficiency,reportingonenergyand climate policy by German embassies and consulates, and a transatlantic climate and technologyinitiative. Targets Energy supply: to double electricity generation from Combined Heat and Power to 25%; approvalofa850kmundergroundgridtotransportoffshorewindenergytothecountry’s south. Energydemand:EnergyͲrelatedrequirementsfornewhomesandfullyrenovatedoldhomes totargeta30%reductioninenergyuse;alsorulesonreplacementofcentralheatingboilers andnewstandardsforwindowsandtheinsulationofbuildingfacades.Incentivesfor“smart” meters;reformoftheEnergySavingOrdinance. Transport:Increaseinroadtollsfortrucks;reformofvehicletaxtoapollutantandcarbon dioxide emissions basis; amendment to the Passenger Car Energy Consumption Labelling Scheme. Researchanddevelopment:€400million(US$522.5million)tobeallocatedfromsalesof carbonallowancesintheEUETStoinvestinlowcarbonprojects,includingrefrigerationtechͲ nologyandbiomassresearch. Germany ClimateChangeLegislation 191 Germany:OtherRelevantLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyConceptforanEnvironmentallySound,ReliableandAffordableEnergySupply 28September2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Renewableenergy,energysecurity,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TosetoutalongͲtermenergystrategyto2050thatwillprovideanenvironmentallysound, reliableandaffordableenergysupply. Scientifically tested monitoring every three years, to be published. Methodology to be established. Targets 40%below1990levelsby2020;55%by2030;70%by2040and80–95%by2050 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories BiofuelQuotaAct 15July2009,amendedon17September2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill ThelegalbasisfortheMesebergIntegratedEnergyandClimateProgramme,whichcontained a17%targetforbiofuelsby2020. Targets UndertheAct,agrowingpercentageoffuelforuseinmotorvehiclesmustbeproducedfrom biomass.TheGermanAdvisoryCouncilontheEnvironmentfoundthetargettobefartoohigh, andfavoursbiomassuseinstationaryCHPplants.TheEuropeanUnioninArticle3(4)ofthe RenewableEnergyDirective(Directive2009/28/EC)prescribesarenewablesshareofonly10% forthetransportsector. 192 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Germany GermanStrategyforAdaptationtoClimateChange 17December2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheStrategyadoptedbytheFederalCabinetcreatesaframeworkforadaptingtotheimpacts ofclimatechangeinGermany.ItprimarilydescribesthecontributionoftheFederation,thus actingasaguideforotheractors.TheStrategylaysthefoundationforamediumͲterm,stepͲ byͲstepprocessundertakenincooperationwiththefederalLänderandothercivilgroupsand aimed at assessing the risks of climate change, identifying the possible need for action, definingappropriategoalsanddevelopingandimplementingoptionsforadaptationmeasures. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories RenewableEnergySourcesAct(EEG) 25October2008,amendedin2009and2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThisActreplacedthelawonfeedingelectricityfromrenewableresourcesintothepublicgrid of7December1990. TheinstrumentalcoreoftheformerElectricityGridFeedActhasbeenretained:gridoperators mustfeedrenewablesͲgeneratedelectricityintothegridandchargeastateͲprescribedprice forit.However,theregulatoryapproachhasbeenupdatedandmademoresophisticated underthenewAct. On1January2011adegressionof13%forPVsystemsbecameeffective.The2011revision alsomadecomprehensiveamendmentstotheBiomassOrdinance,whichcameintoeffecton 1January2012.TheamendedBiomassOrdinancestipulateswhichsubstancesareeligiblefor anadditionaltariffpaymentbasedonthetypesofbiomass,whichenergyͲrelatedreference valuesaretobeusedtocalculatethetariffandhowtariffsrelatingtobiomasstypesshouldbe calculated. Targets TheActaimstogenerate30%ofelectricitysupplyfromrenewableenergyresourcesby2020 (amendedto35%followingtheFukushimadisaster). Germany Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 193 RenewableEnergiesHeatAct 7August2008,amended2009and2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energy efficiency; and switch the unavoidable portion of energy consumption over to implementation renewableenergy Summaryofbill TheregulatorycoreoftheActcomprisesthestatutoryobligationtocoverapercentageofheat demandfromrenewableenergysources.Thepercentageinvolveddependsonthetypeof energyusedandrangesfrom15%forsolarenergyto50%forbiofuel.However,theobligation to meet heat demand using renewables may be replaced by other measures, e.g., highͲ performanceCHPplants. Targets Itishopedthattheshareofrenewablesinheatsupplywillbeincreasedfromthecurrent6.6% to14%in2020.Anannual€500million(US$653)infundingwillbemadeavailableupto2012 topromoteenergyefficiencyinbuildings. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV) on energyͲsaving insulation and energyͲsaving systems technologyinbuildings 24July2007,lastamended29April2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The regulation prescribes requirements for buildings: that specific annual primary energy consumptionmaynotbeexceeded(Section3and4EnEV).Theseminimumrequirements includethresholdsfortransmissionheatlossandalsoapplyinadaptedformfromexisting buildings (Section 9 and 10 EnEV). It was amended in 2009, with the requirements for restrictingprimaryenergyuseandtransmissionheatlossbeingsignificantlytightened. Targets TheFederalGovernmentexpectsthesemeasurestoeffecta20%reductioninCO2emissionsin thebuildingssectorby2020. 194 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Germany EnergyIndustryAct 13July2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energysecurity,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill A framework policy to enhance competition, security of supply and sustainable energy production. It requires electricity labelling according to type of energy source, providing greaterinformationonelectricitysourcestoallowconsumerstomakeinformeddecisions aboutsuppliers. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories LawontheConservation,ModernisationandDevelopmentofCombinedHeatandPower (CHP) 19March2002amended15October2008and21August2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill Thislawreplacesthe2000lawoncombinedheatandpower.Bothlawsareprimarilyintended to promote large CHP plants that were affected by decreasing electricity prices as a consequenceofliberalisation.AtthesametimetheshareofCHPͲproducedelectricityistobe increased,aimingatloweringCO2emissionsby23milliontonnesby2010.Halfofthistargetis tobeachievedbytheCHPlaw,theotherhalfbyavoluntaryagreementwithindustry. TherenewableenergytechnologiesnotcoveredbytheEEGmaybenefitfromthislaw.This includescoͲfiringofbiomassinfossilͲfuelledpowerplantsandbiomassͲfiredCHPlargerthan 20MW.Thepremiumcannotbecombinedwithothersupport,particularlynotwiththeEEG. Targets Withtheamendmentsin2008and2009,thepercentageshareofhighͲefficiencyCHPplantsin electricityandheatgeneration(primaryenergyuseover90%)willbeincreasedfrom12to 25%.Districtheatnetworkswillalsobeexpanded. Germany Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 195 LawtoamendtheMineralOilTaxLawandRenewableEnergyLaw June2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheLawraisesthecapontotalphotovoltaiccapacitythatiseligibleforpremiumpayments undertherenewableenergylaw,andextendsmineraloiltaxexemptiontocoverallbiomass fuels.ThisLawwasacceptedbytheEUinFebruary2004.TheLawraisesthecaponthetotal photovoltaiccapacitythatiseligibleforpremiumpaymentsundertherenewableenergylaw. ItbenefitsbiofuelsbyexemptingthemfromoiltaxfromJanuary2004untiltheendof2009. TheLawrequiresthattheFederalFinanceMinistrydrawupareportwiththeaidofother relevantministrieseverytwoyears,withthefirstdueattheendofMarch2004,tochart progress in the market introduction of biofuels, and to examine price developments of biomass,crudeoilandautomobilefuels. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ActamendingtheregulatoryframeworkforelectricityfromPV(EEGchange)(Gesetzzur ÄnderungdesRechtsrahmensfürStromausPV[EEGͲÄnderung]) 23August2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements Decarbonisationofenergymix × × Driverfor implementation Summaryofbill ThisActintroducesmonthlytariffdegressionsinthenationalfeedͲintariff(FiT),replacingthe annualFiTcutthattypicallyoccursinJanuary. ThefeedͲinͲtariffsforinstallationsbelow10MWhavebeenadjustedforseveralclassesofPV systems. For April 2012 ranges between 13.5 and 19.5 cent/kWh have been set which decrease 1% per month plus/minus a variable factor starting in September 2012 with an annualmaximumdegressionfixedat29%. ThefeedͲinͲtariffforsystemsbetween10and1,000kWwillbecalculatedonthebasesof90% oftheenergygenerated.ThisratewillbevaliduntilJanuary2014. Fundingforphotovoltaicinstallationsabove10MWhasbeencancelled.Allfundingwillbe backͲdatedtotheoriginaldateof1April2012.A€50million(US$65million)researchand developmentprogrammeforPVstoragesolutionswillbeoperationalfrom1January2013. Targets Nonespecified 196 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Germany ActamendingtheCombinedHeatandPowerAct(KWK)(GesetzzurÄnderungdesKraftͲ WärmeͲKopplungsgesetzes[KWK]) 19July2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Decarbonisationofenergymix,energyconservation implementation Summaryofbill ThepurposeoftheActistoincreasetheelectricitygenerationfromcombinedheatandpower plantsbypromotingthemodernisationandconstructionofcombinedheatandpowerplants, thesupportofthelaunchofthefuelcellandthefundingfortheconstructionandexpansionof heatingandcoolingsystems,andtheconstructionandextensionofheatandcoldstorage capacity. Targets Power from combined heat and power plants should represent 25% of total electricity productionby2020. India ClimateChangeLegislation 197 4.14 India 4.14.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 1301 1524 NA 20001 Top5 Dateofsignature:10June1992 Dateofratification:1November1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofratification:26August2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Voluntaryactiontoreducetheemissions intensityofGDP(excludingagriculture)by 20–25%by2020relativeto2005 NationalActionPlanonClimateChange ———————— 1 InMay2010,IndiapublishedaGHGinventoryfortheyear2007;thishasnotbeenofficiallysubmittedto theUNFCCC. 198 ClimateChangeLegislation India 4.14.2 LegislativeProcess TheIndianparliamentisabicamerallegislaturecomposedofaLowerHouse(the Lok Sabha or House of the People), and an Upper House (the Rajya Sabha or CouncilofStates). The legislature passes laws – also called “acts” – on constitutionally specified matters,suchascentralgovernmentfinancesandconstitutionalamendments.The twohouseshavethesamepowers,buttheRajyaSabha’spowerinthelegislative process is subordinate to the Lok Sabha. All legislative proposalshave to be broughtintheformofBillsbeforeParliament.ABillisastatuteindraftandcannot becomelawunlessithasreceivedtheapprovalofboththeHousesofParliament andtheassentofthePresidentofIndia. Thereare28Statesand7Unionterritoriesinthecountry.ThesystemofgovernͲ mentinstatescloselyresemblesthatoftheUnion.EachStateGovernmenthasthe freedomtodraftitsownlawsonsubjectsthatareclassifiedasstatesubjects.Laws passedbytheParliamentofIndiaandotherpreͲexistingcentrallawsonsubjects thatareclassifiedascentralsubjectsarebindingonallcitizensofthecountry. 4.14.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Climatechange IndiaisanonͲAnnexIcountryundertheKyotoProtocolandthushasnobinding targetforemissionsreduction.However,IndiaisanactiveparticipantintheClean DevelopmentMechanism(CDM)establishedbytheProtocol.Indeed,ithasmore than889registeredCDMprojectsasof10September2012.Indiahasanumberof policiesthat,whilenotprimarilydrivenbyclimateconcerns,contributetoreducing oravoidingGHGemissions. Ratherthanintegrativebindinglegislation,Indiaisdevelopingapolicyprocessto specifically address climate change. India adopted a “National Action Plan on Climate Change” (NAPCC) in 2008 outlining existing and future policies and programmes directed at climate change mitigation and adaptation. The plan outlineseight“nationalmissions”runningupto2017.Thesemissionsincludethe NationalSolarMission,theNationalMissionforEnhancedEnergyEfficiency,the NationalMissiononSustainableHabitatandtheNationalMissionforaGreenIndia (focussedontheincreasingofforestcover),aswellastheNationalMissionon Strategic Knowledge (aiming at establishing a research fund). In addition, it contains adaptation missions such as the National Mission for Sustaining the India ClimateChangeLegislation 199 HimalayanEcosystemtohelpprotectIndia’swatersupplyfromtheHimalayaand theNationalMissionforSustainableAgriculture. InadditiontoactionsattheFederallevel,Stategovernmentsarepreparing(and somehavealreadylaunched)StateͲlevelActionPlansonClimateChange,through whichtheNAPCCwillbeimplemented.TheydrawuponIndia’sNationalAction PlaninordertoputinplacestateͲlevelmeasuresinmitigationandadaptation. InJune2010,theMinistryofEnvironmentandForestsattheGovernmentofIndia releasedadocumentcalled“India:TakingonClimateChange–PostCopenhagen DomesticActions”.Inadditiontoevaluatingtheprogressofthepoliciesannounced inthe2008NAPCC,itstatedthatIndiawouldbethefirstdevelopingcountryto publishitsemissionsinventoryinatwoͲyearcyclegoingforward.Itstartedby publishingits2007inventory.InMay2012,IndiapublisheditssecondcommuͲ nicationtotheUNFCCC,whichincludesanemissionsinventoryfortheyear2000. The communication also includes a section on vulnerability assessment and adaptation:itpresentsclimatechangeprojectionsforIndiaandimpactassessͲ mentsonwater,forests,agricultureandhumanhealth.ConsultationsareunderͲ wayforathirdcommunication. On4October2012,theIndiangovernmentapprovedIndia’s12thFiveͲYearPlan for2012–2017,draftedbythePlanningCommission,whichsetsatargetof8.2% growth during that period. The Plan makes clear that high growth requires supportinggrowthinenergyandthattheIndiangovernmentmusttakestepsto reducetheenergyintensityofproductionprocessesandalsotoincreasedomestic energy supplies as quickly as possible. The Government of India has set up an ExpertGrouponLowCarbonStrategyforInclusiveGrowth.TheGrouphasbeen giventhemandatetodeveloparoadmapforIndiaforlowcarbondevelopment. TheGroup’srecommendationsareacentralpartofIndia’s12thFiveͲYearPlan.The Plan received final approval from the National Development Council in late December2012. Ontheforestryside,aTechnicalGrouphasbeensetuptodevelopmethodologies andprocedurestofacilitatetheassessmentandmonitoringofREDD+actions. Energysupplyanddemand India has made important efforts in the last two decades to reduce its energy intensity.Factorscontributingtothedeclineinenergyintensityincludeimproved energyefficiency,increaseduseofrenewableandnuclearpower,expandedpublic transportandenergypricingreform. 200 ClimateChangeLegislation India InFebruary2010,Indiaannouncedalevy–acleanenergycess–oncoal,atthe rate of Rs. 50 (about US$1) per tonne, which will apply to both domestically producedandimportedcoal.ThismoneywillgointoaNationalCleanEnergyFund that will be used for funding research, innovative projects in clean energy technologiesandenvironmentalremedialprogrammes. TheElectricityAct2003soughttobettercoordinatedevelopmentofthepower sectorinIndia.Asanobjective,itseekstopromoteefficientandenvironmentally benignpolicies,amongothers.TheActrecognisedtheroleofrenewableenergyin thecountry’sNationalElectricityPolicy(issuedbythegovernmentin2005)and containskeyprovisionsrelatingtorenewableenergy.ThisActwassupplemented bythe2006TariffPolicythatstipulatesthatStateElectricityRegulatoryCommisͲ sions(SERCSs)mustpurchaseaminimumpercentageofpowerfromrenewable sources.The2006IntegratedEnergyPolicythatreceivedCabinetapprovalin2008 hasthebroadobjectiveofmeetingenergydemand“attheleastcostinatechͲ nicallyefficient,economicallyviableandenvironmentallysustainablemanner”.It containsanumberofpoliciesthatcontributetoavoidingGHGemission. In 2007, India’s cabinet made a series of announcements regarding ethanol productionandproposedanindicativetargetof20%blendingofbiofuels,bothfor bioͲdieselandbioͲethanol,by2017.ANationalPolicyonBiofuelsoutliningthe sametargetwasapprovedbygovernmentinDecember2009.Inordertoavoida conflictbetweenenergysecurityandfoodsecurity,thepolicypromotesonlyfuels derivedfromnonͲedibleplants,inwaste,degradedormarginallands.Thepolicy offersfarmersandcultivatorsaminimumsupportpricefornonͲedibleoilseeds,as wellasaminimumpurchasepriceforfuel. In addition to these framework policies, there are an important number of regulationandincentiveinstrumentspromotingenergyefficiencyandtheuseof renewableenergy,attheFederalandtheStatelevels.Theseincludearevisionin 2007oftheEnergyConservationBuildingCodethatsetsminimumrequirements forbuildingenvelopecomponents,lighting,HVAC,electricalsystemsandwater heatingandpumpingsystems.Solarandwindpowerarestronglypromotedaswell throughSolarandWindPowerGenerationBasedIncentives.Asannouncedbythe NAPCC,theNationalSolarMissionisalargeͲscalesolarenergyprogrammethat runsfrom2010to2022andpromoteselectricitygenerationfrombothsmallͲand largeͲscale solar plants. Presently, wind farm projects qualify for accelerated depreciationundertheIncomeTaxActandalsoa“taxholiday”asinfrastructure projects. Lots of local projects are also being implemented such as the Solar PhotovoltaicProgramme,theSolarWaterHeatingSystemProgrammeandthe VillageElectrificationProgramme. India ClimateChangeLegislation 201 India:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalActionPlanonClimateChange 2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill India’s first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlines existing and future policiesandprogrammesdirectedatclimatechangemitigationandadaptation. ThePlanoutlineseight“nationalmissions”runninguntil2017. TheGovernmenthascreatedanAdvisoryCouncilonClimateChange,chairedbythePrime Minister. The Council has broad based representation from key stakeholders, including Government,IndustryandCivilSocietyandsetsoutbroaddirectionsforNationalActionsin respect of Climate Change. The Council will also provide guidance on matters relating to coordinatednationalactiononthedomesticagendaandreviewoftheimplementationofthe NationalActionPlanonClimateChangeincludingitsR&Dagenda. TheCouncilwouldalsoprovideguidanceonmattersrelatingtointernationalnegotiationsincluding bilateral and multilateral programmes for collaboration, research and development. The CouncilwillberesponsibleforundertakingperiodicreviewsandreportingontheMissions’ progress.EachMissionwillreportpubliclyonitsannualperformance. TheseNationalMissionswillbeinstitutionalisedbyrespectiveministriesandwillbeorganised throughinterͲsectoralgroupsthatinclude,inadditiontorelatedMinistries,theMinistryof FinanceandthePlanningCommission,expertsfromindustry,academiaandcivilsociety.The institutionalstructurewouldvarydependingonthetasktobeaddressedbytheMissionand willincludeprovidingtheopportunitytocompeteonthebestmanagementmodel. EachMissionwillbetaskedtoevolvespecificobjectivesspanningtheremainingyearsofthe 11thPlanandthe12thPlanperiod2012–2013to2016–2017.Tobeabletoquantifyprogress, appropriateindicatorsandmethodologieswillbedevelopedtoassessbothavoidedemissions andadaptationbenefits. EnergySupplyisdealtwiththroughtheNationalSolarMission:itsetsagoalofincreasing production of photovoltaic electricity to 1,000MW per year, and to deploying at least 1,000MWofsolarthermalpowergeneration.Italsosetstheobjectiveofestablishingasolar researchcentre,increasedinternationalcollaborationontechnologydevelopment,strengthͲ ening of domestic manufacturing capacity and increased government funding and international support. The Plan’slongͲterm aimis to makesolar energy competitive with fossilͲbasedenergy. 202 Targets ClimateChangeLegislation India Energy demand is addressed via two programmes: the first is the National Mission for EnhancedEnergyEfficiency.ThePlanestimatesthatcurrentinitiatives,basedontheEnergy ConservationActof2001,willyield10,000MWofsavingsby2012.Buildingonthis,theplan recommends mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energyͲusing industries, including a system for companies to trade energyͲsavings certificates. It also focusesontheroleofincentives. NationalMissiononSustainableHabitat:ThePlanseekstopromoteenergyefficiencyasan essentialcomponentofurbanplanning.ItcallsforextendingtheEnergyConservationBuilding Code,andemphasisesurbanwastemanagementandrecycling,includingpowerproduction fromwaste. REDD+andLULUCFaspectsoftheclimateactionplanareaddressedthroughtheNational MissionforaGreenIndia:ThePlansetsanafforestationtargetof6millionhaofdegraded forestlands,aswellasexpandingforestcoverfrom23%to33%ofthecountry’sterritory. Transportationissuesarealsodealtwithintheplan,whichcallsforstrongerenforcementof automotivefueleconomystandards,usingpricingmeasurestoencouragethepurchaseof efficientvehicles,andprovidingincentivesfortheuseofpublictransportation. TheNationalMissiononStrategicKnowledgeofClimateChangecallsfortheestablishmentof a Climate Science Research Fund, improved climate modelling capacities and increased internationalcollaboration. Othermissionsinclude: National Water Mission: The plan sets a goal to improve efficiency in water use by 20% throughpricingandothermeasures. NationalMissionforSustainingtheHimalayanEcosystem:Theplantargetsbiodiversity,forest coverandotherecologicalconservationintheHimalayanregion,hometoglaciersthatarea majorsourceofIndia’swatersupply. NationalMissionforSustainableAgriculture:Theplainaimstosupportadaptationtoclimate change in agriculture, through the development of climateͲresilient crops and adapted agriculturalpractices,aswellastheexpansionofweatherinsurancemechanisms. Targetsspecifiedperspecificmissions India ClimateChangeLegislation 203 India:OtherRelevantLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalElectricityPlan(Generation) January2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill ThisPlanwaspreparedinfulfilmentofCentralElectricityAuthority’sobligationunderthe ElectricityAct2003,withtheprimaryaimofensuringreliableaccesstoelectricity.ThePlan’s 4thchapterdealswithinitiativesandmeasuresforGHGmitigation,andaimstokeepCO2 intensitydecliningwhilemassivelyexpandingruralaccessandincreasingpowergenerationto meetthedemandsofarapidlygrowingeconomy. Themaininitiativesareintheseareas: x Technologicalimprovementsofpowerstations–increaseofunitsize,introductionof cleanͲcoaltechnologies(superͲcriticaltechnology;ultraͲsuperͲcriticaltechnology; CFBCͲCirculatingFluidisedBedCombustiontechnology;IGCCͲintegratedgasification combinedcycletechnology);renovationandmodernisationofthermalpowerplants; renovation,modernisationandupratingofhydroͲelectricpowerprojects;retirement ofoldandinefficientthermalplants;generationandenergyefficiencymeasures; efficientuseofresources(includingcombinedcoolingheatingandpower);distriͲ butedgeneration;coalqualityimprovement. x Developmentofrenewablesources,includingsolar Targets Assetoutinthenationalsolarmission 204 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation India PostͲCopenhagenannounceddomesticactions(followupofthe2008ClimateActionPlan) Documentreleased30June2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill MinistryofEnvironmentandForestsatGovernmentofIndiahasreleaseditsdocumentcalled “India:TakingonClimateChange–PostCopenhagenDomesticActions”andhasdescribeda setofvariousactionsbeingtakenbythegovernmentinthecountry.On10May2010,India releaseditsGreenhouseGas(GHG)EmissionsInventoryfor2007,withtheaimofenabling informeddecisionͲmakingandtoensuretransparency. Beforethentheonlyofficialemissionsestimatesavailablehadbeenfortheyear1994.With thispublication,Indiahasbecomethefirst“nonͲAnnexI”(i.e.developing)countrytopublish suchupdatednumbers. IndiaalsoannounceditsintenttopublishitsemissionsinventoryinatwoͲyearcyclegoing forward,whichismuchmorefrequentthantherequirementunderitsNATCOMcommitͲ ments.Indiawillbethefirstdevelopingcountrytodoso. Pricingcarbon:Indiahasannouncedalevy,acleanenergycess,oncoal,attherateofRs.50 (US$1)pertonne,whichwillapplytobothdomesticallyproducedandimportedcoal. ThismoneywillgointoaNationalCleanEnergyFundthatwillbeusedforfundingresearch, innovativeprojectsincleanenergytechnologiesandenvironmentalremedialprogrammes. The expected earnings from this cess are expected to be around US$500 million for the financialyear2010–2011. India’scabinetapprovedtheNationalMissiononEnhancedEnergyEfficiency(NMEEE)on24 June 2010. The Mission includes several new initiatives – the most important being the Perform,AchieveandTrade(PAT)Mechanism,whichwillcoverfacilitiesthataccountformore than50%ofthefossilfuelusedinIndia,andhelpreduceCO2emissionsby25milliontonnes peryearby2014–2015. The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH) was approved as one of the eight National Missions under the Prime Minister’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). A comprehensive strategic plan is being drafted for the implementation of this Mission. The GIM, also one of the eight National Missions under NAPCC, is being finalised. The overarchingtargetoftheGIMistodoubletheareatobetakenupforafforestation/ecoͲ restorationinIndiainthenext10years,takingthetotalareatobeafforestedorecoͲrestored to20millionha.Thiswouldincreasetheaboveandbelowgroundbiomassin10millionhaof forests/ecosystems,resultinginincreasedcarbonsequestrationof43milliontonnesCO2e annually. India Targets ClimateChangeLegislation 205 IndiahasalsoannouncedanumberofinitiativesrelatedtoitspreparednessforREDD+: x ATechnicalGrouphasbeensetuptodevelopmethodologiesandproceduresto makeassessmentandmonitorREDD+actions x ANationalREDD+CoordinatingAgencyhasbeengiveninͲprincipleapproval x MethodologiesforNationalForestCarbonAccountingarebeinginstitutionalised x AnationallevelconsultationonthepreparednessforREDD+washeldinMarch2012 TheIndianNetworkforClimateChangeAssessment(INCCA)isundertakingamajor“4X4” assessmentoftheimpactsofclimatechangeonfoursectors–waterresources,agriculture, forestsandhumanhealth–infourcriticalregionsofIndia–theHimalayanregion,Northeast, WesternGhatsandCoastalIndia.ThiswasreleasedinNovember2010.INCCAisanetwork comprising 127 research institutions tasked with undertaking research on the science of climatechangeanditsimpactsondifferentsectorsoftheeconomyacrossthevariousregions ofIndia. LaunchofIndiansatellitetomonitorGHGemissionsby2013isontrack. TheGovernmentofIndiahassetupanExpertGrouponLowCarbonStrategyforInclusive Growth.TheGrouphasbeengiventhemandatetodeveloparoadmapforIndiaforlowcarbon development.ItwillrecommendprioritisedactionsinsectorssuchasElectricity,Transport, Industry,OilandGas,Buildings,andForestry.TheGroup’srecommendations,publishedinan interimreportinMay2011,areacentralpartofIndia’s12thFiveͲYearPlan. StategovernmentsarepreparingStateͲspecificActionPlansonClimateChange,whichdraw uponIndia’sNationalActionPlanandoperationalisestateͲlevelmeasuresinmitigationand adaptation.DelhibecamethefirststatetocompleteandlaunchtheirActionPlans.Mostother StatesarefinalisingtheirActionPlans. Withregardstoadaptation,TheNationalMissionforSustainingtheHimalayanEcosystemhas beenapprovedandlaunched.ThisMissionfocusesonevolvingsuitablemanagementand policymeasuresforsustainingandsafeguardingtheHimalayanglacierandmountainecoͲ system. Adaptationmeasuresarekeyelementsofstatelevelplans,whichwillnotbediscussedin detail. Nonespecified 206 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation India NationalSolarMission(consequenceofNationalActionPlanonClimateChange) 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill TheIndianSolarMissionisalargeͲscalesolarenergyprogrammethatwillrunfrom2010to 2022.GiventhemajorpolicyfocusoftheIndiangovernmenttoprovidewiderenergyaccessin ruralareas,theprojectpromoteselectricitygenerationfrombothsmallͲandlargeͲscalesolar plants.Theplan’slongͲtermaimistomakesolarenergycompetitivewithfossilͲbasedenergy. TheSolarRoadmapestablishesspecificinstalledcapacitytargetsforthreedifferentperiodsof threeandfouryears.Itsetsspecificgoalsforincreasinguseofsolarthermaltechnologiesin urbanareas,industryandcommercialestablishments. TosupporttheSolarRoadmap,thegovernmenthassetupaPowerPurchaseTariff(PPT)fixed bytheCentralRegulatoryCommission(CERC)andrevisedannually. Thegovernmentalsodecidedtoreduceto5%thecustomslevyonimportsofmachinery, instruments,equipmentandappliancesusedinsolarPVandsolarthermalplants.Domestic equipmentwillbeexemptfromtheexciselevy. The Solar Mission will also stimulate national R&D and academic research by providing innovationsubsidiesandscholarshipstoatleast1000youngscientistsandengineers,andby launchingspecificpilotprojectsalignedwiththeMission’stargets. ASolarMissionCouncilisestablishedtooverseethestrategy. Targets x Tocreateanenablingpolicyframeworkforthedeploymentof20,000MWofsolar powerby2022 x TorampupcapacityofgridͲconnectedsolarpowergenerationto1,000MWwithin threeyears–by2013;anadditional3,000MWby2017throughthemandatoryuseof therenewablepurchaseobligationbyutilitiesbackedwithapreferentialtariff x Topromoteprogrammesforoffgridapplications,reaching1,000MWby2017and 2000MWby2022 x Toachieve15millionsq.meterssolarthermalcollectorareaby2017and20million by2022 x Todeploy20millionsolarlightingsystemsforruralareasby2022 India Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 207 IncentivesforWindPower Introduced2009,ceasedMarch2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill InJuly2008,theMinistryofNewandRenewableEnergy(MNRE)launchedanewgenerationͲ based incentive scheme for wind power production. The scheme is designed to promote investmentinnewandlargeindependentwindpowerproducers.Theschemeiscurrentlynot acceptingnewapplications.TheincentiveprovidedRs.0.50(aboutUS$0.10)perkWh,and paymentswerecappedataroundUS$120,000perMWspreadoveraminimumoffouryears. Asecondprogrammeintroduced,whichhasprovenmorepopularamongdevelopers,isthe accelerated depreciation incentive scheme, according to which developers could claim depreciationofupto80%oftheprojectinthefinancialyearaftertheyeartheprojectwas commissioned. Targets Generationbasedscheme:Securing4,000MWofnewwindpowercapacityby2012 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories SolarPowerGenerationBasedIncentive 2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill InJanuary2008,thefederalministerresponsibleforrenewableenergyannouncedthatthe Indiangovernmentwouldprovideasubsidyforsolarpowerplantstohelpdeveloprenewable energyinfrastructure. Thesubsidywillconsistof12rupees(US$0.30)perkilowattͲhourforsolarphotovoltaicpower and10rupeesperkWhforsolarthermalpowerfedtotheelectricitygrid.Amaximumcapacity of10MWfromeachIndianstatewillbeeligibleundertheschemeand5MWperdeveloper. Capital investors will not be eligible to apply. Developers will sell electricity to stateͲrun utilitiesandtheincentiveswillbepaidtothembasedonthetarifftheutilitiesprovide. The incentives, for a period of 10 years, will be over and above any financial assistance providedbythestates. Targets Nonespecified 208 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation India EnergyConservationBuildingCode 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill TheEnergyConservationActof2001mandatedthecreationoftheBureauofEnergyEfficiency (BEE), established in March 2002. The BEE was mandated with establishing an Energy ConservationBuildingCode(ECBC). ANationalbuildingcodewasdevelopedbytheBureauofIndianStandards,andlastrevisedin 2005.However,itdoesnotspecificallyaddressenergyefficiencyissues.Rather,itpromotes theuseofnewandinnovativetechnologiesandmethods.Thiscodeservesasabuildingblock toachievetheSustainableHabitatmissionoftheNationalClimateActionPlan. The ECBC sets minimum requirementsforbuilding envelope components,lighting, HVAC, electricalsystems,waterheatingandpumpingsystems. Ithasbeendevelopedtoaccountforfivedifferentclimaticzones,particularlyforenvelope componentrequirements.Itisnotmandatorythefirstthreeyears,andwillbecomesoin 2010,toallowthenecessaryimplementationcapacitytobedeveloped. Thecodewillbemandatoryforallnewbuildings(commercialbuildingsorcomplexes)witha connectedloadof500kWormore,oracontractdemandof600kVAorgreater.Itwillalso applytobuildingswithaconditionedfloorspaceof1,000m2orgreater. Targets Nonespecified India Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 209 EthanolProductionIncentives 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Biofuel implementation Summaryofbill In October 2007, India’s cabinet made a series of announcements regarding ethanol productionandproposedanindicativetargetof20%blendingofbiofuels,by2017,bothfor bioͲdieselandbioͲethanol. ANationalPolicyonBiofuelsoutliningthesametargethadbeenapprovedbygovernmentin December2009.Inordertoavoidaconflictbetweenenergysecurityandfoodsecurity,the policypromotesonlyfuelsderivedfromnonͲedibleplants,inwaste,degradedormarginal lands.ThepolicyoffersfarmersandcultivatorsaminimumsupportpricefornonͲedibleoil seeds,aswellasaminimumpurchasepriceforfuel. Thegovernmentisformulatinganationalpolicyonbiofuelstointroducefinancialincentives, developR&Dforproductionandcommercialisationofethanolandjatrophaandestablisha nationalbiofueldevelopmentboard. The policy allows sugar companies to manufacture ethanol directly from sugarcane juice (previously,ethanolhadbeenproducedonlyfromthesugarcanebyͲproduct,molasses). Itextendsafreightsubsidytosugarmillsforexportsbyoneyear;theschemewastoendin April2008. ThepolicysetauniformpriceofRs.21.50(US$0.54)perlitreforethanol.SinceOctober2007, 5%blendingofethanolwithpetrolhasbeenmandatory,increasingto10%fromOctober2008. Targets Nonespecified 210 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation India IntegratedEnergyPolicy 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyframework implementation Summaryofbill AtthedirectionofthePrimeMinisterandDeputyChairofthePlanningCommission,anexpert committeewasestablishedtodevelopacomprehensiveenergypolicyin2004.TheIntegrated Energy Policy, released in August 2006, addresses all aspects of energy, including energy security,accessandavailability,affordabilityandpricing,efficiencyandtheenvironment. ThePolicyprocesswasapprovedwiththebroadobjectiveofmeetingenergydemand“atthe least cost in a technically efficient, economically viable and environmentally sustainable manner”. It contains a number of policies that contribute to avoiding GHG emissions. It receivedCabinetapprovalinthelastweekofDecember2008. Inrelationtorenewableenergy,thepolicyproposed: x ThephaseͲoutofcapitalsubsidiesbytheendofthe10thPlanlinkedtocreationof renewablegridpowercapacity x Requiringpowerregulatorstoseekalternativeincentivestructuresthatencourage utilitiestointegratewind,smallhydro,cogenerationandsoonintotheirsystems, andthelinkingofallsuchincentivestoenergygeneratedasopposedtocapacity created x RequiringpowerregulatorstomandatefeedͲinlawsforrenewableenergy,where appropriate,asprovidedundertheElectricityAct2003.Thepolicyalsomadearange of more specific recommendations in relation to particular renewable energy sources,includingminihydro,windandwoodgasificationpower TheEnergyCoordinationCommittee(underthechairmanshipoftheprimeministerofIndia) overseesimplementationofthepolicy. Targets Nonespecified India Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 211 TariffPolicy2006 2006,amended2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyframework/renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill InJanuary2006,theMinistryofPowerannouncedtheTariffPolicy,incontinuationofthe NationalElectricityPolicyof2005. TheTariffPolicyincludedcertainprovisionsregardingrenewableenergyandcogeneration. UndertheElectricityAct2003andtheNationalTariffPolicy2006,thecentralandthestate electricityregulatorycommissionsmustpurchaseacertainpercentageofgridͲbasedpower fromrenewablesources. Theappropriateelectricitycommissionistofixaminimumpercentageforpurchaseofenergy from renewable and cogeneration sources, taking into account resource availability and impactontariffs. Percentagesforenergypurchaseweremadeapplicablefortariffstobedeterminedbythe StateElectricityRegulatoryCommission(SERC)by1April2006. Procurementbydistributioncompaniesistobedoneatpreferentialtariffs,determinedbythe appropriatecommission,toencouragenonͲconventionalenergytechnologiestoeventually compete with conventionalones.Such procurementisto bedonethrougha competitive biddingprocess. InJanuary2011,thecabinetvotedtoamendtheTariffPolicysoitwouldbealignedwiththe NationalSolarMissionstrategy–theamendmentrequiresthestateelectricityregulatorsto purchaseafixedpercentageofsolarpower–0.25%by2013,andupto3%in2022.Thiswillbe supportedbyaRenewableEnergyCertificate(REC)mechanism. Targets Solarpowertocomprise0.25%ofpowerpurchasesbystatesby2013,and3%by2022 212 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation India NationalElectricityPolicy 2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill GovernmentofIndiaputouttheNationalElectricityPolicyasrequiredbytheElectricityActof 2003.Amongothergoals,thispolicystressedtheneedforthepromotionofnonͲconventional energysources. Thepolicy: x NotedtheneedtoreducethecapitalcostofprojectsbasedonnonͲconventionaland renewablesourcesofenergy x Stressedtheimportanceofpromotingcompetitionamongrenewablesprojects x Providedforstateelectricityregulatorycommissionstoincreaseprogressivelythe shareofelectricitythatmustbepurchasedfromnonͲconventionalresources,and furtherprovidedthat the purchase of such electricityshould beconducted via a competitivebiddingprocess x Suggeststaxneutralityacrossenergysources x Statesthat“maximumemphasis”wouldbeputonthedevelopmentofhydroͲpower. UseofthermalpowercouldbemadecleanerbyusinglowͲashcoal,improvinglignite mining,andthroughincreaseduseofnaturalgasandnuclearpower.Italsocallsfor theuseofthemostefficienttechnologiesandmorefundingforR&D x EmphasisestheneedforconservationanddemandͲsidemanagementincludinga nationalawarenesscampaign Targets Nonespecified India Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 213 NationalAutoFuelPolicy 2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Transport/airpollution implementation Summaryofbill TheNationalAutoFuelPolicy(2003)mandatedthatallnewfourͲwheeledvehiclesineleven citiesmeetBharatStageIIIemissionnormsforconventionalairpollutants(similartoEuroIII emissionnorms)andcomplywithEuroIVstandardsby2010. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ElectricityAct2003 2003,amendedin2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyframework implementation Summaryofbill TheElectricityAct2003soughttobettercoordinatedevelopmentofthepowersectorinIndia, providingacomprehensiveframeworkforpowerdevelopment.Objectivesinclude:consoliͲ datinglawsrelatingtogeneration,transmission,distribution,tradingandtheuseofelectricity; andpromotingcompetitionintheindustry;promotingefficientandenvironmentallybenign policies,amongothers. TheActrecognisedtheroleofrenewableenergyinthecountry’sNationalElectricityPolicyand instandͲalonesystems.KeyprovisionsoftheActinrelationtorenewableenergyinclude(IEA): x PreparationofaNationalEnergyPolicyandtariffpolicybasedonoptimalutilisation ofresourcessuchascoal,naturalgas,nuclearsubstancesormaterials,hydroand renewablesourcesofenergy x The specification, by State Electricity Regulatory commissions, of the terms and conditionsforthedeterminationoftariffs,asguidedbythepromotionofcogeneraͲ tionandthegenerationofelectricityfromrenewablesources x Promotion of cogeneration and the generation of electricity through renewable sourcesbyprovidingsuitablemeansforconnectivitywiththegridandsale,andby specifyingforthepurchasefromsuchsourcesapercentageofthetotalconsumption ofelectricityintheareaofadistributionlicensee. Targets Nonespecified 214 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation India EnergyConservationAct 2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill This Act requires large energy consumers to adhere to energy consumption norms; new buildingstofollowtheEnergyConservationBuildingCode;andappliancestomeetenergy performancestandardsandtodisplayenergyconsumptionlabels. The2008NationalClimateActionPlanbuildsonthislegislationtoachieveitsenergyefficiency target.UndertheAct,largeenergyͲconsumingindustriesarerequiredtoundertakeenergy auditsandanenergyͲlabellingprogrammeforapplianceshasbeenintroduced. TheActestablishestheBureauofEnergyEfficiencytoimplementtheprovisionsoftheAct. Targets Nonespecified.TheplanestimatesthatcurrentinitiativesbasedontheEnergyConservation Actof2001,willyield10,000MWofsavingsby2012. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyConservationAwards 1993 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Programme: The Ministry of Power instituted National Energy Conservation Awards, coordinatedbytheBureauofEnergyEfficiency,torecogniseindustrialunitsthathavemade specialeffortstoreduceenergyconsumption.Inthefirstfiveyears,theparticipatingindustrial unitscollectivelysaved2397millionunitsofelectricalenergy;9067kilolitresoffurnaceoil; 2.76 Mt of coal and 11,585 million cubic metres of gas per year, resulting in substantial reductioninGHGemissions. Targets Nonespecified Indonesia ClimateChangeLegislation 215 4.15 Indonesia 4.15.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 1376 554 NA 2000 Top10 Dateofsignature:5June1992 Dateofratification:23August1994 Dateofentryintoforce:21November1994 Dateofsignature:13July1998 Dateofratification:3December2004 Dateofentryintoforce:3March2005 26%emissionreductionby2020inrelation tobusinessasusualscenariotobeachieved through7mitigationactions PresidentialDecree(PerPres)No.612011, NationalActionPlantoreduceGHG emissions(RANͲGRK) 216 ClimateChangeLegislation Indonesia 4.15.2 LegislativeProcess TheIndonesianlegalsystemisbasedonRomanͲDutchlaw,customandIslamiclaw. The legislative power is bicameral and constituted by the House of People’s Representatives(DewanPerwakilanRakyatorDPR)andtheHouseofRegional Representatives(DewanPerwakilanDaerahorDPD).TheensembleofDPRand DPD members forms a third representative body known as the People’s ConͲ sultativeAssembly(MajelisPermusyawaratanRakyatorMPR).TheDPRandthe PresidentjointlydiscussandapproveeveryBill.BillsmaycomefromtheDPR,the PresidentortheDPD.Giventhatthereisawiderangeoflegislationproducedfrom different sources and with different levels of authority, it is useful to have a hierarchy of legislation, which has been set out in the academic literature as follows: x 1945Constitution x MPRResolution x Law x GovernmentRegulationSubstitutingaLaw x GovernmentRegulation x PresidentialDecree x RegionalRegulation Alsobinding:PresidentialInstructions,MinisterialDecreesandCircularLetters. 4.15.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Climatechange Intermsofthecountry’slegislativeresponsetoclimatechange,althoughIndonesia has passed meaningful legislation, it is also the case that key initiatives are embodiedindecreesandregulationspassedbyMinistriesasopposedtoparliaͲ mentarians.Withregardstothehierarchyoflawsetoutabove,theimplicationis thateffortsledatthelevelofMinistrieswillhavelesssignificantimpactsthan ResolutionsofthePeople’sAssembly,orLaws. Moreover,despitethecountry’sactivelegislativeresponse,enforcement,corrupͲ tionandlandtenureissuescontinuetobethecentralchallengeswhenitcomesto actiononclimatechangeanddeforestation.Still,Norway’spledgeofUS$1billion tohelpIndonesiacutemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradationhas createdmomentumforamorecomprehensivelegalresponsetoclimatechange. Furthermore the Government of Indonesia’s “Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund”,operationalsince2010,demonstratesacommitmenttoscaleupfinancing Indonesia ClimateChangeLegislation 217 byseekingtodevelopinnovativelinksbetweeninternationalfinancewithdomestic investment. Indeed,atthehighestlevelthegovernmenthasdemonstratedawillingnessto tackleclimatechange.PresidentSusiloBambangYudhoyonomadeaboldpledgeat theGͲ20SummitinPittsburgh,inSeptember2009,tovoluntarilyreduceemissions by26%–andupto41%dependingoninternationalsupport–by2020inrelation tothebusinessasusualscenario.The26%targetalsocorrespondstoIndonesia’s commitmentwiththeUNFCCC,tobeachievedthrough7mitigationactions;they are:1)sustainablepeatlandmanagement,2)reductionintherateofdeforestation andlanddegradation,3)developmentofcarbonsequestrationprojectsinforestry andagriculture,4)promotionofenergyefficiency,5)developmentofalternative andrenewableenergysources,6)reductioninsolidandliquidwaste,and7)shiftͲ ingtolowͲemissiontransportationmode. Whilethecountryisstronglycommittedtotheprincipleof“commonbutdifferͲ entiatedresponsibility”ithasalreadyopenedpathwaystoimplementdomestic activities. Namely, Indonesia launched the “National Action Plan – Addressing ClimateChange”whenithostedthe13thConferenceofthePartiesinBaliin2007. Followingthis,thereisnowapresidentialdecreeontheNationalActionPlanto ReduceGreenhouseEmissions,signedin2011(PerPres61.2011).Thisisintended asaframeworkdocumenttoplanNationallyAppropriateManagementActivities. ThisisabroadcrossͲsectoralPlanincludingareassuchasagriculture,forestry, industry,energyandinfrastructureaswellasinstrumentsliketaxation,investment policies,awarenessraisingandothers.InJuly2008,thePlanwasofficiallyincorpoͲ ratedintothecountry’snationaldevelopmentstrategyunderthecoordinationof theMinistryofPlanning.IndonesiacreatedtheNationalCouncilonClimateChange inJuly2008throughaPresidentialRegulation.TheCouncil,formedby17Ministers and chaired by the President, is in charge of coordinating Indonesia’s climate changepoliciesandinternationalpositions,includingthecreationofacapͲandͲ trademechanism. Deforestationanddegradationofforestsandpeatlands Indonesiahasoneofthehighestratesofdeforestationanddegradationinthe world.Approximately80%ofIndonesia’sGHGemissionsresultfromdeforestation anddegradation,andabouthalfofthesefromcarbonͲrichpeatlands.From1990 to2005deforestationratesequallednearly28millionha;itistheworld’sthird largestGHGemitterdueprimarilytoforestloss.Therearelargefinancialincentives involved:forestindustriescontributeapproximatelyUS$21billiontoIndonesia’s economy,about3.5%ofGDP.So,whileamultiͲsectoralapproachisimportant,any 218 ClimateChangeLegislation Indonesia attempttoreduceIndonesia’scarbonemissionsnecessarilymustfocusonLand Use,LandUseChangeandForestry(LULUCF). AletterofintentbetweenthegovernmentsofNorwayandIndonesiasignedon 26 May 2010 has created momentum for a new internationalised response to reduce deforestation and forest degradation. The letter establishes a climate changepartnershipbetweenthetwocountriesintendedtosupportthedevelopͲ mentandimplementationofIndonesia’sREDD+strategy.ItmakesUS$1billion available,conditionalonmonitoredprogressonthevariousprojectstobeimpleͲ mented. Inaddition,theinitiativewillcreateaninstitutiontomonitorIndonesia’sREDD+ plans as well as an independent Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) systemforanthropogenicforestandpeatlandrelatedGHGemissions. WithintheMinistryofForestry(MoF)itself–whichhasclearlybeenoneofthe mostactivewithregardstoclimatechangeinIndonesia–adecreehasestablished a MoF working group on climate change (WGͲFCC; SK.13/MenhutͲII/2009). However,thecentrepieceoftheagreementbetweenIndonesiaandNorwayhas beenthemoratoriumonnewforestrylicencesanddevelopmentofpeatlandin Indonesiafortwoyears,startinginMay2011:PresidentialInstruction(Inpres)No. 10/2011 on “The postponement of issuance of new licences and improving governanceofprimarynaturalforestandpeatland”.Thiswasintendedtoprovide breathingspacewhichfacilitatestransitiontoamoresustainableforestrysector. EnablingregulationsbeingusedforREDD+includeRegulationontheimplementaͲ tionofREDDdemonstrationactivities(PERMENHUTNo.P68/MenhutͲII/2008)and theRegulationonREDD(PERMENHUTNo.P30/MenhutͲII/2009).Bothofthese wereintendedtorespondtothehighdemandfrombothinternationalpartners andnationalstakeholderstoparticipateinREDDactivities,aswellastoexercise outcomesofCOP/SBSTAprocessesonREDD.Afurtherenablingregulationthat seekstoclarifypropertyrightsforforestcarbonisRegulationNo.P36of2009.This regulation sets out licensing procedures for businesses seeking to exploit the carbonstorageandsequestrationpotentialofproductionandprotectionforests. While the next piece of legislation seems originally developed with respect to CleanDevelopmentMechanismactivities,reforestationisapotentialactivityunder theplusofREDD+.SoitisnoteworthythatMoFRegulationNo.14/Menhut/II/2004 outlinesproceduresforreforestationoflandthatwasnotaforestinthelast50 years or more, and reforestation of land that has not been a forest since 31 December1989. Indonesia ClimateChangeLegislation 219 The2ndGLOBEClimateLegislationStudyhighlightedsomeuncertaintysurroundͲ ingthemoratorium,whichcannowbeclarified.Themoratoriumaffectsonlywhat is mapped as Natural Primary Forest. Existing concessions are not affected by the moratorium. No new licences for concessions can be granted during the moratorium,includingoncarbonͲrichpeatland.However,theexperienceofovera year of the implementation of the moratorium has demonstrated some gaps betweenlegislationandimplementation. As far as exemptions are concerned, in addition to those in place for what is definedasSecondaryForestsandexistingconcessions,projectsofnationalsigniͲ ficance such as geothermal, oil and natural gas are also exempt from the moratorium. AfinalinitiativetoimproveIndonesia’sforestcoveristheMinistryofForestry’s OneBillionIndonesianTreesregulationlaunchedinJanuary2010.Theplanisto plant1billiontreesincompliancewithinternationalstandardsthatseethatall treesmustbeverifiedontheground. Renewableenergy Indonesia’scommitmenttorenewableenergyiscentredonthepromotionofgeoͲ thermalpower,andthedevelopmentanduseofbiofuels.Indonesiaiscurrently thethirdlargestproducerofgeothermalenergyaftertheUSandPhilippines.Over the2007–2008period,thecountry’sgeothermalpowerplantcapacityincreasedby 317 MW. Indonesia plans to further expand capacity, taking advantage of its positiononthesoͲcalled“RingofFire”.Intermsofstimulatingsupply,Ministerial RegulationNo.15/2010(underthe2ndStageofthe10,000MW“CrashProgram”) is intended to accelerate the development of this source so that it generates 3,967MWby2014.Aseriesofotherregulationsregulatesthegeothermalenergy pricestructure(MinisterialRegulationofMEMRNo.02/2011)andfiscalincentives forgeothermaldevelopment(GovernmentRegulationsNo.62/2008;No.1/2007; MRofMoFNo.177/PMK.011/2007;andMRofMoFNo.22/PMK.011/2011). Ministerial Decree 0002/2004 is intended to promote development policy of renewable energyand energyconservation. This encompassesinvestment and fundingpolicy;incentives;energypricing;humanresourcedevelopment;informaͲ tion; standardisation and certification; R&D; and institutionalisation. More significantinlegalterms,giventhepositioninthehierarchy,thecomprehensive GeothermalLaw(No.27/2003)waspassedin2003.Thislawisfurthersupported by the Geothermal Regulations No. 59/2007 and Ministerial Regulation No. 14/2008. 220 ClimateChangeLegislation Indonesia Overall, action on renewables is pursued through more of a regulatory than a legislativeapproach.Indeed,asidefromtheGeothermalRegulationsmentioned, thecountryhaspassedaseriesofregulationsinrecentyearsincludingaPresidenͲ tial Instruction on Biofuel Development in 2006 (No. 1/2006), and Ministerial RegulationNo.32/2008whichsetsoutplansforagreaterroleforbiodieseland ethanolͲblendfuelintransport. MinisterialRegulationNo.32/2008ortheBiofuelDecreebytheMinistryofEnergy and Mineral Resources establishes a mandatory utilisation framework in the transportation,industrial,commercialandpowergenerationsectorsforbiodiesel, bioͲethanolandbioͲoilfrom2009to2025.Theminimalobligationlevelofbiodiesel utilisationinallfoursectorsissetaround20%respectivelyin2025,fromaround 1–2%in2008.TheMinistryofEnergyandMineralResourceshasalsolaunchedthe NationalBiofuelRoadmap2006–2025thatestablishesactionstoacceleratetheuse ofbiofuelsasareplacementoffossilͲbasedfuelandtargets5%ofbiofuelutilisaͲ tionintheenergymix,20%biodieseluseindieselfuelconsumptionand15%bioͲ ethanoluseingasolineconsumptionby2025.Besides,thereisalsotheNational EnergyBluePrint(2005),acomprehensivedevelopmentplanforthe15%ofthe country’selectricitydemandthatby2025shouldcomefromrenewableenergy sources. The main opposition to Indonesia’s renewable energy initiatives comes from nationalandinternationalcivilsocietygroupswhopointtoapotentialconflict betweenbiofueldevelopmentandforestconservationobjectivesforIndonesiain general,andmorespecificallyunderREDD+objectives.Inaddition,theexpansion ofIndonesia’sthermalpowerprogrammemayalsoconflictwithREDD+objectives. TheMoFreportsthatsome80%ofgeothermalsourcesareinconservationforests. Indonesia:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories PresidentialDecree(PerPres)No.612011,NationalActionPlantoreduceGHGemissions (RANͲGRK) 1September2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Formal followͲup of the commitments made by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to implementation reduceGHGsby2020attheG20inPittsburgh. Indonesia ClimateChangeLegislation 221 Summaryofbill RANͲGRK is a national guideline for emission reduction covering 70 programmes, to be conductedtogetherbytheCentralGovernment,LocalGovernments,privatesectors/business actorsandcivilsociety.ItisthereferencedocumentforactivitiesinIndonesiadirectlyand indirectly related to reducing GHG emissions. It sets out the different sectors in which Indonesiawillmakeemissionsreductions. TheProvincesareexpectedtomaketheirownactionplanswithinoneyear,andhavethese formalisedwithinagovernor’sdecree. Allocationofemissionreductiontargetsinto5keysectorsnamelyForestryandPeatland, Agriculture,EnergyandTransportation,IndustryandWasteManagement. GovernmentProgramtofacilitateimplementationofGHGemissionreductionnationallyboth atthecentralandlocallevel. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Indonesia:OtherRelevantLegislation MinisterialRegulationNo.01/2012AcceleratingDevelopmentofGeothermalEnergySupply (revisedMinisterialRegulationNo.15/2010) 2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill ThisisarevisionoftheMinisterialRegulation15/2010,whichisintendedtoacceleratethe developmentofIndonesia’sGeothermalenergy. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories PresidentRegulationNo.71/2011ontheImplementationofaNationalGreenhouseGases Inventory 2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × 222 ClimateChangeLegislation Indonesia Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheregulationisacomponentoftheRANͲGDKGHGemissionsreductionsplan.Thepurposeof thebillistoestablishaGHGinventoryadministrationguideline,andanadministrationto coordinatethatinventory.Furthermorethelegislationshouldleadtoasystemtoprovide regularinformationonthelevel,statusandtrendofGHGemissionchangeandabsorption. ThiswillincludenationalandsubͲnationalcarbonstockaswellasGHGemissionreduction information. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011 on Forest Moratorium (Development of REDD+ schemesincludingIndicativeMoratoriummaps) 2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,forestry implementation Summaryofbill ThisinstructionispartofIndonesia’scommitmentsundertheagreementsintheLetterof IntentsignedwiththeKingdomofNorwayinMay2011. Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 10/2011 on “The postponement of issuance of new licencesandimprovinggovernanceofprimarynaturalforestandpeatland”wasintendedto facilitateIndonesia’sparticipationininternationallyfinancedREDD+activities. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories MinisterialRegulationNo.15/2010Re.10,000MWCrashProgram 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Diversificationofenergymix;increasingenergysecurity implementation Summaryofbill This is the 2nd Stage of 10,000 MW Crash Program, and is intended to accelerate the developmentofgeothermalpower. Targets Indonesiashouldgenerate3,967MWofgeothermalpowerbytheyear2014 Indonesia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 223 LawNo.70/2010concerningGeothermalBusinessActivity 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Facilitatingbusinessactivityingeothermalenergy;accountingforbureaucraticbarriersto implementation entryinthesector Summaryofbill Under Article 86 of Law 59/2010, permission to explore for geothermal energy would be relinquishedifworkswerenotcompletedwithinthegiventimeperiod.However,thisdidnot properlyaccountforbureaucraticdelaysinvolvedingrantingrelevantpermitsrequiredto actually carry out exploration. This amendment accounts for the length of Indonesia’s bureaucraticprocesses,andspecificallyamendsArticle86ofLaw59/2010suchthatmoretime isavailabletobusinessestocompleteworks. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories P.30/MenhutͲII/2009OntheimplementationofREDD+activities 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor REDD+ implementation Summaryofbill P. 30 sets out the regulations for the implementation of REDD+ in Indonesia, including previouslyunresolvedquestionsoverwhichlandclassescouldbeusedtodevelopREDD+ activities. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Presidentialregulation70/2009concerningEnergyConservation 16November2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements 224 ClimateChangeLegislation Indonesia Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill ThisistheimplementinglegislationonenergyconservationwithregardtotheEnergyLaw.It callsfor: x DraftingandadoptionofanewNationalEnergyConservationMasterPlan—RIKEN x (RencanaIndukKonservasiEnergiNasional),whichistobeupdatedeveryfiveyears, orannually,asrequired x Mandatoryassignmentofanenergymanager,toimplementenergyauditing,and energyconservationprogramforusersoffinalenergyofmorethan6000tonnesof oilequivalent x Voluntaryenergyefficiencystandardsandenergylabeling x Implementing government incentives, which includes tax exemption and fiscal incentivesonimportsofenergysavingequipmentandappliances,andspeciallow interestratesoninvestmentsinenergyconservation x Implementing government disincentives for nonͲcompliance parties that include writtennoticestocomply,publicannouncementsofnonͲcompliance,monetaryfines andreductionsofenergysupply Targets Nonespecified,although“targets”arementioned Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Minister of Forestry Regulation No. P.68/MenhutͲII/2008 on Implementation of Demonstration Activities Reducing Carbon Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation 2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor LULUCF,REDD+ implementation Summaryofbill TheseregulationssetouttherulesthatREDD+demonstrationprojectsshouldadhereto; enablinglegislation. Targets Nonespecified Indonesia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 225 PresidentialRegulationontheNationalCouncilforClimateChange(NCCCorDNPI)1 4July2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange,deforestationandlanduse implementation Summaryofbill EstablishestheNCCCtocoordinateclimatechangepolicyͲmakingandstrengthenIndonesia’s positionininternationalforums.TheCounciliscomposedof17Ministersandchairedbythe President.TheNCCCistobeassistedbythefollowingWorkingUnits:Adaptation,Mitigation, TransferͲofͲTechnology,Funding,PostͲKyoto2012,andForestryandLandUseConversion. Theadaptationprogrammefocusesonagriculture,disasterriskreduction,datadissemination andestablishesanintegrateddevelopmentplantoimproveclimateͲresilience. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories PresidentialInstructionNo.2/2008–RegulationonEnergyandWaterEfficiency 2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency,waterefficiency implementation Summaryofbill SetsoutinstructionstoMinisters,GovernorsandMayorstoimplementenergyandwater efficiencyingovernmentoffices. It optimises national policy on energy and water efficiency through establishment of the NationalTaskforceforEnergyandWaterEfficiency.Themaintasksare: x Researching,planningandpreparingpolicies,strategiesandprogrammesforenergy and water efficiency, including energy conservation programme by taking into account that 1) most national energy and water are supplied with a subsidy, 2)tightenthenonͲessentialuseofenergyandwaterusebyensuringitreflectsthe economicprice,3)ensuringthepriceofwaterandenergyforindustryreflectsthe trueeconomiccost,4)allgovernmentofficesshouldtakestepstoimproveenergy andwaterefficiency x MonitoringandreportingtothePresident ———————— 1 ThiswastheflagshiplegislationforthechapteronIndonesialastyear. 226 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Indonesia The instruction works towards mainstreaming climate change, by establishing that all government offices should observe energy efficiency – lighting, AC, electrical equipment, officialvehicleandotherbuildings,andwaterefficiency–inallactivitiesthatusewater. Nonespecified PP6/2007onForestManagement 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand Forestrehabilitation REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor implementation Summaryofbill ThislegislationallowedforthefirsttimetheownershipofaforestryconcessioninIndonesia withtheexpressedobjectiveofrestoringnaturalforestandbiodiversity.Thiswascreated within the general framework of sustainable development in Indonesia, ensuring good governanceandmanagementofIndonesia’snaturalresources.Thislawcouldbeimportantin implementationofREDD+. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law No. 59/ 2007 on Geothermal Energy (N.B. see subsequent amendment under Law 70/2010) 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF Driverfor Renewableenergydevelopment;diversificationofenergymixandsecurity implementation Summaryofbill One of the basic framework laws which governs the development of Geothermal energy extractioninIndonesia. Targets Nonespecified Indonesia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 227 LawNo.30/2007–Energy 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill This comprehensive energy legislation stresses sustainable development, environmental preservationandenergyresilienceinnationalenergymanagement Intermsofenergy–supplyͲsidepolicies,itestablishesthatmoreattentionshouldbegivento newandrenewableenergydevelopmentandthatincentivesshouldbedevelopedforenergy providerstopromotethisend. Promotionofnationalenergyefficiencythrough: x creatinganinventoryofenergyresources x enhancingenergystocks x outliningtheenergybalance x diversification,conservationandintensificationofenergyandenergyresources x securingthedistribution,transmissionandstorageofenergyandenergyresources ProvidingenergyforunderͲdeveloped,remoteandruralareasbyusingtheirenergypotential, particularlyrenewableenergy. Prioritisationofenvironmentallyfriendlytechnologies. ThebillprioritisesthedevelopmentofenvironmentͲfriendlytechnologies. Targets Nonespecified 228 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Indonesia PresidentialRegulationNo.5/2006concerningNationalEnergyPolicy 25January2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor To ensure sufficient domestic energy supply and promote sustainable development in implementation Indonesia Summaryofbill ThegoaloftheNationalEnergyPolicyistodirecteffortstothecreationofsufficiencyof domesticenergysupply. AimstooptimisetheenergymixinIndonesia;reducingthedependencyonfossilfuelsand increasingtheuseofrenewables. Targets x Achievementofenergyelasticityoflessthanoneby2005(wherebytheelasticityin thiscaseistheratioofbetweenenergydemandandeconomicgrowth) x Creationofoptimalenergymixby2020,achievingthefollowingproportions: 1. Oilbecomeslessthan20% 2. Gasbecomeslessthan30% 3. Coalbecomeslessthan33% 4. Biofuelbecomesmorethan5% 5. Geothermalbecomesmorethan5% 6. Other new energy and renewable energy, particularly biomass, nuclear, hydropower,solarpower,andwindpowerbecomesmorethan5% 7. Liquifiedcoalbecomesmorethan2% Indonesia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 229 PresidentialInstructionNo.1/2006onBiofuelDevelopment 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergysupplydevelopment implementation Summaryofbill Regardingenergy–supplyͲsidepolicies,theInstructionsetsoutinstructionsto13Ministers, GovernorsandMayorstotakethenecessaryactionsforbiofueldevelopmentfromsupply (feedstock)throughtocommercialisationandconsumption. TheInstructionissuesforestutilisationpermitsforbiofuelplantsincriticalorabandoned forest/land. TheInstructionpromotesbiofueluse,replacingfossilfuelsasanalternativefortransportation. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories LawNo.27/2003–GeothermalLaw 2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheGeothermalLawseekstoprovideastrongerlegalbasisforupstreamgeothermalenergy development, including private investments in the sector. The bill also seeks to expand regionalautonomytosupportsustainableenergyalternativestofossilfuels. The Law establishes the regulatory structure for geothermal development. Geothermal BusinessPermits(IUP)aretobegrantedbythestatethroughcompetitivebiddingamong prospective investors. In 2005, the Directorate of Geothermal Enterprise Supervision and GroundwaterManagementwascreated,tostrengthenthesector’smanagementefficiency. ThereisafiscalincentiveforNREdevelopment(Article20paragraph5). Targets Nonespecified Italy ClimateChangeLegislation 231 4.16 Italy 4.16.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 445 501 Ͳ18 2010 Top20 Dateofsignature:5June1992 Dateofratification:15April1994 Dateofentryintoforce:14July1994 Dateofsignature:29April1998 Dateofratification:31May2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 AstheEU:20%from1990unilaterally; moveto30%aspartofaglobaland comprehensiveagreementfortheperiod beyond2012andprovidedthatother developedcountriescommitthemselvesto comparableemissionreductionsandthat developingcountriescontributeadequately accordingtotheirresponsibilitiesand respectivecapabilities ClimateChangeActionPlan(2007) 232 ClimateChangeLegislation Italy 4.16.2 LegislativeProcess Italyhasabicameralpoliticalsystem.TheLowerHouseistheChamberofDeputies andtheUpperHouseistheSenate.Foratexttobecomelaw,itmustreceivethe voteofbothHousesindependentlyinthesameform.Abillisdiscussedinoneof theHouses,amended,andapprovedorrejected:ifapproved,itispassedtothe otherHouse,whichcanamenditandapproveorrejectit. Lawscanruledirectly,ortrusttheGovernmenttoissuearegulation(“RegolaͲ mento”)inordertoindicatehowtheyshouldbeenforced,orhowcitizensshould ask for what they are entitled to. “Regolamenti” have the advantage that the GovernmentcanbeswifterthantheParliamentinupdatingthemaccordingto advancesintechnology,buttheycannotalwaysbeused:somelegalmattersare reservedtoLaws,andmost“Regolamenti”havetobeauthorisedbyaspecificlaw. A “Regolamento” may belong to one of these categories: Presidential Decree, DecreefromthePresidentoftheCouncilofMinisters,orMinisterialDecree.The Presidential Decree is the most common and does not usually require prior authorisationbyalaw. TheItalianConstitutionreservessomespecificmatterstoRegions.Moreover,the lawsoftheRepublicmaydelegatepowertotheRegiontoissuenormsfortheir enforcement. 4.16.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Climatechange SoonafterKyoto,theInterͲministerialCommitteeonEconomicPlanning(CIPE) resolution no.137/98 established the guidelines for the national policies and measuresfortheGHGemissionsreduction.Italsosetthetargetsofsuchreduction fortheperiod2008–2012.ThesespecificprovisionsonGHGemissionshavebeen laterconfirmedbyseveralpiecesoflegislation(126/99;123/02;Budgetlaw2007; Ministerialdecree25.11.2008).Topartlyimplementthesemeasures,theindustry organisations,environmentalNGOsandothergroupsinItalyconcludedanagreeͲ mentwiththegovernmentscheduledtobeginin1999,underwhichtheyagreeto curb CO2 emissions (Voluntary Climate Pact). Furthermore, the financial law, approvedattheendoftheyear2000(FinanceLaw2001,Art.10),establisheda fund for the reduction of atmospheric emissions and the promotion of energy efficiencyand sustainableenergy sources. Thefund isfinancedfrom a portion equalto3%ofthereceiptsaccruingfromtheLaw23/12/1998N.448(carbontax). Italy ClimateChangeLegislation 233 However,thecarbontaxlawendedin2002anda30December2004law,Number 311,cancelledtheprovisionentirelyforeconomicreasons. In 2002, the Environment Ministry released the government’s strategy to cut nationalGHGemission.TheplanreliesontheProtocol’sthreeflexiblemechanisms ofemissionstradingandjointprojectswithothercountriestodeliveroverhalfof therequiredemissionscuts.Severalplans,thatincludeareforestationplan,are thebasisofthisstrategy.Forthemostpart,theyhaveyettobeimplemented.Five yearslater,inJune2007,theItalianparliament’senvironmentcommitteesetouta comprehensiveactionplan(ClimateChangeActionPlan)aimedathelpingItaly complywithGHGreductiontargets.TheplanwaslaterendorsedbytheLower House,buthasyettobetakenupbythegovernmentasnationalpolicy. AsamemberoftheEuropeanUnion,ItalyimplementedtheEUEmissionsTrading Schemein2006(Decree4/4/2006no.216transposedEUDirective2003/87/CE).It issued two National Allocation Plans, the first one running from 2005 to 2007 (agreedonbytheItalianCouncilofMinistersin2004),andthesecondonerunning from2008to2012(finalisedinearlyMarch2008). Energyefficiency Theministerialdecreeno.164of23May2000,andsubsequent amendments, establishnationaltargetsforincreasingenergyefficiencyinendͲusesofenergyup to2012forelectricityandgasdistributors.Toreachthesetargets,Decreesvoted 20July2004requireItalianelectricityandgassupplierstohelptheircustomers saveenergyandengenderedthe2005WhiteCertificatestradingscheme.AllItalian electricityandgasdistributorswithatleast100,000endcustomersatthecloseof 2001can–asofMay2006–tradewhitecertificatesofcertifiedenergysavings. The white certificates represent marketable documents issued by the Energy Market Administrator testifying the energy saved by the energy distribution companies–aswellasbytheircontrolledpartnerships–andbytheEnergyService Companies(ESCO).In2009anewdecree(DL02/2009)wasissuedconfirmingthe scheme’s extension until 2012. In addition, it allows the programme to autoͲ matically renew for three additional years in 2012 unless steps are taken by parliament.Intermsofefficiency,theMinistryofEnvironmentsaidinJanuary2009 that the programme had prevented approximately 2 million tonnes of carbon dioxideemissions. 234 ClimateChangeLegislation Italy Thesemeasuresaresupplementedbyotherpiecesoflegislationaddressingenergy efficiency.TheReorganisationofEnergySectorRegulation(Law23August2004, no. 239) devolved power to Italian regions to promote energy efficiency and renewableenergysourceswhilemaintainingthenationalscaleofsuchpromotion. Furthermore, the Budget Law 2007 provides for various fiscal incentives and financialmeasurestoimproveenergyefficiencyandtoabateemissions.Among them is the establishment of the “Revolving fund for Kyoto”. It provides €200 million(US$261million)forfinancingmeasurestopromoteGHGemissionreducͲ tionsfortheperiod2010–2012andtoachievethetargets.TheLawno.102of 3August2009,concerningantiͲcrisismeasures,includesthreearticlesdesigned to accelerate the deployment of more advanced, efficient and energyͲsaving technologies.In2010, a special fund to support theimplementation of energy efficiencytargetswassetup(DecreeͲLawof25March2010,No.40). Regardingenergyefficiency,Italianlegislationalsoincludesthetranspositionof European directives such as the Implementation of EU Energy Performance of BuildingsDirective(EPBD;Directive2002/91/CE;LegislativeDecree19thAugust 2005, no. 192 and its corrections and integrations by Legislative Decree 29 December2006,no.311).Additionally,inaccordancewithEUDirective32/CE/ 2006,ItalysubmitteditsNationalEnergyEfficiencyActionPlaninJuly2007.The proposedmeasuresaimtoachieveanenergysavingtargetof9.6%by2016.The planconsidersmeasuresalreadyundertakenunderthebudgetarylawof2007and othermeasures,suchasapplicationofenergyefficiencystandardsinbuildingsand thepromotionofhighefficiencyCHPplants. Thesemeasuresaresupplementedbyregionallawpromotingenergyefficiency, suchastheUmbriaregionallawno.38,20/12/2000thataimsatimprovingthe levelofabuilding’sinteriorcomfortandenergyefficiency. Renewableenergy ItalyadoptedaGreenCertificatesSystem(severaldecreesfrom1999to2004)to increaseitsshareofrenewableenergyintotalenergysupply.ThiscapͲandͲtrade systemrequiresItalianenergyproducersandimporters(producingorimporting more than 100 GWh/year from conventional sources) to ensure that a certain quotaofelectricityfedintothegridcomesfromrenewableenergysources.The quota has been progressively strengthened (2002 and 2008). Producers and importerscanbuygreencertificatesthroughbilateralcontractsorbyparticipating inthegreencertificatesplatform(managedbyGME,theenergymarketsoperator). Supplierscanfulfiltheobligationbybuyinggreencertificatesfromentitlednew Italy ClimateChangeLegislation 235 renewableenergyplants,bybuildingnewrenewableenergyplants,orbyimportͲ ing electricity from new renewable energy plants from countries with similar instruments on the basis of reciprocity. The 2008 Budget Law (Law No. 244 24/12/2007andLawNo.22229/11/2007)raisedtheincentiveperiodto15years. Therefore,renewablesourceplantsthatcameintooperationbefore31December 2007cannowobtaingreencertificatesfor15years. ThismechanismissupplementedbytheLegislativedecreeno.387of29/12/2003 implementing EU Directive 2001/77/EC, that sets out in 20 articles a national referenceframeworkforthepromotionofrenewableenergysources(RES)and particularlyfortheiruseinmicroͲgenerationplants.Additionally,severalnational and regional incentives exist to promote solar and wind energy supply. At the national level, it includes the New FeedͲIn premium for photovoltaic systems (MinisterialDecree19/02/2007).Attheregionallevel,itincludes,forinstance,the LazioSolarThermalWaterHeatingprogramme. Thepoliciesregardingbiofuelbuildonvariousregionalincentivesaswellasthe CIPE(InterministerialCommitteeforEconomicPlanning)resolutionof15February 2000, also known as the Biomass Fuels National Plan (PROBIO) that aims to promote the deployment of biomass to replace fossil fuels through incentive systems.Decreeno.128/2005establishedanationalindicativetargetof2.5%of substitutionoftraditionalfuelswithbiofuelsby31December2010.From1January 2007thequotaforthatdatehasbeenincreasedto5.75%(Europeanstandard). Anumberofincentivesexistaswellatthenationalandregionallevelstopromote cleaner transportation and vehicles. For instance, the government Decree of EnvironmentMinistryof20December2000createsincentivestoencouragethe sharingofprivatemeansoftransportamongseveralusers,coͲordinatedbylocal mobilitymanagersforthecreationofcarcrews.Additionally,in2004,theMinistry ofEnvironmenthassetupaprogrammethatwillreimburseItaliancitygovernͲ mentsupto65%ofthecostofaddingenvironmentallyfriendlyvehiclestoeach city’sfleet. 236 ClimateChangeLegislation Italy Italy:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeActionPlan 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill InJune2007,theItalianparliament’senvironmentcommitteesetoutacomprehensiveaction planaimedathelpingItalycomplywithGHGreductiontargetsundertheKyotoProtocol.The Plan was later endorsed by the lower house, but would now have to be taken up by the governmentasnationalpolicy. Energy – demandͲside policies: among the proposals was a ban on the sale of household appliancesrankedbelowAontheEUenergyefficiencylabellingscale.Theindustrialsector wouldbeencouragedtoswitchtolowenergydevicesandinstallmoreefficientenginesand motors.Smallandmediumsizedfirmswouldbetargeted. Energy saving would be encouraged through various incentives aimed at industrial and domesticconsumers.Underanewsystemofenergytariffs,heavyusersanddaytimeusers wouldpaymoreperunitofenergy. Thecommitteealsoproposeda10%increaseinwasterecyclingandsaysthiscouldprevent4 MTCO2emissionsannually.Itfurthersoughtashiftingoodstransporttorailfromroad,which currentlycarries85%ofgoodstraffic. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Italy:OtherRelevantLegislation 2010FinanceLaw 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energysupplyandconsumption,biofuels implementation Italy ClimateChangeLegislation 237 Summaryofbill TheFinancelaw2010providesincentivesforenergyefficientbuildingsandtheuseofbiofuel. Energy – demandͲside policies: in June 2009, a new regulation requires that all buildings bought,soldorleased,residentialorcommercial,willrequireanenergyperformancecertifiͲ cateasof25July2009.Themeasureappliestonewandrefurbishedbuildings.Guidelinesfor energyperformancecertificateswereissuedinJuly2009. Traditionalfossilfuelsaresubjecttospecificexcisedutiesonthebasisofweightorvolume units. Biofuels are incentivised through a reduction of this excise duty. In particular, the BudgetLaw2010definesamaximumof18,000tonnesofbiofuelsthatcanbenefitfromthis reduction.Italianlegislationalsostipulatesthatfossilfuelproducersshouldannuallysupplya minimumquotaofbiofuelsbasedonthetotalamountoffuelsuppliedduringtheprevious year. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Specialfundtosupporttheimplementationofenergyefficiencytargets(DecreeLawof25 March2010,no.40) 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Thisdecreeestablishedaspecialfundfortheimplementationofobjectivesrelatedtoenergy efficiency,environmentalprotectionandworkplacesafety.TheDecreeof26March2010 specifiestheactivitiestowardswhichfundingisdedicated. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:thefundprovidesincentivesforthefollowing:Highefficiency appliances,replacingmotorcycles,purchaseofnewenergyefficientbuildings,purchaseand installationofinverters,highefficiencymotors,uninterruptiblepowersources,purchaseof newerandmoreefficientfarmmachineryandmachineryforconstructionandboats. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Cleanervehiclepurchaseincentives(DecreeLawNo.5of2009) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand Driverfor Economy/transport implementation REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × 238 ClimateChangeLegislation Italy Summaryofbill InFebruary2009,aspartofmeasuresaimedatsupportingindustrialsectorsincrisis,Italy’s CouncilofMinisterslaunchedatemporaryincentiveschemeforconsumerstoreplacetheir oldvehicleswithnewonesmeetingcertainenvironmentalcriteria. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:theschemeappliestocars,lightcommercialvehicles,aswellas motorcyclesandscooters.Theincentivesareprovidedintheformofadiscountobtainedby consumersdirectlyfromthedealers,whointurnreceivethisasataxcredit. Abonusof€1,500(US$1,960)isprovidedwhenacarolderthan9yearsmeetingEuro0,1or2 standardsisexchangedforanewvehiclemeetingEuro4or5standardsandthatemitsa maximumof130gCO2/kmfordieselcarsor140gCO2/kmforothers.Theexchangedvehicle musthavebeenregisteredbyDecember1999. Thiscanbecombinedwithapurchaseincentiveof€1,500(US$1,960)shouldthenewvehicle run on electricity, hydrogen or methane. Similar bonuses are provided for lightweight commercialvehicles,motorcyclesandscooters. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories LawconcerningantiͲcrisismeasures:energyprovisions(Lawno.102of3August2009) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyconsumption implementation Summaryofbill Lawno.102of3August2009,concerningantiͲcrisismeasures,includesthreearticlesdesigned toacceleratethedeploymentofmoreadvanced,efficientandenergyͲsavingtechnologies. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:Art.5concernstaxreductionforinvestmentincapitalgoods (appliances and equipment), and while the law does not specify energy performance thresholdsfortheequipment,themeasureaimstoencouragethereplacementofexisting equipmentwithnewer,moreefficienttechnology. x Art.6concernsdepreciationratesforcapitalgoodsinvestments:itprovidesthat depreciationratesforequipmentshouldvaryaccordingtoenergyuse,inorderto take account of the evolving impact on production processes of more efficient equipment x Art.6bisconcernsmeasuresforbusinessactivityinpublictransportsector:provides grants to companies for the purchase of new buses that meet Euro 4 or Euro 5 emissionstandards Targets Nonespecified Italy Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 239 FinanceLaw2008(LawNo.24424/12/2007andLawNo.22229/11/2007);M.D.18.12.08; Law99/09) 2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill FinanceLaw2008confirmedthe2007BudgetLawmeasures,andextendedthedeadlineof borneexpendituresfromDecember2007to2010 Puttingapriceoncarbon:therevisionsconcerninggreencertificatesaretwofold.First,the incentive period is raised to 15 years. Second, the number of certificates issued varies dependingonthetypeofrenewablesource,accordingtoacoefficientofmultiplicativeenergy produced. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:the2008BudgetLawincludesnewmeasuresrelatingtothe production of electricity from renewable energy sources. In particular, it introduced the possibilityforsmallrenewableplants(<1MWand<200kWforwindplants)commissioned after1January2008tochoosebetweengreencertificatesandafeedͲintariffmechanism (called“allinclusivetariff”)foranincentiveperiodof15years.Bothgreencertificateandall inclusivetariffaredifferentiatedbyrenewableenergysource. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NewFeedͲInpremiumforphotovoltaicsystems(MinisterialDecree19/02/2007) 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheMinisterialDecreeof19February2007introducedinItalyanewversionofthefeedͲin premiumschemeappliedtophotovoltaicplantsconnectedtothegridwithanominalcapacity higherthan1kWprealisedbyindividuals,registeredcompanies,condominiumsandpublic bodies. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:thedecreeprovidedasetoftariffs,validforaperiodof20 years,withabonusincasesofahighdegreeofphotovoltaicintegrationinthebuildings. Targets Nonespecified 240 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Italy 2007FinanceLaw 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energy implementation Summaryofbill TheBudgetLaw2007providesforvariousfiscalincentivesandfinancialmeasurestoimprove energyefficiencyandtoabateemissions. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:theBudgetLaw2007alsoestablishedanobligationforall traditionalfuelproducerstosupply,eachyear,aminimumquotaofbiofuelsdeterminedasa percentageofthepreviousyear’stotalsupplyvolume. Theinitialquotawas1%for2007;subsequentlyithasbeenincreasedto2%for2008and3% for2009.NonͲcompliancewiththequotaissubjecttopenalties.TheMinistryofagriculture andforestryisresponsibleforverifyingthefulfilmentofthisobligation. x The2007FinanceLawintroducedtaxallowancesforthepurchaseorinstallationof highͲefficiencyelectricmotors x The2007FinanceLawintroducedtaxallowancesforthepurchaseofhighͲefficiency fridgesandfreezers x Reductionofdutyforbiofuelsusedfortransport x Fiscalincentivesforenhancingenergy efficiencyanduse ofrenewable energyin buildings TheBudgetLaw2007alsoestablishedthesoͲcalled“RevolvingfundforKyoto”:itprovides €200million(US$261million)forfinancingmeasurestopromoteGHGemissionreductionsfor theperiod2010–2012andtoachievethetargets.Itfinances,forinstance,ahighͲperformance microͲcogenerationplant. x ElectricityandheatingproductionfromsmallͲscalerenewableenergysources x Highefficiencyelectricmotors(morethan45kW) x ImprovingendͲuseenergyefficiencyinthecivilsector x R&Dfornewtechnologies,loworzeroemissionsenergysources Targets Nonespecified Italy Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 241 WhiteCertificateTradingforEndͲUseEnergyEfficiency 2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyconsumption implementation Summaryofbill Decreesvoted20July2004requireItalianelectricityandgassupplierstohelptheircustomers saveenergyandengenderedthe2005WhiteCertificatestradingscheme. Thetwodecreesof20July2004repealedthetwodecreesof24April2001abouttheidentifiͲ cation of quantitative national targets for energy savings and development of renewable sources. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:Incompliancewithspecificenergyconservationtargets,all Italianelectricityandgasdistributorswithatleast100,000endcustomersatthecloseof2001 can–asofMay2006–tradewhitecertificatesofcertifiedenergysavings. The white certificates represent marketable documents issued by the Energy Market Administratortestifyingtheenergysavedbytheenergydistributioncompanies–aswellasby their controlled partnerships – and by the Energy Service Companies (ESCO). The white certificatescanbeexchangedbymeansofbilateralcontracts,orintheframeofaspecific marketruledbyGME. Energy service providers, subsidiaries of electricity and gas distributors and distributors themselveswillallsellenergyefficiencycertificates(whitecertificates)eachrepresenting primaryenergysavingsofonetonneofoilequivalent(toe). Distributioncompaniesmustmeetspecifiedenergysavingstargets,eitherbyimplementing energy conservation projects that benefit their customers, which will earn them white certificates,orthroughthepurchaseofwhitecertificatesproducedbyenergyconservation projectsundertakenbyothers. Targets Nonespecified 242 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Italy Biofuel(decreeno.128/2005) 2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Biofuel implementation Summaryofbill Decree no. 128/2005 established a national indicative target of 2.5% of substitution of traditionalfuelswithbiofuelsby31December2010.From1January2007thequotaforthat datehasbeenincreasedto5.75%. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ReorganisationofEnergySectorRegulation(Law23August2004,no.239) 2004 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill In 2004, the Italian government devolved power to Italian regions to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources while maintaining the national scale of such promotion. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:withinthestrategiclaw,severalmeasuresservedtoreorganise theenergymarketsandencouragecompetition.Itincludestheexpansionofgreencertificate tradingfromrenewableandCHPprojectstoincludehydrogen. The law also reduces the size of green certificates from the initial value of 100 MWh to 50MWh. Mainstreamingclimatechange:powerdevolvedtoregionstopromoteenergyefficiencyand renewable. Targets Nonespecified Italy Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 243 IntroductionoftheGreenCertificatesSystem(Legislativedecree79/99of16March1999 entitled; Ministry of Productive Activities decree 18.03.02; Followed by Ministry of ProductiveActivitiesdecree14.03.04,implementingtherulesforthegreencertificates) 2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill This legislation completes the introduction of a capͲandͲtrade mechanism to promote renewableenergysources(MICADecree11/11/99).Itintroducesthegreencertificatesthat producersandimporterscanbuy. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:the1999ElectricityLiberalisationActandDecreesfromItaly’s MinistriesofTradeandIndustryandofEnvironment(MICADecree11/11/99)introduceda capͲandͲtrademechanismtopromoterenewableenergysources.ItrequiredItalianenergy producersandimporters(producingorimportingmorethan100GWh/yearfromconventional sources)toensurethatacertainquotaofelectricityfedintothegridcomesfromrenewable energysources. A 2% quota obligation was set, strengthened in 2003 and again in 2008. Producers and importerscancomplywiththeobligationbymeansofgreencertificates.Theycanbuythose certificatesthroughbilateralcontractsorbyparticipatinginthegreencertificatesplatform (managedbyGME,theenergymarketsoperator). Supplierscanfulfiltheobligationbybuyinggreencertificatesfromentitlednewrenewable energyplants,bybuildingnewrenewableenergyplantsorbyimportingelectricityfromnew renewableenergyplantsfromcountrieswithsimilarinstrumentsonthebasisofreciprocity. Renewable energy producers in operation before 31 December 2007 can obtain green certificatesfor12years.Subsequentregulatoryinterventionshaveincreasedtheincentive periodto15years. Targets ACO2reductionofabout4Mt–6Mtby2006isexpected. 244 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Italy StrategytoCutNationalGreenhouseGasEmissions(Kyotoimplementation) 2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheEnvironmentMinistryreleasedthegovernment’sstrategytocutnationalGHGemissions by6.5%on1990levelsby2008–2012,asagreedundertheKyotoProtocol. Putting a price on carbon: the plan relies on the Protocol’s three flexible mechanisms of emissionstradingandjointprojectswithothercountriestodeliveroverhalfoftherequired emissionscuts. Emission reduction targets: the estimated 93 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) cuts neededaretobeachievedthroughexisting–butyettobeimplemented–plans(reducing emissionsby52milliontonnes)plusreforestation(minus10.2milliontonnes).Theremaining 30mtonnesaretobecutthroughmeasuresyettobedetailed. Targets 6.5%(93MtCO2e)reductionfrom1990levelsby2008–2012. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories FundforGHGemissionsreductionandenergyefficiency(FinanceLaw2001Art.10) 2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Thefinanciallaw,approvedattheendoftheyear2000,establishesafundforthereductionof atmosphericemissionsandthepromotionofenergyefficiencyandsustainableenergysources. Thefundisfinancedfromaportionequalto3%ofthereceiptsaccruingfromLaw23/12/1998 N.448(carbontax). Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:amongotheractivities,thefundwillfinanceupto80%ofthe costofprogrammesforinstallationofsolarcollectors(mostlyPV),particularlyinsouthern Italy. REDD/Land Use policies: the fund will also finance reforestation programmes to increase absorptionofCO2. Targets Nonespecified Italy Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 245 Utilitytargetsforincreasingenergyefficiency/introductionofwhitecertificates(Ministerial Decree,24/04/2001) 2001,amended2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The ministerial decrees no. 164 of 23 May 2000, and subsequent amendments, establish nationaltargetsforincreasingenergyefficiencyinendͲusesofenergyupto2012forelectricity andgasdistributors.ItalianDistributionSystemOperators(DSO)ofgasandelectricitywith morethan100,000customerswereobligedtoachieveenergysavingsnotlowerthanthe targetdefinedwithinthescheme. Companieswhichcarryoutenergyefficiencyimprovementprojectsrelatedtodistrictheating, includinguseofrenewableenergysourcesandtechnologies,mayobtainwhitecertificates, tradableonaspecificenvironmentalexchangemanagedbyGME. The 2007 amendment extended the system to 2012 and extended the scope of the programmetocompanieswithmorethan50,000customers. Targets Minimumsavingstargets(Amended2007)(Mtoe/year): Year Electricity Gas distributors distributors 2005 0.1 0.1 2006 0.2 0.2 2007 0.4 0.4 2008 1.2 1.0 2009 1.8 1.4 2010 2.4 1.9 2011 3.1 2.2 2012 3.5 2.5 246 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Italy NationalPlanforBiofuelsandBiomass(CIPEresolutions:15/02/2000[PROBIO];24/06/1998 [PNERB];18/06/1999[PNVBAF]) 2000 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Biofuel implementation Summaryofbill CIPE(InterͲministerialCommitteeforEconomicPlanning)resolutionof15February2000,also known as the Biomass Fuels National Plan (PROBIO) aims to promote the deployment of biomasstoreplacefossilfuelsthroughincentivesystems.Thisisprojectedtoaffectmainlythe agricultural,transportandenergysectors. ItrepresentsthefirstoperativetoolofthetwoCIPEresolutions“NationalProgrammeforthe ValorisationofAgriculturalandForestryBiomass(PNVBAF)”andthe“NationalProgrammefor theEnergyValorisationofBiomass(PNERB)”,whichsetgoalsforthereductionofGHGs(3–4% by 2010/12), the production of renewable energy from agroͲforestry products and byͲ products, the development of ecoͲcompatible agricultural methods and increased use of energycrops. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories VoluntaryClimatePact 1999 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill InDecember 1998,industry organisations, environmental NGOsand othergroupsinItaly concludedanagreementwiththegovernmentscheduledtobeginin1999,underwhichthey agreeto:curbCO2emissions;improveenergyefficiencyintheindustrial,energyandtransport sectors;andpromotetheuseofrenewableenergy. TheItalianEnvironmentMinistryactsasmonitor. Targets Nonespecified Italy Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 247 ProvisionsonGHGemissionsreduction(Kyototargets)(CIPEresolutions:137/98;126/99; 123/02;BudgetLaw2007;Ministerialdecree25.11.2008) 1998 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheInterͲministerialCommitteeonEconomicPlanning(CIPE)resolutionno.137/98estabͲ lishestheguidelinesforthenationalpoliciesandmeasuresforGHGemissionsreduction.It alsosetsthetargetsofsuchreductionfor2008–2012. AfurtherCIPEdeliberationknownasthe“Italianwhitepaperonrenewableenergy”(CIPE resolution no. 126/99) identifies, for each renewable source, the targets that have to be achievedinordertorealisetheplannedreductionandtherelativestrategiesandinstruments needed.In2002thetargetswererevisedthroughthepublicationoftheCIPEresolutionno. 123. Itsetsthetargetsofsuchreductionfor2008–2012(6.5%on1990levels). Targets 6.5%(93MtCO2e)reductionfrom1990levelsby2008–2012 Jamaica ClimateChangeLegislation 249 4.17 Jamaica 4.17.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 116 116 NA 1995 Belowtop50 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:6January1995 Dateofentryintoforce:6April1995 Dateofratification:28June1999 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nopledgemade Vision2030Jamaica 250 ClimateChangeLegislation Jamaica 4.17.2 LegislativeProcess JamaicaremainsamemberoftheCommonwealthsinceachievingindependencein 1962,andretainstheBritish Monarchasthetitularheadofstate.Ittherefore retains a Governor General as the representative of the Monarch, but who is appointedontherecommendationoftheJamaicanPrimeMinister,andwhoserole islargelyceremonial. Jamaicaisassuchaconstitutionalmonarchyandaparliamentarydemocracy.The parliament is bicameral, featuring a House of Representatives and a Senate. MembersoftheHouseofRepresentativesaredirectlyelectedbytheJamaican people(universaladultsuffrage).TheSenate’s21membersareselectedbythe PrimeMinister,whochooses13Senators;andtheLeaderoftheOpposition,who chooses8Senators.UnderChapter5ofthe1962ConstitutionParliamentisgiven powertomakelaws.TheSenatelargelyservesasareviewchamberforlegislation developedbytheCabinet.TheCabinetistherebythemaininstrumentofgovernͲ mentpolicy,andconsistsofthePrimeMinisterandatleast13othermembersof theHouse. 4.17.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Internationalcooperationandaction AsafairlysmalllowͲlyingtropicalislandstate,Jamaicaisvulnerabletoaseriesof riskswhicharepredictedtoworsenduetoclimatechange,suchaschangesinsea levelandanincreaseintheintensityandfrequencyoftropicalstorms.Andasa smallstate,theabilitytorespondtoclimatechangeamongotherdemandson governmentcanbechallenging.Giventhiscontext,Jamaicahasseenmuchofits engagementwithclimatechangeissuesdevelopedthroughanumberofregionͲ wideinitiativestargetedspecificallyatclimatechange.InparticularthisinvolveͲ ment has occurred through the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Jamaica participatedinthe2001theCaribbeanPlanningforAdaptationonClimateChange Project (CPACCP), whose goal was capacityͲbuilding for adaptation. Under this project,aNationalClimateChangePolicyforJamaicawasdrafted.Howeverthis hasnotbeenfurtherdeveloped. TheAdaptationtoClimateChangeintheCaribbean(ACCC)Projectfollowedthe CPACCP, running between 2001 and 2004. The aims of this project were to continueactivitiesdevelopedduringtheCPACCP,inadditiontothedevelopment offurtheractivities.ThiswasinturnfollowedbytheMainstreamingAdaptation Jamaica ClimateChangeLegislation 251 to Climate (MACC) Project between 2004 and 2007, designed to mainstream adaptation activities into CARICOM states’ national and sectoral planning. An exampleofoneoutcomeisthatJamaica’sDevelopmentOrdersareundergoing revisionandwillinfutureincludeconsiderationofclimatechangeincertainhighͲ riskcoastalzoneareas. The EU has funded Jamaica’s Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk ReductionProject,whichinvolvesrehabilitationofwatershedsthroughreforestaͲ tion,improvingcoastalecosystems,maintainingforestresourcesandimproving climate change awareness. However, most recently, in a move to develop a strongerinstitutionalresponsetoclimatechange,RobertPickersgill(theMinister ofWater,Land,EnvironmentandClimateChange)announcedtheestablishment of the Jamaican Climate Change Advisory Committee in April 2012. This is due to begin operations in 2013. This department is charged principally with the mainstreamingofclimatechange. InadditioninMay2012,TheMinistryofScience,Technology,Energy&Mining (STEM)launchedtheEnergyEfficiency&ConservationProgramme.Thisisintended tomakeadvancementsinenergyefficiencymainlywithinthepublicsector.This involves strengthening the institutional capacities of the Ministry of Science, Technology,EnergyandMiningforimplementingenergyefficiencyandconservaͲ tion,inadditiontoactuallythendesigningandimplementingcostͲsavingenergy efficiency and conservation measures in the public sector. Furthermore the programme is intended to increase awareness among both public and private sectorstakeholdersofenergyefficiencyissues,inconjunctionwithdemandͲside energymanagement. While the above constitutes a considerable degree of government activity in climatechangerelatedareas,climatechangeconcernsdonot,however,appearto beincludedinanyofthelegalinstrumentsofJamaica.Indeed,thereisnosingle policyorpieceoflegislationinJamaicadealingspecificallywithclimatechange. Rather,theresponseisintegratedintobroaderpolicydevelopment,supportedby somehistoricenvironmentalregulationsthatcouldincidentallysupportadaptation and mitigation actions. Looking forward, the National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan is currently being developed with support from GoJ/ EU/UNEP Climate Change Adaptation and the Disaster Risk Reduction Project (CCADRRP)incollaborationwithUSAID.Adraftofthispolicyisanticipatedtobe readybyJanuary2013. 252 ClimateChangeLegislation Jamaica Finally, Jamaica’s National development plan, “Vision 2030”, seeks to make Jamaica“theplaceofchoicetolive,work,raisefamiliesanddobusiness”.Itsets outaplanforJamaicatoachievedevelopedcountrystatusby2030.TheVision considers climate change to be a crossͲcutting issue that should permeate all futureplans,legislationandpolicymakingthroughanambitiousmainstreaming strategy. It contains two national strategies to support “adaptation to climate change” and “to contribute to the effort to reduce the global rate of climate change”.Vision2030Jamaicaisthereforeour“Flagship”policyinthefollowing sectionofthischapter. Actsandregulationspertainingtoairquality TwoActsaretangentiallyrelatedtoclimatechangeviaimpactsonairquality;but thedriverforimplementationseemstohavebeenimpactsonhumanhealthof particulatesandparticulargases.Nonethelesstheyareprobablythemainpiecesof “real”legislationrelatedrelevanttoclimatechange.TheseareTheCleanAirAct (1964;followedbythe2002AirQualityRegulations)andTheOzoneAct(2008). However,theNationalOzoneUnitoftheNationalEnvironmentandPlanningAgent stateontheirwebsitethat: TheOzoneActwillnotbepromulgated,as…Jamaicahasachievedalltargetsunder theMontrealProtocolthroughtheuseofMinisterialOrdersundertheTradeAct. TheseOrderswillbeexpandedornewonescreatedtoachieveadditionalODSphase outtargetsundertheMontrealProtocol. Forestryandlanduse Jamaica was once covered by forest but only small fragments of the original ecosystemremain,coveringaround8%ofthelandarea.However,30%ofJamaica isstillclassifiedasforestofsomesort,whichinthemountainousregionsprovides thecrucialecosystemservicesofprotectionagainsterosionandfreshwater. TheForestActof1996allowsforthereͲafforestationofdegradedlandwhichisa potentialactivityunderthemitigationstrategyREDD+.Atleastonasmallscale, andmoreoverinawaywhichencouragessocialparticipationandraisesawareness, TheMinistryofForestryofJamaicaisholdinganationaltreeplantingdayon5 October2012. In the Forest Regulations developed under Section 37 of the Forestry Act, regulation44statesthat“TheMinistermayestablishaForestryDevelopmentFund whichshallbeusedexclusivelyinsupportofthefollowingactivitiesonbothpublic Jamaica ClimateChangeLegislation 253 andprivatelyownedlands:Carbonconservationprojects”.Otherwisethereisno referencetoclimatechangeinthisdocument,andtheregulationpreͲdatesthe developmentofREDD+negotiations. Otherpoliciesandplanswhichcouldpotentiallysupportclimatechangemitigation andadaptationinJamaicaincludetheNationalForestManagementandConservaͲ tion Plan; the National Land Policy; the Watersheds Policy; the National BioͲ diversity Strategy and Action Plan; and the National Hazard Mitigation Policy. However, probably the most influential forthcoming plan will be the National ForestryPlan2012,draftversionsofwhichrefertoessentialclimateresilienceand adaptationfunctionsofforest,inadditiontotheecosystemserviceswhicharevital toJamaica’sfuture.Theplanalsoreferstoinnovativefinancingmechanismsto achievethesegoals,suchastheissuanceofreforestationbonds. Renewableenergy Most notable in policy is The Ministry of Energy and Mining’s National Energy Policy.Thisrelatesdirectlytoclimatechangethroughconcernsoverenergysupply and demand. In particular, the recognition that as much as 87% of Jamaica’s foreignexchangeearningsarespentonfossilfuelimportshasledtoadriveto diversifytheenergymixandlooktowardsustainableenergysources.Activities setoutinthispolicyrangefromadvocatingtheincorporationofenergyconservaͲ tion measures into Jamaicans’ behaviour, to modernising the nation’s energy infrastructure. Specificstrategiesofclimatechangemitigationandadaptationmentionedwithin this policy include carbon trading and auctions; and energy conservation and efficiencythroughtechnologytransfer(includingtechnologiesrelatingtodevelͲ oping renewable energy sources). Finally the policy mandates the percentage ofrenewablesourcesrequiredinJamaica’senergymix.AsapotentialpolicylinkͲ age, the Forest Policy of 2001 also states that sustainable woodͲbased energy programmeswillbefostered,facilitatedandencouragedtoprovidemorebiomass energy. 254 ClimateChangeLegislation Jamaica Jamaica:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Vision2030Jamaica 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Sustainableeconomicdevelopment,achievingdevelopedcountrystatus. implementation Adaptationconsiderations,particularlytheimpactsofnaturalhazardsshouldbeincorporated into all areas of planning, so that the impacts of climate change upon development are minimised. Summaryofbill Vision 2030 Jamaica is a national development strategy that seeks to achieve developed countrystatusforJamaica.TheNationalVisionstatementisthatby2030,Jamaicashouldbe “theplaceofchoicetolive,work,raisefamiliesanddobusiness”. ThisisJamaica’sfirstlongͲterm(21Ͳyear)nationaldevelopmentplan,commencingin2006 underPeople’sNationalParty(PNP)administration,andlaunchedformallyin2007underthe JamaicaLabourParty(JLP).2009wasthefirstyearofimplementation. Asanationaldevelopmentplan,theVisionisnaturallymultiͲsectoral.Itprovidesaframework to ensure that the management of natural hazards, which are predicted to increase in frequencyandseverityunderclimatechange,isintegratedintoJamaica’sdevelopmentand thathazardconsiderationsaresystematicallyincorporatedintodevelopmentpolicy. The Vision has four goals, 15 National Outcomes and 82 National Strategies, with sector strategiesandactions.Withregardstoclimatechange,goalfouroftheVisionisthatJamaica hasahealthynaturalenvironment,meaningthatJamaica’sdevelopmentisinharmonywith the environment. National outcome 14 under this goal is “Hazard Risk Reduction and adaptationtoclimatechange”.TherearefourspecificNationalStrategieshere: 1. Improveresiliencetoallformsofhazards 2. Developmeasurestoadapttoclimatechange 3. Contributetotheefforttoreducetheglobalrateofclimatechange 4. Improveemergencyresponsecapability Furthermore,intheEnvironmentalsector, Plan 16focuses onHazardRisk Reductionand ClimateChange. Under National Outcome 10 (Energy security and efficiency) National Strategies include diversificationoftheenergysupply;andthepromotionofenergyefficiencyandconservation. TheVisionseesthisasa“winͲwin”opportunity,providingdecreasedspendingonimportedoil, lesspollutionandareductioninpollutionͲrelatedillness.Finally,reforestationeffortsareseen asameanstomitigateclimatechangeandimprovewatershedsandreducelandslidesand erosion. Jamaica Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 255 Adaptationconsiderations,particularlytheimpactsofnaturalhazardsshouldbeincorporated intoallareasofplanning,sothattheimpactsofclimatechangechangeupondevelopmentare minimised. x Achievingdevelopedcountrystatusby2030. x 62NationalOutcomeIndicatorswithTargetsfor2012,2015and2030,whichrelate toHumanDevelopmentIndex;economicperformance;crimeandenvironmental standards. x The progress of implementation of Vision 2030 Jamaica will be monitored and evaluatedthroughaResultsͲBasedManagementSystems(RBMS)framework. x SelectedtargetsofrelevancetothepresentGLOBEstudyareasfollows: Outcome#10–Energy 2012 2015 2030 SecurityandEfficiency Percentageofrenewables 11.00% 12.50% 20.00% inenergymix 14000 12700 6000 Intensityindex(EII) BTU/US$1Unitofoutput (ConstantYear2000$US) 2012 2015 2030 NationalOutcome#14– HazardRiskReduction andAdaptationto ClimateChange 2.50% 1.50% ч1% Costofdamage causedbyhazards as%ofGDP Lossoflivesdueto ч10 0 0 hazards Jamaica:OtherRelevantLegislation MinistryofEnergyandMininglongͲtermNationalEnergyPolicy2009–2030 Promulgated2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements Energysecurityandefficiency Driverfor implementation Summaryofbill DevelopedinparallelwiththeVision2030Jamaicadocument,theoverarchinggoalofthe NationalEnergyPolicyistodevelop:“amodern,efficient,diversifiedandenvironmentally sustainableenergysectorprovidingaffordableandaccessibleenergysupplieswithlongͲterm energy security and supported by informed public behaviour on energy issues and an appropriatepolicy,regulatoryandinstitutionalframework”. 256 Targets ClimateChangeLegislation Jamaica TheStrategicFrameworkunderpinningthepolicyaddressesboththesupplyanddemand energyissuesJamaicafaces.Itprioritisessevenkeyareas: x Securityofenergysupplythroughdiversificationoffuelsaswellasdevelopmentof renewableenergysources x Modernisingthecountry’senergyinfrastructure x Developmentofrenewableenergysourcessuchassolarenergyandhydropower x Conservationandefficiencyinenergyuse x Developmentofacomprehensivegovernance/regulatoryframeworkfortheenergy sector x Enablinggovernmentministriesandagenciestobemodels/bestpracticefortherest ofsocietyintermsofenergymanagement x EcoͲefficiencyinindustries Findingenvironmentallysustainableenergysolutionsiscentraltothedocument.Itseeksto facilitatecultural,institutionalandtechnologicalchangeinawaythatsupports“aggressive” advancesinenergyefficiencyandconservation,minimisesgreenhouseemissionsandultiͲ matelyprovidesgreengrowth.Theseenergyefficiencyandconservationgoalsareseenas“no regrets” mitigationactions which can havepositiveimpacts onsocietyandthe economy, principallybyreducingcostsanddependencyonfossilfuelimports. AmongstatedgoalsofthepolicyisthatJamaicarealisesitsenergyresourcepotentialthrough thedevelopmentofrenewableenergysourcesandenhancesitsinternationalcompetitiveness andenergysecuritywhilereducingitscarbonfootprint. FivesubͲpoliciesexisttosupporttheNationalEnergyPolicy,namely: x ACarbonEmissionsTradingPolicydevelopedtoaddressJamaica’sparticipationin theCleanDevelopmentMechanism x NationalRenewableEnergyPolicy2010–2030 x NationalEnergyfromWastePolicy2010–2030 x EnergyConservationandEfficiencyPolicy x BiofuelsPolicy Reducethepercentageofpetroleuminthecountry’senergysupplymixfromthecurrent 95%(doesnotstatetowhichnewlevel). Increaseinthepercentageofrenewablesintheenergymixwithproposedtargetsof11% by2012,12.5%by2015and20%by2030. ThePolicydocumentitselfcontainsasection“ProposedEnergySectorIndicatorsandTargets” onelectricitysupply,efficiencytargetsetc.However,thesectiondoesnotprovidetheactual indicatorsandtargets. Jamaica Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 257 AirQualityRegulations 2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Humanhealthconcerns;butalsomakesspecificreferencestoGHGs implementation Summaryofbill Regulatestheemissionsofparticulatesandsubstancesdeleterioustohumanhealth.This includesthelicensingofpremisesandplantswhichproducesuchpollutingsubstance;feesfor discharge;andinspection. Targets TheregulationssettrackEmissionsTargetsforbothexistingsourcesandnewsources.These arehighlydetailedandconcernasuiteofmeasures,rangingfromtheopacityofsmokestack output,throughtotheproportionofsulphurdioxideinstackemissions.Asoneexample,for emissionssources,theoveralltargetis20%opacityandupto40%opacityfor6consecutive minutesinanyhouror6hoursin10days. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheForestAct 1996,amended2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor ManagementofJamaica’sremainingforestresources implementation Summaryofbill This is the primary legislation governing the management of forests in Jamaica. This law mandatestheNationalForestryAgencyastheleadagencyresponsibleforforestsoncrown land.ThelawmandatesthattheNationalForestryAgencyestablishtherulesondirectingand controllingthe exploitation offorest resources, promotereforestation, conduct research, establishpubliceducation,anddeveloprecreationalactivitiesinforests. Targets Nonespecified Japan ClimateChangeLegislation 259 4.18 Japan 4.18.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 1185 1258 Ͳ9 2010 Top5 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:28May1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:28April1998 Dateofratification:4June2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 25%from1990,premisedonthe establishmentofafairandeffective internationalframeworkinwhichallmajor economiesparticipateandonagreementby thoseeconomiesonambitioustargets LawConcerningthePromotionofthe MeasurestoCopewithGlobalWarming (ActonPromotionofGlobalWarming Countermeasures) 260 ClimateChangeLegislation Japan 4.18.2 LegislativeProcess Japanhasacivillawsystem.TheNationalDietofJapanisthesolelawͲmaking organoftheStatebasedontheConstitutionandisJapan’sbicamerallegislature. TheDietcomprisestwohouses,theHouseofRepresentatives(theLowerHouse) andtheHouseofCouncillors(theUpperHouse).UndertheJapaneselegislative process,manydraftbillscomefromgovernmentagenciesandarethensubmitted totheDietthroughtheCabinet.Tobecomelaw,abillmustpassbothhousesof theDiet.Japaneselawsfollowacertainhierarchy,headedbytheConstitution. Statutesareoftensortedbythenatureofthesubject,intopublicandprivatelaws, or into substantive and procedural laws. The sources of Japanese law include: Constitution,TreatiesandInternationalAgreements,CodesandLaws/wellͲestabͲ lishedcustoms,CabinetOrders,MinistryOrdinancesandMinistryNotifications. 4.18.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Japanhasalongestablishedtraditionoflegislationonclimatechangeissues.In 1998JapanintroducedtheGuidelineofMeasurestoPreventGlobalWarmingand LawConcerningthePromotionofMeasurestoCopewithGlobalWarming(Acton PromotionofGlobalWarmingCountermeasures),whichcreatedalegalframework forclimatechangepolicy.TheLawstipulatedthataplanforreachingJapan’starget shouldbeestablishedwhentheKyotoProtocolcameintoeffect.Inresponseto theProtocolcomingintoeffectin2005,theKyotoProtocolTargetAchievement Planwasestablished.In2007,therevisedActonPromotionofGlobalWarming Countermeasuresprovidedthatastudyshallbeconductedconcerningthetargets andprogramsprescribedintheKyotoProtocolTargetAchievementPlanandthat anychangestothePlanshouldbepromptlyenactediffoundnecessarybasedon theresultsofthestudy.ThePlanwascompletelyrevisedinMarch2008. Morerecently,anewJapanesebilloftheBasicActonGlobalWarmingCounterͲ measureswasapprovedbythecabineton12March2010,andsubmittedtothe Diet.ItpassedtheLowerHouseinMay2010butstalledintheSenate.Anamended versionofthebillwasagainpassedbytheCabinetinautumnbutagainstalledin theSenate. Ifpassed,thebillwouldhaveputintolegislationanemissionsreductiontargetof 25%below1990levelsby2020and80%below1990levelsby2050,premisedon theestablishmentofafairandeffectiveinternationalframeworkinwhichallmajor economies participate and on agreement by those economies on ambitious targets. Japan ClimateChangeLegislation 261 ItwouldalsohavesetupanationalcapͲandͲtradeschemeasthemajordelivery mechanism.Additionally,thedraftbillincludedatargettoproduce10%ofprimary energysupplyfromrenewablesourcesby2020,includingtheintroductionofa feedͲintariff. However,aftertheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeandtheaccidentattheFukushima DaiichiNuclearPowerStationofTokyoElectricPowerCo.(TEPCO)(seebelow), Japanundertookacompletereviewofitsenergypolicytotakeintoaccounta commitmenttoreduceJapan’srelianceonnuclearenergy(seebelowunderthe “Energy”section). Despitethechallengesassociatedwiththe2011earthquake,theJapanesegovernͲ menthasbeentakingforwardanumberofmeasurestotackleclimatechange.The ActonPurchaseofRenewableEnergySourcedElectricitybyElectricUtilitieswas approvedattheDietinAugust2011.ThislawintroducedafeedͲintariffsystemfor renewableenergyfromJuly2012.InitsFourthBasicEnvironmentPlan(Cabinet decisionon27April2012),Japandecidedthatitwouldaimforan80%reduction of GHG emissions by 2050. On 14 September 2012, the Japanese government decidedtoformulatethe“GlobalWarmingActionPlan”fortheperiodfrom2013, basedonthe“InnovativeStrategyforEnergyandEnvironment”(seebelow)bythe endof2012.Inaddition,acarbontaxationsystemwasintroducedfromOctober 2012.ThecarbontaxisdesignedtohelpreduceJapan’semissionsofGHGsand builds on the preͲexisting tax regime on crude oil and coal imports. The introͲ duction of the carbon tax is one of the items of the Tax Reform Act that was enactedon30March2012. Energy Thetwooilcrisesinthe1970striggeredtheLawConcerningtheRationalUseof Energyin1979inordertopromoteenergyconservationtoreducetotalenergy demand.Ithasbeenamended6times,mostrecentlyin2008.Inordertoinitiate energy policy in a comprehensive and consistent manner, the National FundaͲ mentalLawonEnergywasenactedinJune2002.Thislawsetsthebasicprinciples regardingenergypolicyas: x Energysecurity x Adaptabilitytotheenvironment x Utilisation of market mechanisms based on the careful consideration of principles1and2 262 ClimateChangeLegislation Japan ThegovernmentwasdirectedtodraftandpublishtheBasicEnergyPlaninorderto promote energy demand and supply related policies in a longͲterm, compreͲ hensive, and strategic manner. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear PowerStationofTokyoElectricPowerCo.(TEPCO)inMarch2011triggeredheated debateamongtheJapanesepublicregardingdoubtsaboutnuclearsafety,theneed forfundamentalsafetymeasuresfornuclearpowerplants,andthevalidityofan energy system which is dependent on nuclear power. In the midst of this, the governmentsetuptheEnergyandEnvironmentCouncilinJune2011withaview toreviewingfromscratchJapan’snationalenergystrategyaswellasexamining globalwarmingcountermeasuresastwosidesofthesamecoin.InJune2012,the Energy and Environment Council announced the “Options for Energy and the Environment”,whichisconstitutedofthreescenarios(0%scenario,15%scenario, 20–25% scenario) depending on the degree of dependence on nuclear power. National discussions on these options were held throughout Japan for over a month.Aftertakingtheresultsofsuchdiscussionsintoaccount,theEnergyand EnvironmentCouncildecidedonthe“InnovateStrategyforEnergyandEnvironͲ ment”on14September2012.TheInnovativeStrategy’sbasicpolicyistostriveto reducethedependenceonnuclearenergyandfossilfuelsbymaximisinggreen energy.Thethreepillarsofthisnewstrategyinclude“realisationofasocietynot dependentonnuclearpowerintheearliestpossiblefuture”,“realisationofagreen energyrevolution”and“stablesupplyofenergy”. In December 2012 the Low Carbon City Promotion Act entered into force, establishingarecognitionsystemforlowͲemittingbuildings,asapartofaplanto incentiviselowcarboncities. Land The new Japanese bill of the Basic Act on Global Warming Countermeasures requiresthegovernmenttoestablishandimplementacomprehensivenational landplan,andthebasicurbanplan,etc.TheSoilContaminationCountermeasures Act (Act No. 53 of2002) aims to protect the health of the citizensrather than protecttheclimate. Japan ClimateChangeLegislation 263 Japan:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming (Act on PromotionofGlobalWarmingCountermeasures) Passed9October1998,amended2003,cameintoforce16February2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill AlltheclausesoftheActwereamendedin2003.Themainpointsoftheamendmentsareas follows: x EstablishmentoftheCouncilofMinistersforGlobalEnvironmentalConservationby law x DevelopmentoftheKyotoAchievementPlan x Stipulationoftheestablishmentandimplementationofcountermeasuresbylocal governments It requires the increase of clerical work that is under the control of the Global Warming PreventionHeadquarters,andrequiresthosewhoemitmorethanacertainamountofglobal warminggasestoassessandreporttheseglobalwarminggasemissionstothegovernment. Italso requiresthegovernmenttointroducea systemto compileandpublishthese data reportedtothegovernment. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Japan:OtherRelevantLegislation LowCarbonCityPromotionAct PassedAugust2012,cameintoforceDecember2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × 264 ClimateChangeLegislation Japan Summaryofbill TheLawisdesignedtoestablisharecognitionsystemforlawcarbonbuildingsthatcontribute tothereductionofCO2,andgivepreferentialtreatmenttothebuildingsofhighͲperformance evaluationthroughincentivessuchastaxreduction.Localgovernmentisrequiredtomakea “LowCarbonCityDevelopmentPlan”,andthegovernmentgivesfinancialsupporttothelocal governmentwhichaimsforacompact,energyͲefficientcity. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheTaxReformAct 31March2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill PartofthetaxreformimplementedbytheTaxReformActwastheintroductionofacarbon tax,beginninginOctober2012.ThetaxhasbeendesignedtohelpachieveJapan’stargetto reduceemissionsofGHGsby25%from1990levelsby2020andby80%by2050.Thetax buildsonthepreͲexistingtaxregimeoncrudeoilandcoalimports.Theamountoftaxthat companieshavetopayonakiloliterofoilwasintroducedatarateofJPY250(US$3)during thefiscalyeartoMarch2013.Thetaxwillbeincreasedevery2yearsuntilfiscalyear2016. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ActonPurchaseofRenewableEnergySourcedElectricitybyElectricUtilities Passed26August2011,enforced1July2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill This act obliges electric utilities to purchase electricity generated from renewable energy sources(solarPV,windpower,hydraulicpower,geothermalandbiomass)basedonafixedͲ periodcontractwithafixedprice.Costsincurredbytheutilityinpurchasingrenewableenergy sourcedelectricityshallbetransferredtoallelectricitycustomers,whopaythe“surchargefor renewableenergy”ingeneralproportionaltoelectricityusage. Targets Nonespecified Japan ClimateChangeLegislation 265 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce LawConcerningtheRationalUseofEnergy(EnergyConservationAct,LawNo.49) Passedin1979,enforcedinOctober1979;1stamendmentin1983,enforcedinDecember 1983;2ndamendmentin1993,enforcedinApril1993;3rdamendmentin1998,enforcedin April1999;4thamendmentin2002,enforcedinApril2003;5thamendmentin2005,enforced inApril2006;6thamendmentin2008,enforcedpartlyinApril2009andwhollyinApril2010 Categories Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill TheLawisthepillarofJapaneseenergyconservationpolicy.Itwasenactedin1979inthelight oftheoilshock.Itcoversallsectorsasfollowing: x energymanagementinmanufacturing,commercialandtransportationsectors x energyefficiencystandardsforvehiclesandappliances x energyefficiencystandardsforhousesandbuildings In2008,theLawwasrevisedtostrengthenmeasurestoenhanceenergyefficiency,including thoseforthecommercialsector.Alsointhisrevision,sectoralapproachesusedindomestic regulationwereintroduced. TheLawstipulatesrulesforrationalenergyuseinbuildings.Itrequiresthatmanufacturersand importersofequipmentsuchasautomobiles,airͲconditionersorotherelectricalorheatͲusing appliancesensuretherationaluseofenergybythatequipment. Itprovidesaregulatoryframeworkformandatoryandvoluntaryenergyaudits. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Law Concerning the Rational Use of Energy and Recycled Resources Utilisation (Energy ConservationandRecyclingAssistanceAct) Cameintoforceon25June2003;revisedin1October2003anddeterminedtobeextended until31March2013 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × 266 ClimateChangeLegislation Japan Summaryofbill The Law is designed to support business operators voluntarily implementing projects to promotetherationalisationoftheuseofenergyandnaturalresources.Itcovers3R(Reduce, Reuse,Recycle)conceptbasedactivities,additionalfinancialassistanceforoverseasenergy conservationorCO2emissionreductionprojectsandtheuseofKyotoMechanisms(CDMand JI projects). From its inception, this Act has assisted business operators who voluntarily undertake activities such as the rationalisation of energy use and the use of recycled resources,includingtheprovisionoffiscalandfinancialincentives,suchaslowͲinterestloans. TheActincludesprovisionforlowͲinterestloans,taxincentivesandasubsidyforintroducing energyefficientequipmentandfacilities. Thefollowingthreecategoriesofactivitiesaredefinedas“specificbusinessactivities”andany businessoperator,orotheragentcarryingouttheseactivities,cansubmitanactivityplanto thecompetentministerforapproval: x Installing new equipment or improving existing equipment contributing to the rationalisationofenergyuseinafactoryorotherbusinesslocation x The use of building material, the installation or improvement of any equipment contributingtotherationalisationofenergyuseintheconstructionofabuilding x Conducting R&D on the manufacturing technique of an industrial product contributingtotherationalisationofenergyuse Moreover,heatsupplyfacilitiesthatarenecessarytoestablisheffectiveenergyutilisation systemswillbedesignatedas“specifiedfacilities”.Effectiveenergyutilisationsystemsinclude “thelargeͲscalecogenerationregionalheatsupplysystem”or“thecascadeheatutilisationͲ typeindustrialcomplex”. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalFundamentalLawonEnergy(BasicActonEnergyPolicy) Cameintoforce14June2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill AlawmakerͲinitiatedlegislation,thisLawsoughttosetoutthecountry’sfundamentaland overallenergypolicydirectionaftertheapprovaloftheDiet. It set the principles on the use of market mechanisms to encourage a secure and more environmentallyfriendlysupplyofenergy. Targets Nonespecified Japan Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 267 LawConcerningSpecialMeasuresforPromotionofNewEnergyUse(SpecialMeasuresLaw forPromotingtheUseofNewEnergy) Cameintoforce23June1997,amendedJanuary2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheLawaimstoacceleratetheadvancementoftheintroductionofNewEnergy.ThisLaw, while clarifying the role of each area for the overall advancement of New Energy usage, providedfinancialsupportmeasuresforutilitiesthatusenewenergy.BasedonthisLaw,a fundamentpolicytoprovideforbasicmattersconcerningmeasuresforeachareathatthe public,utilitiesandgovernmentsshouldconsiderwasdeterminedinSeptember1997.The amendmentin 2002 added“New Energyuse, etc.”toArticle 1 ofthe Act.Then, Biomass EnergyandCoolEnergycouldbeadded.InApril2008,thedefinitionof“NewEnergy”was changed and became almost equivalent to renewable energy, but largeͲsize hydropower generationandgeothermalpowerareexcluded. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories LawConcerningPromotionofDevelopmentandIntroductionofOilAlternativeEnergy 1980 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill After the oil price crises in the 1970s, the Japanese government enacted this Law and implementedmeasuresforthedevelopmentandintroductionofalternativestooil,including renewableenergy. Under the Law, the New Energy Development Organisation (NEDO; from 1988, the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation) was established in October 1980.In2003,NEDOwasreorganisedasanIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency. Targets Nonespecified Kenya ClimateChangeLegislation 269 4.19 Kenya 4.19.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation Ͳ7 21 NA 1994 Belowtop50 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:30August1994 Dateofentryintoforce:28November1994 Dateofsignature:15February Dateofratification:25February2005 Dateofentryintoforce:26May2005 Nopledgemade TheClimateChangeActionPlan 270 ClimateChangeLegislation Kenya 4.19.2 LegislativeProcess LawͲmakinginKenyaisaresponsibilityoftheParliament,formedbytheNational AssemblyandtheSenate.Nonetheless,dependingonthenatureofthelaw(orbill) thisprocessengagestheexecutivepowerandisopentopublicconsultation. Kenya’slegalsystemdivideslawsintotwocategories:1)Publicand2)Private. PublicBillsregardmattersconsideredaspublicpolicyoralteranexistinglegislaͲ tion,andareinitiatedbythegovernment.PrivateBills,ontheotherhand,are promotedbyaprivatememberoftheParliament. Climate legislations feature in the category of “Public Bills”, thus engaging the ExecutivepowerinlawͲmaking.Thefirststageofthisprocessisthedraftingofa lawbyaMinistryoftheGovernment,incoordinationwiththeKenyaLawReform Commission(KLRC)andtheAttorneyͲGeneralChambers(AGC).Thefirstdraftis senttotheCommissionfortheImplementationoftheConstitution(CIC),which opens a consultation process with stakeholders and civil society (compulsory accordingtoArticle10oftheConstitution).DrawingfromthevariouscontribuͲ tions,theAGCpreparestheBill,workingwiththeCIC.Atthenextstage,thedraft BillissubmittedfortheCabinet’sapproval.TheBillisthenpublishedintheKenya GazetteandintroducedinParliament. Responsiblefordebatingandenactingabill,theParliamentscrutinisestheproͲ posalinthreereadings.ThefirstreadingisnormallyconductedbytheCommittee inchargeofaspecificissueͲarea.Next,alltheMembersoftheParliamentdiscuss theBill,beforereturningthetexttotheCommitteewitheventualamendments. ThethirdreadingtakesplaceaftertheCommitteehasreviewedthedraft.Once passedinParliament,theAGpresentsthebilltotheCabinet.Following,theBill returns to Parliament for a last round of debate. The final text approved by ParliamentissubmittedtothePresidentforhis/herassent.Thebillsignedbythe Presidentispublishedandbecomesalaw. 4.19.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Overthepastdecade,Kenya’sgovernmenthasincreasedthenumberofnational policies on climate change. Still, initiatives at the Executive power surpass the amountoflegislationadoptedbythelegislative.Lackingaspecificlegislationon climatechange,thegovernmenthasworkedtowardsthepromotionofaClimate ChangeAuthorityBill,currentlyunderthescrutinyofParliament.Moreover,ithas recentlyvalidatedtheClimateChangeActionPlan. Kenya ClimateChangeLegislation 271 Aftertwoyearsofnegotiations,Kenya’sClimateChangeActionPlanwaspublicly approvedon22November2012,andpendscabinetapproval,expectedinearly 2013.DevelopedbytheKenyanGovernment,throughtheMinistryofEnvironment andMineralResources,andinconjunctionwithdonorpartners,theActionPlan providesaplatformfortheimplementationofthe2010NationalClimateChange ResponseStrategy(NCCRS).Forthisreason,thePlanaddresseseightactionareas identifiedbytheNCCRS,inadditiontoincludinganewsubcomponentfocusingon coordination.Overall,adoptingacomprehensiveapproach,thedocumentdefines clearmeasuresonadaptationandmitigationtoclimatechangeacrossawiderange ofissues,bringinganimportantcontributiontothedevelopmentofKenya’slegal andpoliticalframeworkinthisrealm.Afterbeingpassed,theActionPlancould qualifytobeconsideredKenya’sflagshiplegislationonclimatechange. Background Followingthedevelopmentoftheinternationalclimatechangeregime,sincethe 1990s Kenya has been employing significant efforts to forge a comprehensive frameworktoaddressclimateissues.Interestingly,eventhoughtheexecutiveand legislativepowersarebothdirectlyinvolvedinthelawͲmakingprocess,thereare significantlymorepoliciesthanpiecesoflegislationsaddressingenvironmental/ climateproblems.Moreover,inspiteofsignificantprogressachievedoverthepast decades,Kenya’slegalframeworkisstructuredunderasectorial(andfragmented) approach. Moreover, given that the legal basis for environmental policies (the EnvironmentalManagementCoordinationAct)datesbackto1999,thereisthe needforanewandupdatedAct. Againstthisbackground,overthepastyearsKenya’sgovernmenthasbeencomͲ mittedtopromoteanewandcomprehensivelegislation.Thelegislativeprocess leadingtotheenactmentoftheClimateChangeAuthorityBillhasbeenfollowed closelybytheinternationalandnationalcommunities.Additionally,theNational ClimateChangeResponseStrategy(NCCRS)waslaunchedin2010,complemented bythe2012ClimateChangeActionPlan.Finally,anotherprocessunderwayisthe formulationoftheNationalEnvironmentPolicy,alsoexpectedtobeadoptedsoon. Thestateoftheart TheClimateChangeAuthorityBillwasintroducedintheNationalAssemblyon18 June2012;uptoOctober2012ithadpassedthefirstreadingsessioninParliament. InadditiontoestablishingaClimateChangeauthority,theBillsetsouttoprovide forthedevelopmentofstrategiestoaddresstheeffectsofclimatechange,aswell asforgingaframeworkformitigationofandadaptationtoclimate. 272 ClimateChangeLegislation Kenya Accordingtotheproposal,themainfunctionsoftheClimateChangeAuthority shall be: 1) coordinating negotiations on climate issues at local, regional and internationallevels;2)adoptingandmanaginganationalregistryforenergyand carbon emission applied to both public and private sectors; 3) advising the governmentonlegislativeandothermeasuresonadaptationandmitigationtobe adopted;4)recordingGHGemissionsandsetreductiontargets;5)coordinating research activities, as well as the engagement between government and nonͲ governmentalagenciesfocusingonclimateissues;6)formulating,coordinating, andpublishingclimatechangeprogrammesonadaptation,mitigation,R&Dand education on climate related issues; among other competences. The Bill also foreseesthecreationoftheClimateChangeTrustFundtofinanceprojectsand programmesdevelopedbytheAuthority. OverthepastfouryearstheMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResourceshas producedseveraldraftsofaNationalEnvironmentalPolicy(NEP).Accordingtothe 5threviseddraft(July2012),oneofthecoreobjectivesoftheNEPistoestablish “aframeworkforanintegratedapproachtoplanningandsustainablemanageͲ ment of Kenya’s environment and its natural resources”. The draft recognises climate change as one of the direct causes of natural disasters, and proposes measurestobeadoptedinaddressingclimateissues.Thefiveactionssuggested are:1)implementingtheNationalClimateChangeStrategy;raisingawarenesson theopportunityforadaptation,mainlythroughtechnologytransferandcapacity building;3)Developandimplementinvestmentandtechnologytransferprojects undertheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)oftheKyotoProtocol;4)develop an integrated, improved early warning and response system for climate and disasterrisks;and5)buildandstrengthenresearchcapacityonclimatechangeand relatedenvironmentalissues. As one of the six countries to benefit from the ScalingͲUp Renewable Energy ProgrammeinLowIncomeCountries(SREP),whichoperatesundertheClimate InvestmentFunds(CIF),inMay2011theKenyaGovernmentpresentedaDraft InvestmentPlanfortheSREP. Institutionalsetting Adoptedin1999,theEnvironmentalManagementandCoͲordinationAct(EMCA) focusesonregulation,managementandprotectionoftheenvironment.FurtherͲ more,theActestablishesimportantinstitutionsthathavebeenamongthecentral authoritiesresponsibleforenvironmentalpolicies/legislationsinKenya,namely: theNationalEnvironmentManagementAuthority(NEMA);theNationalEnvironͲ mentalCouncil(“Council”);andtheNationalEnvironmentActionPlanCommittee (“theAuthority”). Kenya ClimateChangeLegislation 273 Adaptationandmitigation InApril2010theMinistryforEnvironmentandMineralResourcesadoptedThe NationalClimateChangeResponseStrategy(NCCRS).Thedocument’s“primary focus is ensuring adaptation and mitigation measures are integrated in all governmentplanning,budgetinganddevelopmentobjectives”.Towardsthisend, theStrategyidentifiesandrecommendsspecificmeasurestobeadoptedbythe governmentinaddressingclimatechange.TheissuescoveredrangefromadaptaͲ tionandmitigation(includingsuggestionsoncarbonmarketsandgreenenergy development),toR&Dandclimategovernance,amongothers.Asstressedinthe outset,the2012ActionPlanprovidesaplatformfortheimplementationofthe NCCRS,adoptingconcretemeasuresonadaptationandmitigation. In2011thegovernmentadoptedtheNationalFoodandNutritionSecurityPolicy, in which it recognises the direct implication of climate change for food and nutritionsecurity.Inordertotackletheissue,the2011Policyproposesasetof measuresaddressingbothriskmanagementandadaptationtoclimatechange.The governmentcommittedto“Promoteintegrationofclimatechangeadaptationin agriculturaldevelopmentprogrammesandpolicies”.Inadditiontoassistinglocal communitiestodeveloprapidadaptationmechanisms,thePolicyalsosetsoutto develop more effective mechanisms of drought prevention, preparedness and mitigation;instrumentsofirrigation;and,eventually,exploringthecreationofa DroughtManagementAuthorityandDroughtContingencyFund“toensurerapid responsetoclimatechangerelatedcalamities”. Energysupply The 2005 Energy Act regulates activities in all areas of the sector. The Act stimulatesthepromotionofrenewableenergy,delegatingcompetencesforthe MinistryofEnergytoforgeaNationalPlantowardsthisgoal.Furthermore,theAct createstheEnergyRegulatoryCommission(ERC).Nospecificmeasureonhowto promoterenewablesissetup. Forestmanagement Kenya Forest Act was adopted in 2005 and came into force in 2007. The Act establishes the autonomous Kenya Forest Service, and contains provisions on forestmanagement,withemphasisontheengagementoflocalcommunitiesand thepromotionofprivateinvestments.SettingupthebasisforaForestPolicy,the objectives of the Forest Act can only be achieved with the implementation of subsidiarylegislationrules. LanduseinforestareasinalsoregulatedbytheAgriculture(FarmForestry)Rules. Adopted in 2009, these Rules require farmers to establish and maintain farm 274 ClimateChangeLegislation Kenya forestryonatleast10%ofeveryagriculturallandholding.Oneoftheobjectivesof theRulesistopreserveandsustaintheenvironmentandcombatclimatechange andglobalwarming.Theyalsoincludeprovisionsonenforcementmeasuresand inspection. Watermanagement The2002WaterActestablishesgovernmentalrightsandcompetenceoverwater useandconservationrelatingtoallwatersources.TheActalsoprovidesforthe decentralisingofpolicyͲmakingregardingwatermanagement,creatingnewinstiͲ tutionstothisend. Kenya:FlagshipLegislation Kenyacurrentlyhasnoflagshipclimatelegislation.TheClimateChangeActionPlan, whichisexpectedtobeapprovedbycabinetinearly2013,addresseskeyelements ofclimatechangepolicy. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Kenya:OtherRelevantLegislation Agriculture(FarmForestry)Rules2009 20November2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Forestandlandmanagementandconservation implementation Summaryofbill AsasubsidiarylegislationtotheAgricultureAct,theAgricultureRulesadoptedin2009aimat thepromotion of the establishmentandsustainable management offarmforestry. More specifically, these Rules require maintaining farm forest cover of at least 10% in every agriculturallandholding. Additionally,otherdeclaredobjectivesofthe2009AgricultureRulesare:theconservationof water,soilandbiodiversity;theprotectionofriverbanks,shorelines,riparianandwetland areas;thesustainableproductionofwoodcharcoalandnonͲwoodproducts;theprovidingof fruitsandfodder;andcarbonsequestrationandotherenvironmentalservices. TheAgricultureRulesalsocontainprovisionsonenforcementmeasuresandinspection.The responsibility for ensuring compliance is mainly delegated to The District Agricultural Committee Targets Maintenanceof10%oftreecoverinforestryfarms Kenya Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 275 EnergyAct2006 7July2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energysupplyanddemand implementation Summaryofbill Encompassingseverallawsrelatedtoenergy,theActhasaverybroadscope,coveringall formsofenergy,fromfossilfuelstorenewables. Regardingrenewableenergy,theActmandatesthegovernmenttopromotethedevelopment anduseofrenewableenergy,includingbiodiesel,bioethanol,biomass,solar,wind,hydroͲ power,biogas,charcoal,fuelͲwood,tidalwaver,municipalwaste,amongothers. TheActelaboratesontheresponsibilitiesoftheMinistryofEnergyoverrenewables,which include the development of a national strategy of research in this field. However, the legislationfailstoestablishspecificmeasurestoreachthegoalofpromotingrenewables, includingpolicies/financing. TheActestablishesthecreationoftheEnergyRegulatoryCommission(ERC),inchargeof regulatingactivitiesinthesector,includingtheproduction,distribution,supplyanduseof renewableenergy. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ForestAct2005 2February2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Forestmanagement implementation Summaryofbill The Forest Act was adopted by the government in 2005 and aimed at promoting the management offorestsunderadecentralisedapproach. Thefocalpoint ofthe Actisthe involvementoflocalcommunitieslivingintheadjacentforests,andotherstakeholders,with actions to promote the sustainable use and conservation of forest. For this purposes it regulateshumanactivityinforestareasundernationalcontrol,settinguprightsanddutiesfor citizensoperating/livingwithintheseareas. 276 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Kenya Providesguidancefortheimplementationofthe2007ForestPolicy.Establishesmechanisms ofincentivetopromoteconservation,sustainableuseandmanagementofforests. Reorganising the national institutional framework responsible for forest issues, the Act converted the Forest Department into the Kenya Forest Service. As a semiͲautonomous authority, the Service: provides for management of all forests, formulates policies and guidelinesregardingforestconservation,useandmanagement;assistslocalcommunities, including Indigenous, on forest management; enforces legislation regulating forest use activities;amongothercompetences. Nonespecified TheEnvironmentalManagementandCoͲordinationAct1999 14January2000 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Institutionalsetting implementation Summaryofbill TheEnvironmentalManagementandCoͲordinationAct(EMCA)providesfortheestablishment ofacomprehensivelegalandinstitutionalframeworkforthemanagementofenvironmental relatedmatters. TheActrecognisesthelegalrightofeveryKenyancitizentoahealthyacleanenvironment;a rightlaterendorsedbythe2010KenyaConstitution. TheActestablishestheNationalEnvironmentManagementAuthority(NEMA),responsiblefor thesafeguardingandenhancementofenvironmentalqualitythroughcoordination,research, facilitation and enforcement. The NEMA is the main governmental instrument for the implementationofenvironmentalpolicies. The EMCA sets up the National Environmental Council (“Council”), the authority directly associatedwiththeMinistryoftheEnvironmentinchargeofpolicyformulationsconcerning theAct,aswellastheidentifyingofnationalgoalsandprogramsaddressingenvironmental protection. Additionally, the EMCA creates the National Environment Action Plan Committee (“the Authority”),responsibleforenvironmentalplanningactivities,andtheNationalEnvironment Tribunal. Kenya Targets ClimateChangeLegislation 277 Tofomentresearchinthefieldoftheenvironment,theActcreatestheNationalEnvironment Trust Fund, consisting of donations, grants, gifts, endowments or contributions of other sourcesspecificallydesignatedfortheFund. TheActsetstherulesforenvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA),environmentalauditand monitoring,andenvironmentalstandards.TheNationalEnvironmentTribunalhastheroleof establishingorderanddirectionregardingenvironmentalissuesindispute. TheActestablishedthe“TrustFund”tosupportactivitiesoncapacitybuilding,environmental publications,scholarshipsandgrantsforprojectsinthefieldoftheenvironment. Nonespecified Mexico ClimateChangeLegislation 279 4.20 Mexico 4.20.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 712 641 NA 2006 Top20 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:11March1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:9June1998 Dateofratification:7September2000 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 30%GHGemissionsreductionwithrespect tobusinessasusualscenarioby2020(given adequatefinancialandtechnicalsupport fromdevelopedcountries) GeneralLawonClimateChange(2012) 280 ClimateChangeLegislation Mexico 4.20.2 LegislativeProcess MexicohasabicamerallegislatureandisconstitutedbytheChamberofDepuͲ tiesandtheSenate.Forabilltobecomelaw,bothChambersneedtoapproveit, afterwhichitissenttotheExecutiveforsanctioningandofficialpublishing.The Senate addresses all matters concerning foreign policy, approves international agreementsandconfirmspresidentialappointments.TheChamberofDeputies addressesallmatterspertainingtothegovernment’sbudgetandpublicexpendiͲ tures. 4.20.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Mexico’seffortstotackleclimatechangeatthefederallevelamounttoaseriesof strategiesandprogrammesofactionthathavebeensuccessivelyimplementedin thepastsevenyears.Namely,theInterͲSecretariatCommissiononClimateChange, launchedin2005viapresidentialagreement,wasthefirstinitiativetoaddressthe issue directly. It was followed by the National Strategy on Climate Change, launched in 2007, and was concerned with putting forward a line of action to informmitigationandadaptationeffortsinMexico.TheNationalDevelopment Plan2007–2012,inturn,includedanenvironmentalsustainabilityaxisconcerned withaddressingclimatechange.Finally,theSpecialProgrammeonClimateChange 2009–2012 is currently responsible for establishing goals, targets and actions necessarytopromoteclimatechangemitigationintheshorttermwhilesecuring Mexico’s economic competitiveness andallowing timefor the development of adaptationstrategies.Thegovernmentexpectsthatfullimplementationofthe lattershouldachieveareductionintotalannualemissionsof51milliontonnesof CO2by2012inrelationtothebusinessasusualscenario. Ontheinternationalfront,Mexicohasbeenoneofthemostactivedeveloping countriesinrelationtoconductingandupdatingtheUNFCCC’sNationalInventories onGreenhouseEmissions.ItwasthefirstdevelopingcountrytosubmittheFourth National Communication and is on the verge of presenting its Fifth National Communication.Additionally,Mexico’shostingofCOP16in2010createdmomenͲ tuminMexicoforaddressingclimatechangeasevidencedbythefourdraftlaws putforwardtoCongressbythemajorpoliticalpartiesthateventuallyledtothe approvaloftheGeneralLawonClimateChange(GLCC). Mexico ClimateChangeLegislation 281 TheGLCCwaspublishedintheOfficialDiaryoftheFederationon6June2012and became officiallaw on that day. This was a major advance in Mexico’s actions totackleclimatechange.Afteralongprocessofnegotiationthatlastedtwoyears, the key breakthrough was a meeting in October 2011, convened by GLOBE InternationalandaddressedbyformerUKDeputyPrimeMinister,LordPrescott.At thismeetingthelegislatorsfromdifferentparties,whohadproposedseparate draftsofaclimatechangelaw,agreedtomergethemintoonesingleproposal. TheGLCCwasvotedon,andapproved,intheMexicanSenateon6December 2011,coincidingwiththeUNFCCCCOP17/CMP7inDurban,SouthAfrica.Thenews waswarmlywelcomedasitshowedhowdifferentpoliticalpartiescouldcome togethertotackleclimatechange.Detailsofthelawcanbefoundinthelegislation tableslaterinthissection. Forestsandlanduse On19April2012theMexicanCongresspassesaseriesoflegalreformsonthe EnvironmentalLaw(1988,lastamendedin2010)andontheSustainableForest DevelopmentLaw(2003),tofacilitatetheimplementationoftheREDD+mechͲ anism in Mexico. The amendments to these laws focus on harmonising the definitionsofkeyterms,thedevelopmentofeconomicinstrumentsthatbenefit forestownersandusersandtheinclusionofREDD+safeguards. The development and passing of these legal reforms was led by the Mexico ProgrammeoftheGLOBELegislators’ForestInitiativeandhighlightthebeginning ofatransitiontowardsintegratingREDD+withinnationallegalframeworks.Upto nowtheREDD+mechanismhaspredominantlybeendiscussedwithintheUNFCCC andtheexecutivebranchofgovernments.However,theexampleoftheworkof legislatorsinMexicowillsurelybefollowedbyothernationallegislatureswhere REDD+isanimportantcomponentofactiononclimatechange. Importantly, the legal reforms take a critical step towards ensuring that local communities who sustainably manage their forests receive economic benefits derivedfromanyfuturecarbonpaymentscheme. Thekeyaspectsofthelegalamendmentsare: x The definition of environmental services is adapted to emphasise the relationship between the benefits and the functionality of the natural ecosystem and the individuals settled in the territory. In addition, it is recognised that environmental services are regulated by the Forest SustainableDevelopmentLaw(2003) 282 ClimateChangeLegislation Mexico x Theterms“deforestation”and“degradation”aredefined x Theconceptofforestmanagementhasbeenadjustedtoencompassthe notionofenvironmentalservicesandrecognisetheireconomicvalue x ThenationalforestinventoryislinkedtotheREDD+MRVsystem,whichwill becreatedaccordingtothelatestUNFCCCdevelopments x All economic instruments will be considered as a means to promote environmentalservices,thusestablishingalegalbasisfornewmechanisms thatsupportthe“whoconservesispaid”principle x Forestlandownerswillbethedirectbeneficiariesoftheeconomicrevenues generatedbythesustainablemanagementoftheirforests x EightsocioͲeconomicsafeguardsareestablishedaccordingtothedecisions atthelatestUNFCCCCOPandthenationalREDD+strategyofMexico x Finally,iturgestheexecutivepowertoestablish,overaperiodnolonger thanthreeyears,anationalsystemformonitoring,registeringandverifying emissions reductions derived from actions to prevent deforestation and forestdegradation. Renewableenergyandenergyefficiency Mexicohasrecentlybeenactiveindevelopinglegislationtopromotetheuseof renewableenergyandenergyefficiency.Infact,someofitsmostrecentandmost comprehensive bills, the Law for the Use of Renewable Energies and for the FinanceoftheEnergyTransition(LAERFTE)andtheLawforSustainableEnergyUse (LASE)werepassedonthesamedate,on28October2008.InSeptember2009a fundforrenewableenergywascreatedattheinitialvalueofMXN3billion.Ina similarvein,theLawofBioenergyPromotionandDevelopmentwaspassedinlate 2007withthepurposeofdevelopingbioenergyinthecountry,thuscontributingto energydiversificationandsustainabledevelopmentwhilesupportingruralareas andpromotingsocialinclusion.Acommoncharacteristicinthestructureofthese billsisthattheyalloutlineabroadframeworkforactionandrequesttheestablishͲ mentofmultiplebodiesandfundingmechanisms.Inthissense,theyrepresented thefirststep,abindingcommitmentoffutureaction,whichhasbeenbuiltonby theGeneralLawonClimateChange. Mexico ClimateChangeLegislation 283 Mexico:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories GeneralLawonClimateChange 6June2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheapprovaloftheGLCCgivescertaintyandcontinuitytoclimatepolicyinMexicoandsets thecountryonapathtoalowcarboneconomy.Itestablishesthebasisforthecreationof institutions,legalframeworksandfinancingtomovetowardsalowcarboneconomy.Asa GeneralLaw,itspecifiesthedifferentresponsibilitiesoftheFederation,Mexico’spledgeunder theCopenhagenAccord,intermsofcommittingthecountrytoanemissionsreductiontarget of30%belowBusinessAsUsual(BAU)by2020,subjecttotheavailabilityoffinancialresources andtechnologytransfer. Institutionally,theLawtransformstheNationalInstituteofEcologyintotheNationalInstitute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC). The INECC will be responsible for compiling the National Emissions Inventory, will collaborate in the development of strategies, plans, programmes,instrumentsandactionsrelatedtosustainabledevelopment,theenvironment andclimatechange,andwillhelpintheevaluationofnationalclimatechangepolicy.Through the Law, the InterͲministerial Commission on Climate Change (IMCC), initially created by presidential agreement, is now formally the institution in charge of coordinating climate change government actions and formulating and implementing national adaptation and mitigationpolicies.TheGLCCalsoestablishestheNationalClimateChangeSystem,formedby theIMCC,theINECC,stateandmunicipalgovernmentsandrepresentativesofCongress.Its mainresponsibilitywillbetocoordinatetheeffortsoftheFederalGovernment,statesand municipalities. TakingintoaccountMexico’svulnerabilitytoclimateimpacts,theLawputsastrongemphasis onadaptationmeasures.Theobjectiveistoreducesocialandecosystemvulnerabilityby strengtheningtheresilienceofnaturalandhumansystemstoreducedamageandrisk.Oneof thetoolstoachievethisisthe“RiskAtlas”whichincludesinformationaboutcurrentand futurevulnerabilityscenarios. Onmitigation,theGLCCstatesthatthenationalmitigationpolicyshouldincludediagnosis, planning,measurement,reporting,verificationandassessmentofnationalGHGemissions. The national mitigation strategy will be implemented gradually; initially promoting the strengtheningofnationalcapacitiesandsubsequentlybeginningmitigationactivitiesinthe mostcostͲeffectivesectors–energyproduction,transport,agriculture,forestsandotherland use,wasteandindustrialprocesses. 284 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Mexico TheGLCCalsocreatesaclimatechangefund,whichwillchannelpublic,private,nationaland internationalfundingprojectsthatsimultaneouslycontributetoadaptationandmitigation actions,suchassupportingstateͲlevelactions,researchandinnovationprojects,technological development and transfer, and the purchase of Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). Additionally,theLawestablishesavoluntarymarketforemissionstradingtopromoteGHG reductionsinacostͲeffective,verifiable,measurableandreportablemanner. RegulationsstillneedtobedeterminedfortheimplementationoftheLaw,thedetailsof whichshouldbecompletedbymidͲ2013withthenewgovernmentalreadyinoffice. TheGeneralLawonClimateChangeputsintolawMexico’sCopenhagenAccordCommitment ofreducingemissionsto30%belowBusinessAsUsual(BAU)by2020. Mexico:OtherRelevantLegislation LawfortheUseofRenewableEnergiesandFundingtheEnergyTransition(LAERFTE) 28November2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange,renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Seeksto reduce Mexico’s dependence on hydrocarbonsastheprimary source of energy. Promotes and regulates the use of renewable energy sources and clean technology for electricitygenerationthroughtheSpecialProgrammeforRenewableEnergyUse.Establishes theNationalStrategyfortheEnergyTransitionandSustainableEnergyUseandtheEnergy TransitionFundchargedwithcreatingfinancialmechanismstosupporttheenergytransition. TheSecretaryofEnergyisresponsiblefortheimplementationoftheLaw. ThelawdeterminesthattheFederalExecutive,inthecontextoftheNationalStrategyfor EnergyTransitionandSustainableEnergyUse,willdesignpoliciesandmeasurestofacilitate theinflowofresourcesfrominternationalmechanismsrelatedtoclimatechangemitigation. Onenergy,itpromotesrenewableenergygenerationincludingwind,solar,geothermaland hydropower.ChargestheRegulatoryCommissiononEnergywithcreatingmethodologiesto assessthecontributionofrenewableenergytechnologiestotheNationalElectricSystem.In September2009,anewregulationontheLawcreateda14ͲmemberNationalConsultative CouncilforRenewableEnergy.ThisnewregulationchargedtheSecretariatofEnergywith establishing a National Inventory of Renewable Energy and a methodology to value the externalitiesofrenewableelectricitygenerationvisͲàͲvisfossilfuels.Inpreparationforthe SpecialProgramme,theSecretariatofEnergyisalsomeanttocreateanannualforecastonthe penetrationrateofrenewableenergysoastoestablishtargetsforrenewableelectricity. Mexico Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 285 Theregulatoryinstrumentsoverseeingtheservicesexchangedbetweenenergysuppliersand generatorswillbeestablishedbytheSecretariatofEnergy.TheNationalCenterforEnergy ControlwillobservetheadequacyoftherulesandfulfilmentoftheLaw. Nonespecified LawforSustainableEnergyUse(LASE) 28November2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill TheProgrammeandtheCommissionshallpromotescientificresearchrelatedtosustainable energyuseandshalldesignandimplementpermanentsustainableenergyuseprogrammesin allpropertiesownedbytheFederalAdministrationaswellasapplysustainableusecriteriain allacquiredandrentedpropertiesorpublicworksandservices.Inordertointegrateand updatetheNationalInformationSubͲsystem,FederalAdministrationentitiesanduserswith high energy consumption shall provide the Commission with information on production, exports,importsandconsumptionofalltypesofenergy;energyefficiencyinconsumption; andmeasuresimplementedtosaveenergyanditsresults. TheSecretariatofEnergyshallperiodicallyrevisetheProgrammeandpublishtheresultsinthe Federation’sOfficialGazette.TheConsultativeCouncilshallevaluatethefulfilmentofthe Programme’s objectives. The National Commission shall request verification visits and informationfromthoseengagedinactivitiesrelatedtothesustainableuseofenergy. TheProgrammeandtheCommissionshallpromotescientificresearchrelatedtosustainable energyuseandshalldesignandimplementpermanentsustainableenergyuseprogrammesin allpropertiesownedbytheFederalAdministrationaswellasapplysustainableusecriteriain allacquiredandrentedpropertiesorpublicworksandservices.Inordertointegrateand updatetheNationalInformationSubͲsystem,FederalAdministrationentitiesanduserswith high energy consumption shall provide the Commission with information on production, exports,importsandconsumptionofalltypesofenergy;energyefficiencyinconsumption, measuresimplementedtosaveenergyanditsresults. TheSecretariatofEnergyshallperiodicallyrevisetheProgrammeandpublishtheresultsinthe Federation’sOfficialGazette.TheConsultativeCouncilshallevaluatethefulfilmentofthe Programme’s objectives. The National Commission shall request verification visits and informationfromthoseengagedinactivitiesrelatedtothesustainableuseofenergy. Targets Nonespecified 286 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Mexico LawforBioenergyPromotionandDevelopment 13December2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill ThisbillseekstoreduceGHGemissionsaspertheinternationalinstrumentstowhichMexico isasignatory. TheSecretariatofAgricultureischargedwithdevelopingtheProgrammeofSustainableInput ProductionforBioenergyandScientificandTechnologicalDevelopment. TheInterͲsectoralCommissionforBioenergyDevelopment,inthecontextoftheDevelopment Plan,willpromotetheproductionandcommercialisationofbioenergyinputsfromactivitiesin ruralareasrelatedtoagricultureandanimalhusbandry,forests,seaweed,biotechnologyand enzymaticprocesses. The Secretariat of Agriculture and the Secretariat of Energy shall support scientific and technological research for sustainable bioenergy production and use as well as capacity buildinginthisarea.TheCommissionforBioenergyshallimplementmeasuresofthiskind including,amongotherthings,thecreationofaNationalNetworkofInformationandResearch onInputs. The Secretariat of Energy is responsible for defining coordination mechanisms between differentsectorsofthePublicAdministration,federalentitiesandmunicipalitiesaswellas differentproductivesectorsinthecountry. TheSecretariatofEnergyisalsoresponsibleforreviewingtheannualbudgetandevaluating establishedprogrammesandtheirrespectivesupportinstruments.Itisalsochargedwith monitoring the observance of environmental laws and measures, and of sanctioning infractionsderivedfromtheapplicationofthebill. Targets Nonespecified Mexico Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 287 InterͲsecretariatCommissiononClimateChange 25April2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThepermanentInterͲsecretariatCommissiononClimateChangewascreatedbypresidential agreement and is formed by the Secretariats of Foreign Relations, Social Development, EnvironmentandNaturalResources,Energy,Economy,AgricultureandCommunicationsand Transport.TheCommissionisresponsibleforcoordinatingnationalpoliciesonclimatechange mitigationandadaptationaswellasprogrammesandstrategiesforthefulfilmentofMexico’s commitmentsundertheKyotoProtocol.TheheadoftheSecretariatofEnergyandNatural ResourceswillbetheCommission’spermanenthead,andaConsultativeCouncilonClimate Changewillbeformedincludingmembersofthepublic,privateandacademicsectors. TheCommissionwillpromoteanddevelopCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)projectsin thepublicandprivatesectors.Tothisenditwillworkwiththepermanentworkinggroup MexicanCommitteeforGreenhouseGasEmissionReductionandCaptureProjects. TheCommissionshallreportprogressonanannualbasis. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories AcceleratedDepreciationforInvestmentswithEnvironmentalBenefits 2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The bill establishes that investments in environmentally friendly technologies, including renewableenergy,couldprofitfromaccelerateddepreciation.Theinformationofthebill involvestheSecretariatofNaturalResourcesandEnvironmentaswellastheSecretariatof Finance. Thebillallowsinvestorstodeductupto100%oftheinvestmentinrenewableenergyprojects from tax liability during the first year, in accordance with General Law for Ecological EquilibriumandEnvironmentalProtection.Oncethetaxdeductionisgranted,theplantmust remainactiveforatleast5years. Targets Nonespecified 288 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Mexico GeneralLawforSustainableForestDevelopment 13December2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Deforestation implementation Summaryofbill Thebillseekstoregulateandpromotetheconservation,protection,restoration,production, organisation, agricultural activityand management of Mexico’sforestsin ordertosecure sustainableforestdevelopment.Tothisend,itcreatestheNationalForestService,formedby differentgovernmentauthorities.ItfurthercreatestheMexicanForestFund,chargedwith facilitatingaccesstofinancialservicesandpromotingpaymentforenvironmentalservices schemes. Thebillalsoseekstodevelopenvironmentalgoodsandservicesinforestswhilepreserving andenhancingbiodiversity,andimprovingthesocialstandardsofforestpeoples.Forexample, it includes, among other things, the creation of certification schemes in accordance with internationalpractices.Thereisastrongfocusonthecreationofeconomicinstrumentsforthe developmentofforestactivitysuchasfiscalstimulus,credit,fundsandothers. TheNationalForestCommissionshallformulateandcoordinatetheNationalProgrammefor ForestResearchandTechnologicalDevelopment,supportedbynationalinstitutionsdedicated tothethemeandchargedwithpromotingresearch,development,innovationandtechnoͲ logicaltransfersforsustainabledevelopment. Targets Nonespecified Mexico Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 289 GeneralLawofEcologicalEquilibriumandEnvironmentalProtection 1March1998 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Sustainabledevelopment implementation Summaryofbill The bill seeks to promote the preservation and restoration of ecological balance and environmentalprotectioninMexico.Thelawsetsguidelinestopreventandcontrolair,water andsoilpollution,includingtheestablishmentofofficialMexicanstandardsofenvironmental qualityandofinventoriesofemissionssources.ItputsforwardprovisionsfortheestablishͲ mentandmanagementofprotectednaturalareas.Itdeterminesthatthesustainableuse, preservationandrestorationofsoil,waterandothernaturalresourcesshouldbecompatible witheconomicbenefitsandactivities.Thebillalsopromotesresponsibleparticipationofthe people,individuallyorcollectively,inthepreservationandrestorationofecologicalbalance andenvironmentalprotection. ThebillchargestheSecretariatofEnvironmentandNaturalResourceswithissuingofficial Mexicanstandardsofenvironmentalqualityaccordingtothemaximumpermissiblelevelof emissionsofodours,gasesandsolidparticlesandliquidtotheatmosphere.TheSecretariat shouldalsointegrateandupdatetheinventoryofemissionssourcesofairpollutantsand coordinatewithlocalgovernmentsfortheintegrationofnationalandregionalinventories. Finally,theSecretariatisfurtherresponsibleforthedevelopmentandimplementationof programmestoreduceemissionsofpollutantsintheatmosphere. Targets Nonespecified Mozambique ClimateChangeLegislation 291 4.21 Mozambique 4.21.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 16 8 NA 1994 Belowtop50 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:25August1995 Dateofentryintoforce:23November1995 Dateofsignature:18January2005 Dateofratification:18January2005 Dateofentryintoforce:18April2005 Nopledgemade None 292 ClimateChangeLegislation Mozambique 4.21.2 LegislativeProcess Asaunicameralsystem,theNationalParliamentofMozambique(orAssemblyof theRepublic)holdstheconstitutionalpoweroverthelegislativeprocess,which alsoincludestheparticipationoftheExecutivepowerandcivilsociety. TheprocessstartswiththesubmissionofalawproposaltothePresidentofthe Parliament,whopresentstheBilltothevariousworkingcommittees,mostofthem coveringmorethanonethematicarea.Thecommitteescirculatetheproposalto theMembersoftheParliamentandpromoteadebatewithrepresentativesofthe two political parties. The outcomes of these activities are summarised in the committee’s report. Every “law proposal” (projecto de lei) is subjected to two readingsinParliamentandmustbeapprovedbyatleasthalfoftheMPspresentin the Plenary in that session (Article 184 of the Constitution). Once passed, the PresidentoftheParliamentsignstheBillandthensubmitsittothePresidentof theRepublic. WiththepossibilityofreferringtotheConstitutionalCounciltoverifytheconͲ stitutionalityofalawproposal,thePresidenthas30daystoappreciatetheBill. Normally,thisprocessleadstotheapprovalofthetext,confirmedbythesigning andpromulgationoftheLaw.Finally,withpresidentialassent,theBillmustbe publishedintheOfficialGazettetothencomeintoforce. 4.21.3 ApproachtoClimateChange EvenifthegovernmenthasrecognisedthevulnerabilityofMozambiquetoclimate change over the past year, political efforts have not resulted in a significant amount of legislation. Nevertheless, over the past years climate change has acquiredmoreprominenceinthepoliticalagenda,suggestinganeventualincrease inlegislationsandpoliciesinthisrealm. A great indicator of the rising concern with climate change is the inclusion of climate issues as one of the obstacles to the economic development of Mozambique, as stated by the National Poverty Plan (2011–2014). The Plan identifiestheadoptionofmeasurestoreducedisasterrisksandtoadapttoclimate changefeaturesamongitstoppriorities.Morespecifically,thesemeasuresare clustered in five core sets of action, namely: 1) promote a strategy to reduce emissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation,tocontrolwildfiresandto promotereforestation;2)promoteconservationagricultureanddiversificationof incomesourcesinareaspronetonaturaldisasters;3)establish,trainandequip Mozambique ClimateChangeLegislation 293 localriskmanagementcommitteesinareaspronetonaturaldisasterorvulnerable to climate change; 4) make the natural resource management committees operational;5)promoteaprogrammeforreforestationandreducingemissions fromdeforestationandforestdegradationandestablishingcarbonstocks(REDD+). TheneedtoadoptmeasurestotackleclimatechangewaslaterendorsedbyThe FiveͲYearGovernmentPlan(PQG–PlanoQuinquenaldoGoverno),launchedin 2010. Mitigation and adaptation to climate change are considered strategic objectives of the Plan, guiding governmental policies from 2010–2014. Again, climate change is approached in association with economic development and povertyreductionissues.Detailsonhowtoachievethisstrategicobjectivearenot presentedindetail,buttheFiveͲYearPlanpointsoutalistofgeneralmeasures to improve environmental protection and address climate change, such as the promotionofenvironmentalmanagementaddressingforestfires,soilerosionand recoveryofaridareas,allapplyingclimatechangeadaptationtechnologies. Furthermore,asaLeastDevelopedCountry(LDC)intheUNFCCC,Mozambique elaborated a National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), in 2007. The documentidentifiesthemostcriticalandvulnerableareastoclimatechangeand proposesimmediateactionstopromoteadaptationtotheseurgentissues.The initiativestotackleclimatechangeare:1)strengtheningofanearlywarningsysͲ tem;2)strengtheningofcapacitiesofagriculturalproducerstocopewithclimate change;3)reductionofclimatechangeimpactsincoastalzones;and4)manageͲ mentofwaterresourcesunderclimatechange. Under the environmental policy agenda, climate change related issues are anchoredinthe1997EnvironmentalActandthe1995NationalEnvironmental Policy.Furthermore,sectorialpoliciesaddressingenergy(biofuel)andforestand wildlifecanbealsoconsideredasclimatelegislations/policies. Theenvironment The1997EnvironmentalActregulatestheuseofnaturalresources,definesnorms toensurebiodiversityconservation,aswellasadoptsrulesregardingthedisposal ofpollutingsubstances(includingintheair). AdoptedinDecember1995,TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyaimsatthepromoͲ tionofsustainabledevelopmentinMozambique,translatedintotheintegrating environmental issues in socioͲeconomic planning. Under this broad scope, the Policy proposes the adoption of sectorial policies in a wide range of areas. In associatingdeforestationwithexpansionofactivitieswithintheenergysector,the documentdrawsattentiontotheimportanceofadoptinganenergypolicythat 294 ClimateChangeLegislation Mozambique promotestheuseofrenewableenergyanddiscouragestheuseoffossilfuelsand biomass.Inaddition,itsuggeststheadoptionofaforestmanagementplanfor areasclosetourbanspacestoincreasesupplyofwoodͲbasedfuels. Forest(REDD+) The1999ForestandWildlifeActregulatesforestandwildlifemanagementand conservation,legislatingoverillegalactivities,suchasillegalfiresonforestareas. Energy(biofuel) On31March2009theCouncilofMinistersapprovedtheNationalBiofuelsPolicy andStrategy.PublishedasaResolutionnearlytwomonthslater,on31May2009, the instrument aims at contributing to energy security and sustainable socioͲ economicdevelopmentandenergysecurity,throughthedevelopmentofabiofuel sector.Moreover,thedocumentprovidesageneralframeworkandguidelinesfor increasingactivitiesinthesector;thepolicyandstrategyadoptsseveralmeasures forthepromotionofbiofuelproduction,adoptingsustainabilitycriteria,aswellas limitsforlandallocationtothebeexploitedbythesector.Proposingtheadoption oftheBiofuelsDevelopmentNationalProgramme,theResolutionestablishesan institutional framework and a chronogram for the gradual increase of biofuel productionanddistribution. Mozambique:FlagshipLegislation Mozambiquecurrentlyhasnofederalflagshipclimatelegislation. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Mozambique:OtherRelevantLegislation BiofuelsPolicyandStrategy 21May2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand Driverfor Biofuels implementation × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Mozambique ClimateChangeLegislation 295 Summaryofbill TheBiofuelsPolicyandStrategyaimstostrengthentheproductionofbiofuelsinMozambique, establishinggeneralguidelinesforthedevelopmentofthesector. Forthatpurpose,thedocumentadoptsanActionPlan,identifyingspecificmeasurestobe takeninthefirstfiveyearsfollowingtheentryintoforceofthePolicy/Strategy.ThePlancalls fortheinstitutionoftheBiofuelsDevelopmentNationalProgramme;theBiofuelsPurchase Programme;andtheBiofuelsNationalCommission. AcalendarforthegradualimplementationoftheBiofuelPolicyandStrategyisalsodefined, consistingofthreephases.The“pilotphase”shouldextendfrom2009–2015andforeseesthe firstacquisitionsofbiofuelsfromnationalsuppliers,onasmallscale.The“operationalphase” consistsoftheconsolidationofactivitieswithinthesector,withprospectsforexpansionfrom 2015.Finally,the“expansionphase”expectstodevelopindependentdistributionnetworksfor fuelswithahighpercentageofethanol,andpurelyforbiofuels. Finally,thedocumentincludesabudgetfordefiningtheallocationofresourcesforspecific projectsfrom2009–2013. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ForestandWildlifeAct 7July1999 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Forestandwildlifeconservation implementation Summaryofbill The Bill establishes the basic principles and norms for the protection, conservation and sustainableutilisationofforestandwildliferesources,definingdifferentcategoriesofforests/ protectedarea. Dividedinto 9 chapters,theAct regulatesforest managementand conservation,defining theresponsibilitiesofthepublicandprivatesectors.Itgivesthepublicsectorresponsibility forreforestationforcommercial,energyorindustrialpurposes,inadditiontothecreationof local councils to engage local communities with the management of forestry and wildlife resources. Regulating on illegal activities, the Act sets up penalties (imprisonment and/or fine) for offencestothelaw,withparticularemphasisonillegalfires. Targets Nonespecified 296 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Mozambique EnvironmentalAct 1October1997 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Legalframework implementation Summaryofbill TheEnvironmentalActdefinesalegalbasisfortheuseofnaturalresourcesandenvironmental management, with the ultimate goal to establish a sustainable development system in Mozambique. The1997LawdefinesthecompetencesofthegovernmentontheexecutionoftheEnvironͲ mentalManagementNationalPlan,coordinatedbythenewlycreatedSustainableDevelopͲ mentNationalCouncil. Intermsofenvironmentalprotection,theLawforbidstheimportofhazardouswasteandthe disposalofpollutingortoxicwasteoutsidepreͲestablishednormativeparameters. Regulatingontheprotectionofthebiodiversity,theLawcondemnsanyactivitythatthreatens totheconservation,reproduction,qualityorquantityofbiologicalresources,withparticular attentiontospeciesunderthreatofextinction.Inaddition,itarguesfortheestablishmentof AreasofPermanentProtection. TheEnvironmentalLawdefinestheprinciplesunderwhichpermitsrelatingtolandusewill beissued,andproposestheadoptionofnormsanddeadlinesfortheadaptionofindustrial and agricultural activities to strict environmental standards that reduces the disposal of potentiallypollutingsubstances. Otherprovisionssetuprightsandobligationsofthecitizenstoaccessinformation,education, justiceandlegalobligationsinregardtoenvironmentalprotectionsandnaturalresourceuse management. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalEnvironmentalPolicy 3August1995 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Mozambique ClimateChangeLegislation 297 Driverfor Settingupaninstitutionalandlegalframework implementation Summaryofbill TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicywasadoptedbytheCouncilofMinistersasapartofthe implementationoftheFiveͲYearGovernmentPlan(1995–1999).ThePolicyprovidesguidance fortheestablishmentofnationalenvironmentplansandlegislations,aimingatconciliating developmentwithenvironmentprotection.Underthisbroadscope,the1995NationalPolicy proposesasetofactivitiesintheshortandlongterminthefieldoftheenvironment. ThePolicysuggeststheadoptionofanEnvironmentLawandregulations,followedbythe creation of a Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Action, and an Environmental MonitoringCentre. General recommendation of the following issues: marine and coastal area protection; engagementoftheprivatesectorinenvironmentalmanagement;developmentofdatabases andresearchactivities;investmentsinenvironmentaleducationprojects;theengagementof civilsocietywithenvironmentalprotection;wastemanagement;andinternationalcooperaͲ tion. Targets Nonespecified Nepal ClimateChangeLegislation 299 4.22 Nepal 4.22.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 39 31 NA 1994 Belowtop50 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:2May1994 Dateofentryintoforce:31July1994 Dateofsignature:16September2005 Dateofratification:16September2005 Dateofentryintoforce:12December2005 Nopledgemade ClimateChangePolicy,2011 300 ClimateChangeLegislation Nepal 4.22.2 LegislativeProcess The institutional structure of Nepal has been weakened through its recent experienceofpoliticalinstability.Thekingseizedallpowerin2005,whichprecipiͲ tatedthemassdemonstrationsofthePeople’sMovement(JanaAndolan),which soughtareturnto,andthefurtherdevelopmentof,democracyforNepal.This occurredinparallelwiththeculminationoftheMaoistinsurgencywhichendedin 2006 under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. At this point rebel leaders demandedamovetorepublicanism,andtheconveningofanassemblytodrafta newconstitutionfortheHimalayanstate.Theseeventsheraldedthebeginningsof theconstitutionalreformprocess.Centraltothefacilitationofthereformisthe InterimConstitutionofNepal,2007,whichreplacesthe1990Constitutionofthe KingdomofNepal.APresidentwaselectedin2008. Despitethetransitiontoarepublic,thebasisoftheparliamentarysystemremains. However,thereisnownoSecondHouse,themembersofwhichweremergedinto theoneHouseofRepresentatives.Asaninterimdocument,the2007Constitution providesfortheestablishmentoftheConstituentAssemblyandthepreparationof thenewconstitution.However,anewconstitutionhasyettobepromulgated.The failuretoagreeonanewconstitution,whichcausedthePrimeMinistertocall freshelectionsforNovember2012,ledtofurtherpublicprotest. TheNepaleselegalsystemisbasedonEnglishCommonLaw.Despiteadopting secularismasakeytenetoftheconstitution(andtherebydeclassifyingthecountry asa“HinduKingdom”),NepalretainsHindulegalconcepts. Priortotheabolitionofthemonarchy,NepalratifiedtheUnitedNationsFrameͲ work Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 and signed the Kyoto ProtocolinSeptember1995.TheGovernmentofNepalidentifiedtheMinistryof Environment(MoE)astheDesignatedNationalAuthority(DNA)forimplementaͲ tionofclimatechangepolicies. 4.22.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Asidefromtheinstitutionalchallengespresentedbytherecentperiodofpolitical instability, the geography and economic base of Nepal places itspeople under somesevererisksfromtheimpactsofclimatechange.DependencyonrainͲfed agriculture (c. 86% of the population are dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods;andagriculturecontributesc.33%ofGDP)meansthereisahighsensiͲ tivitytofluctuationsinprecipitation,whilethemountainoustopographymakesthe Nepal ClimateChangeLegislation 301 landpronetoflashfloods.Theseverityoftheseispredictedtoincreaseunder climatechangescenariosofmoreintenseprecipitation.Ofparticularconcernare hazardsassociatedwithGlacierLakeOutburstFlood(GLOF)events.TheserelaͲ tivelyrareeventshavemassiveimpacts.Temperaturerisesinmountainregions increasetheamountofmeltwaterfromtheretreatingglaciers,andglaciersinthe Dudh Koshi basin are retreating at rates of 10m/yr to 60m/yr. This meltwater accumulatesbehindnaturaldamsofrockandsoil,calledmoraine.Themoraine damnseventuallybreakandreleasehugequantitiesofwaterwithcatastrophic consequencesforpeoplelivinginthevalleysbelow. Moreover,changesinHimalayanglacierspresentahugechallengetopopulations downstreamwhoaredependentonsteadysuppliesofmeltwaterfeedingstreams and rivers. These concerns are all the more pressing given that temperatures appeartoberisingmorequicklyathigherelevations. Initsresponsetosuchrisks,consultancyreportshavehighlightedtheknowledge challengesforthedevelopmentofclimatechangepolicyandactionsforNepal. Thatis,appropriateresponsestoclimatechangehavebeenlimitedbytheamount of research and evaluation of the local impacts of global climate models. This raised concerns that without fully understanding the projected impacts and vulnerability,particularlyonagricultureandwatersupplies,itwouldbedifficultto makeappropriatepolicy. Within the international arena, Nepal has showed its commitment to climate changebysigningtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange (UNFCCC)inRiodeJaneiroon12June1992,ratifiedon2May1994andentered intoforceon31July1994.TheInitialNationalCommunicationwaspreparedand sharedwiththePartiesin2004.TheGovernmentofNepal(GoN)ratifiedtheKyoto protocolin2005andispromotingactivitiestobenefitfromtheCleanDevelopment Mechanism(CDM).Since2007,Nepalisactivelyparticipatinginclimatenegotiation undertheUNFCCCprocessandasaresultofNepal’sinitiativesonclimatechange, NepalisnominatedastheChairoftheLDCCoordinationGroupfor2013and2014 undertheUNFCCCprocesswhichwillprovideanopportunitytolead48LDCs,and enhanceclimatechangeactivitiesinthecountry. OnthenationallevelhistoricpolicydocumentssuchastheNepalEnvironmentand Policy Action Plan made little reference to climate change. The last 10Ͳyear developmentplandoesacknowledgetheroleofweatherandclimateineconomic performance, but there is only brief mention of the development impacts of climatechange.Policyonagriculturehasnotsystematicallytakenaccountofthe 302 ClimateChangeLegislation Nepal expected impacts of climate change on the sector, and hence the majority of Nepal’spopulation.Morerecently,however,thishasbeenchanging. The three year plans which have been used to guide Nepal’s development followingthefallofthemonarchyalsoopenavenuestoimplementclimateadaptaͲ tion in particular and climate change activities in general. The Interim Plan (2010/11–2012/13)identifiesthepotentialoftheforestrysectortobenefitfrom carbon trading and stresses the need of conservation of natural resources for livelihoods. More recently, GoN’s new 3ͲYear Plan (for the period 2010/11– 2012/13) provides a path to promote green development and “climate proof” development, mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change and promote adaptation. The2005NationalWaterPlanrefersspecificallytotheneedforresearchintothe impactsofclimatechangeontheenvironment,mandatingtheconstructionofa Himalayan Climate Change Study Centre. The 3Ͳyear interim plan of 2007 also refers to climate change; and several new government councils charged with tackling climate change have recently been created. Overall, the Ministry of Environment,ScienceandTechnology(MoEST)isresponsibleforthecoordination ofclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation.Butamoretargetedresponsecomes fromthe2009establishmentofthe25memberClimateChangeCouncil(CCC), headedbythePrimeMinister.Inaddition,tocoordinateclimatechangeactivities andimplementcollaborativeprogrammes,amultiͲstakeholderClimateChange InitiativesCoordinationCommittee(MCCICC)hasbeenformedwithrepresentaͲ tion from relevant ministries and institutions, international and national nonͲ governmentorganisations,academia,privatesectoranddonors.Similarly,witha policy to make the country’s economy and infrastructure climateͲresilient, the NationalPlanningCommission(NPC)hasemphasisedtheneedtoscreenNepal’s developmentplanstomakethemclimateresilient.Further,theGoNestablished theClimateChangeManagementDivisionintheMinistryofEnvironment(MoE)in 2010.Inthatsameyear,theCCCpreparedapolicyfortacklingclimatechange(The ClimateChangePolicy)andapprovedtheMoE’sNationalAdaptationProgramme ofAction(NAPA).Thiswasthefirsthighlevelresponsetoclimatechange,intended tomainstreamadaptationtoclimatechangewithinnationalpoliciesandreduce vulnerability.TheClimateChangePolicyalsoencouragesdevelopmentsectorsto incorporateclimatechangeconcernsintopoliciesandotherinstrumentsofreleͲ vantsectors.ThePolicyequallyemphasisesdevelopmentandutilisationofclean andrenewableenergiesandknowledgegenerationtoaddressimpactsofclimate changethroughadaptationandimpactmitigation. Nepal ClimateChangeLegislation 303 Inadditiontonationalactivities,aNationalFrameworkonLocalAdaptationPlans of Action (LAPAs) is being prepared. These will act as major guiding policy instrumentsformainstreamingclimatechangeactivitiesingeneral,andclimate changeadaptationinparticular.Otheractivitiesare“StrengtheningCapacityfor ManagingClimateChangeandtheEnvironment”,andimplementationofthe“Pilot ProgrammeforClimateResilience”(PPCR).MoESTisalsopreparingtheSecond NationalCommunication(SNC)reportandTechnologyActionPlanunderitsTechͲ nologyNeedsAssessment(TNA)ProjectforsubmissiontoUNFCCC,andbetween 2007 and 2009 prepared action plans for capacity building under the National CapacityNeedsSelfͲAssessmentProject.MoESTisnowengagedinimplementing NAPA prioritised projects with support from DFID and EU, and the LDC Fund. Similarly,theClimateandDevelopmentKnowledgeNetwork(CDKN)hassupported Nepaltoimplementknowledgegenerationandcommunicationactivities,climate negotiationsandeconomicimpactassessmentofclimatechangeinkeysectors. Theseprogrammes,projectsandactivitiessupporttoimplementNAPA,LAPAand Climate Change Policy in a broader sense. These developments and plans are largelyinlieuoflawsorlegalinstrumentstoimplementthem. Forestry Theinterim3Ͳyearplanreleasedin2007referredtoclimatechangeandforestryin particular,andthepotentialofREDD+andcarbontrading.Thereisanticipation thatmitigationapproachesthroughforestrycanprovidestrongwinͲwinoutcomes, conferringwatershed,biodiversityandsoilconservationbenefits.Moreover,there is expectation that REDD+ can contribute to government objectives of poverty reductioninthecontextofclimatechange.Giventhehighproportionsofpeople dependent upon agriculture and natural resources including forests, there is a strongfocusoncommunitybasedforestrymanagementunderREDD+.However, there are concerns among forest users such as the Federation of Community Forest Users, Nepal (FeCoFUN) that REDD+ implementation involves too much recentralisation,andthattoomuchrevenuefromcollaborativeforestmanageͲ mentprogrammeswillalsobepassedbacktocentralgovernment. Institutionally,theMinistryofForestsandSoilConservation(MoFSC)hastakenthe leadroleinimplementingREDD+inNepal,andhasdevelopedaREDD+department (or“cell”)inadditiontodeclaringitaministerialpriority.Thecellisresponsiblefor coordinatingREDD+readinessprocessesundertheWorldBank’sForestCarbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and other REDD projects including developing the REDD+PreparednessPlan(RPP).TheMoFSCintendstoreleasetheREDDStrategy in2013. 304 ClimateChangeLegislation Nepal Nepal:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangePolicy,2011 3March2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Adaptation;sustainabledevelopment implementation Summaryofbill The Climate Change Policy is the centrepiece of Nepal’s response to climate change. The Policy’s preamble discusses a vision of sparing the impacts of climate change on Nepal, throughenvironmentalconservationandsustainabledevelopment.Itfurtherstatesthatthe mission of the policy is to address the adverse impacts of climate change and take opportunitiestoimprovelivelihoodsandencourageclimateͲfriendlychange. AftersummarisingthesignificanceofclimatechangetoNepal,thedocumentsetsoutthe conditionandcontextofNepal’sinstitutionalresponse,beforemovingontothefollowing policieswhichhavebeenadopted: x Climateadaptationanddisasterriskreduction x Lowcarbondevelopmentandclimateresilience x Accesstofinancialresourcesandutilisation x Peoples’participation x Capacitybuilding,peoples’participationandempowerment x Studyandresearch x Technologydevelopment,transferandutilisation x ClimateͲfriendlynaturalresourcesmanagement Targets ThepolicydocumentstatesthatthefollowingarethequantitativetargetsoftheClimate ChangePolicy: x Establishment of a Climate Change Centre within 1 year for conducting climate changeresearchandmonitoring,andregularlyprovidingpolicyandtechnicaladvice totheGovernmentofNepal x InitiationofcommunityͲbasedlocaladaptationactionsasmentionedintheNational AdaptationProgrammeofAction(NAPA)throughmanagingfinancialresourcesby 2011 Nepal ClimateChangeLegislation x x 305 PreparationofanationalstrategyforcarbontradeinordertobenefitfromtheClean DevelopmentMechanismby2012 Formulationandimplementationofalowcarboneconomicdevelopmentstrategy thatsupportsclimateͲresilientsocioͲeconomicdevelopmentby2014 x Assessmentoflossesandbenefitsfromclimatechangeinvariousgeographicalareas anddevelopmentsectorsby2013 x Promotion of climate adaptation and adoption of effective measures to address adverseimpactsofClimatechangethroughtechnologydevelopmentandtransfer, publicawarenessraising,capacitybuildingandaccesstofinancialresources Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Nepal:OtherRelevantLegislation NationalAdaptationProgrammeofAction Endorsedin2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Adaptation implementation Summaryofbill ANAPAconstitutesamultidisciplinaryprocessforleastdevelopedcountriestoidentifypriority activitiesthatrespondtotheirurgentandimmediateneedsforadaptingtoclimatechange. The production of a NAPA will enable Nepal to access and utilise various international adaptationfundswhichareallocatedfortheleastdevelopedcountries. RatherthanconcentratingonscenariomodellingandnationalpolicytheNAPAwasintended to be a participatory process focussing on vulnerability to current climate variability and extremeevents,andonareaswhereriskswouldincreaseduetoclimatechange.Itfocuses largelyonidentifyingareasofimpact;developingtheadaptivepotentialofNepal’scommuͲ nities;establishmentofcriteriaforprioritisingactivities;andselectingprioritisedshortͲlisted activitiesbyeachdevelopmentsector. Climatechangeisanticipatedtohavemajorimpactsonagricultureandfoodsecurity;energy; disasters;forestsandbiodiversity;publichealth;andurbansettlementandinfrastructure. Across these there is a particular focus on the gender divide, whereby women are more exposedtoclimateͲaffectedsectors. Nepal’sNAPAclusteredtheseactivitiesintoninegroupings: x Promotion of communityͲbased adaptation through integrated management of agriculture,water,forestsandbiodiversity x Buildingandenhancingtheadaptivecapacityofvulnerablecommunitiesthrough improvedaccesstoservicesforagriculturaldevelopment 306 ClimateChangeLegislation Nepal x Communitybaseddisastermanagementforfacilitatingclimateadaptation x GlacierLakeFloodmonitoringanddisasterriskreduction x ForestandecosystemmanagementforsupportingclimateͲledadaptationinnovaͲ tions x Adaptingtoclimatechallengesinpublichealth x Ecosystemmanagementforclimateadaptation x Empowering vulnerable communities through sustainable management of water resourcesandcleanenergysupplies Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories x promotingclimateͲsmarturbandevelopment Nonespecified TheNationalWaterPlan 2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Adaptation,research(thesearethedriversfortheclimateaspectofthelegislation,butoverall implementation theemphasisisonecosystemservicesprovision) Summaryofbill The water policy is a comprehensive strategy document that addresses the major issues relevanttowateruseinNepal,includingagriculture,tourism,hydroelectricpowerproduction potential,andotherecosystemservicessuchasfisheries. Itisincludedinthisstudysinceimportantlyitmandatesresearchintoclimatechangeandthe creationoftheHimalayanClimateChangeStudyandResearchcentre.Italsosetsouttheneed toconductfurtherresearchintotheimpactsofclimatechangeinNepal. Targets The policy sets out many targets for its different work areas. Those below are a subset selectedsincetheyarerelevanttoclimatechangemonitoringobjectives. By2007: x TheexistingDHMstationsarerehabilitatedandequippedandappropriatehuman andfinancialresourcesareallocatedtoretrievequalitydata x Theexisting47hydrometricstationsareexpandedto75wellͲequippedstations x The existing sediment sampling stations are reviewed to enhance capabilities to collectriverbedsamples Nepal ClimateChangeLegislation 307 x Thenumberofrainfallstationsisincreasedto370 x Sufficientnumberofstationsisequippedwithtelemetryfacilitytoassistweatherand floodforecasting x TheHimalayanClimateChangeStudyandResearchCentreisestablishedwithinthe DHM By2017: x TheDHMstationnetworkisexpandedtomeettheWMOstandards x Thedisseminationofrelevantqualitydataisimproved Pakistan ClimateChangeLegislation 4.23 Pakistan 4.23.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 167* 161 NA 1994 Top50 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:1June1994 Dateofentryintoforce:30August1994 Dateofsignature:11January2005 Dateofratification:11January2005 Dateofentryintoforce:11April2005 Nopledgemade NationalClimateChangePolicy 309 310 ClimateChangeLegislation Pakistan 4.23.2 LegislativeProcess The legislative branch of the democratic Islamic federal republic of Pakistan is integratedbyabicameralparliamentorMajlisͲeͲShooraconsistingoftheSenate (100seats;membersindirectlyelectedbyprovincialassembliesandtheterritories’ representatives in the National Assembly to serve sixͲyear terms; one half are electedeverythreeyears)andtheNationalAssembly(342seats;272members electedbypopularvote;60seatsreservedforwomen;10seatsreservedfornonͲ Muslims;membersserve5Ͳyearterms). AbillrelatingtotheFederalLegislativeListcanbeoriginatedineitherHouse.Ifthe HousepassestheBillthroughmajorityvote,itistransmittedtotheotherHouse.If theotherHousepassesitwithoutamendment,itispresentedtothePresidentfor assent. If the Bill, transmitted to the other House, is not passed within 90 days or is rejected,itisconsideredinajointsittingtobesummonedbythePresidentonthe requestoftheHouseinwhichtheBillwasoriginated.IftheBillispassedinthe joint sitting, with or without amendments, by the votes of the majority of the membersofthetwoHouses,itispresentedtothePresidentforassent. IftheBillispresentedtothePresidentforassent,hewillassenttotheBillwithin 10days.IfitisnotaMoneyBill,thePresidentmayreturntheBilltotheMajlisͲeͲ Shoora with a message requesting that the Bill be reconsidered and that an amendment specified in the message be considered. The MajlisͲeͲShoora will reconsider the Bill in a joint sitting. If the Bill is passed again, with or without amendment, by vote of the majority of the members present and voting, it is presentedtothePresidentforassent.ThePresidentmakesadecisionwith10 days.Ifafter10daysnostatementofassenthasbeenmade,itisdeemedtohave beengiven. Under the Constitution, the Parliament may also legislate for two or more ProvincesbyconsentandrequestmadebythoseProvinces.IftheFederalGovernͲ mentproclaimsaStateofEmergencyinanyprovince,thepowertolegislateover thatprovinceisvestedintheParliament.However,BillspassedbytheParliament duringaStateofEmergencyceasetobeinforcesixmonthsaftertheStateof Emergencyislifted.ActionstakenduringaStateofEmergencyremainvalidonce thecrisishaspassed. Pakistan ClimateChangeLegislation 311 ThePresidentiselectedbymembersofbothHousesoftheParliamentandthe ProvincialAssemblies.ThePrimeMinister,whoheadstheCabinetandismeantto aidandadvisethePresidentinhisfunctions,belongstotheNationalAssembly. MembersoftheCabinetareappointedbythePresidentontheadviceofthePrime Minister.IntheformationoftheCabinetthemajorportion(75%)aretakenfrom theNationalAssemblywhiletherest(25%)aretakenfromtheSenate. 4.23.3 ApproachtoClimateChange PakistanisapartyoftheUNFCCCsince1994andoftheKyotoProtocolsince2005. ThereportofthePakistaniPlanningCommission’sTaskForceonClimateChange statesthatthedraftoftheNationalClimateChangePolicy(NCCP)waspublishedby theMinistryofEnvironmentinApril2011.ThiswasfundedbytheOneͲUNJoint ProgramonEnvironment(JPE).TheNCCPwasdevelopedwithextensiveconsultaͲ tion with Pakistan’s provinces, federal institutions and civil society, and was adoptedbytheCabineton26September2012.Itsgoalis“toensurethatclimate changeismainstreamedintheeconomicallyandsociallyvulnerablesectorsofthe economyandtosteerPakistantowardsclimateͲresilientdevelopment”.However,it isalivingdocumentandwillbesubjecttoregularreviewsandupdates.NotwithͲ standing any such reviews, the NCCP should help Pakistan to continue on a development path to achieve Pakistan’s goals as envisioned in the Planning Commission’sVision2030document. ThemainfocusofthisVision2030documentisadaptation,inviewofPakistan’s highvulnerabilitytotheimpactsofclimatechangeincluding,interalia,degraded ecosystems and high levels of rural poverty, illiteracy and marginalisation of women.Nonetheless,mitigationmeasuresforthesectorsofenergyefficiencyand conservation,transport,forestry,industry,agriculture,livestockandtownplanning arealsopartofthePolicy.AsanexampletheForestryPolicy(describedinmore detailbelow)setsouttorestoreexistingforestsinadditiontoreforestingsome deforestedanddegradedarea.Thereisastrongfocusonwatershedreforestation which should confer benefits in terms of reduced downstream siltation; more stableriverdischarge;andbenefitstohillsidecommunitiesintermsofsuppliesof timberandnonͲtimberproducts. Institutionalarrangementsforclimategovernance On14April2012thefederalͲlevelMinistryofNationalDisasterManagementwas renamedastheMinistryofClimateChange.Furthermore,theNationalAssembly hassetupa21ͲstrongStandingCommitteeonClimateChange. 312 ClimateChangeLegislation Pakistan AftertheNCCPisadopted,institutionalarrangementsprovideforanActionPlan toimplementit.Allrelevantministries,departmentsandagencieswilldeviseplans andprogrammestoimplementthepolicyprovisionsrelatingtotheirrespective sectorsandsubsectors.Similarly,theprovincialgovernments,AJK,GilgitBaltistan, federallyadministratedterritoriesandlocalgovernmentswillalsodevisetheirown strategies,plansandprogramsforimplementationoftheNCCP. To ensure effective Policy and Action Plan implementation and to oversee the progressinthisregard,ClimateChangePolicyImplementationCommitteeswillbe establishedatthefederalandprovinciallevels. Oneofthetasksofthesecommitteeswillbetheregularmonitoringandupgrading oftheNationalClimateChangePolicyatanintervaloffiveyears.Thefederallevel committeeswillbechairedbytheMinisterofClimateChangeasthefocalMinistry and will be integrated by the Secretaries of Ministries responsible for climate change:PlanningandDevelopment,ForeignAffairs,IndustriesandProduction, Finance,WaterandPower,FoodandAgriculture,HealthandDefense;additional Chief Secretaries of Provincial Planning and Development Departments; the ChairmanoftheNDMAFederalFloodCommission;SecretariesofProvincialAJK, GB, FATA and Environment Departments; Heads of PMD GCISC, Pak EPA, ENERCON;theChiefoftheEnvironment,PlanningandDevelopmentDivision;three representativesfromthecorporatesector,ChambersofCommerceandindustries; three eminent experts from the field; three representatives from civil society organisationsandtheDirectorGeneraloftheClimateChangeMinistrywhowill serveasaMemberandastheSecretaryoftheCommittee. TheprovincialClimateChangePolicyImplementationCommitteeswillbechaired bytheprovincialMinisterforEnvironmentandintegratedbytheChairpersonand theAdditionalChiefsoftheSecretaryofPlanningandDevelopmentDepartments; SecretariesofEnvironment,Agriculture,Forest,Irrigation,LocalGovernmentand Public Health Departments; three representatives from the corporate sector, ChambersofCommerceandindustries;threeeminentexpertsfromthefield;three representativesfromcivilsocietyorganisationsandtheDirectorGeneralofthe EnvironmentalProtectionAgencywhowillserveasaMemberandastheSecretary oftheCommittee. TheNationalandProvincialClimateChangePolicyImplementationCommitteeswill meetbiannually.TheProvincialCommittees,whichwillbethekeyactorsinthe implementationoftheproposedclimatechangeagenda,willreportthestatusof implementationofthePolicytotheNationalCommittee.TheNationalCommittee will report tothe Prime Minister’s Committee on Climate Change on aregular basis. Pakistan ClimateChangeLegislation 313 Pakistan:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalClimateChangePolicy September2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange;food,waterandenergysecurity;disasterpreparedness;sustainableeconomic implementation development Summaryofbill ThePolicyidentifiesthevulnerabilitiestoclimatechangeinthesectorsofwaterresources, agriculture,forestry,coastalareas,biodiversityandvulnerableecosystemsandspellsoutthe appropriateadaptationmeasurestobeadopted.Italsoputsforwardappropriatemeasures concerningdisasterpreparedness,capacitybuilding,institutionalstrengthening,technology transferandinternationalcooperation. ThePolicyprovidesacomprehensiveframeworkfortheNationalActionPlanfornational effortsonadaptationandmitigationtobedesignedtoimplementthePolicy. Theobjectivesofthenewpolicyaretopursuesustainableeconomicgrowthby: x appropriatelyaddressingthechallengesofclimatechange x integratingclimatechangepolicywithotherinterrelatednationalpolicies x focussingonproͲpoorgendersensitiveadaptationwhilealsopromotingmitigationto theextentpossibleinacosteffectivemanner x ensuringwater,foodandenergysecurityofthecountryinthefaceofthechallenge posedbyclimatechange;andminimisingtherisksfromtheincreasedfrequencyand intensityofeventslikefloodsanddroughts x facilitating an effective use of the opportunities, particularly financial, available nationallyandinternationally x fosteringthedevelopmentofappropriateeconomicincentivestoencouragepublic andprivatesectorinvestmentinadaptationmeasuresandpromotingconservationof naturalresourcesandlongͲtermsustainability. Targets Nonespecified 314 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Pakistan Pakistan:OtherRelevantLegislation ThePakistanEnergyEfficiencyandConservationAct 2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The bill is a driver of institutional development to improve energy efficiency in Pakistan, specificallymandatingthecreationof: x ENERCON,theNationalEnergyConservationAuthority x ThePakistanEnergyConservationCouncil x TheFundofENERCON ENERCONwilltakemultipleroles,includinginteralia: x servingasthesolefocalfederalauthorityforinitiating,catalysingcarryingoutand coordinatingtheimplementationofallenergyconservationprogramsinallsectorsof theeconomy x Initiatingresearchanddevelopmentprogrammesinrenewableenergy TherolesoftheEnergyConservationCouncilareasfollows: x tobecustodianofnationalpolicyforenergyconservationandensureproperutiliͲ sation,planningandmanagementofenergyinallsectorsofthenationaleconomy x coordinate,superviseandcarryoutenforcementoftheprovisionsofthisAct x create awareness anddisseminateinformation relatedto efficientuseof energy resources x coordinateintegrationandinculcationofenergyconservationconcernsinnational developmentplansandpolicies x approveenergyefficiencystandardsandensuretheirenforcementandcompliance x directtheAuthorityintheconductofresearchanddevelopment,andpreparation and execution of demonstration projects and national programs on energy conͲ servation Pakistan ClimateChangeLegislation x x x x Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories 315 recommend to the Federal Government the adoption of measures directly or indirectlyconducivetoenergyconservation promoteinvestmentbythepublicandprivatesectorsinenergyconservationthrough partnershiporotherwise encourageandfacilitateimportandlocalmanufactureandIndigenoustechnologies forthepromotionofenergyconservationthroughalllegalandpolicysupport institute National energy conservation and management awards for various categoriesofenergyconsumersforthepromotionandencouragementofenergy conservation. TheENERCONfundistobeusedtomeettheexpensesincurredinpromotingtheobjectivesof theActincludingpaymentsofsalariesetc.,ratherthantheactualimplementationofactivities perse. Nonespecified NationalSustainableDevelopmentStrategy(NSDS):Pakistan’spathwaytoasustainableand resilientfuture May2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Sustainabledevelopment implementation Summaryofbill ThegoaloftheNSDSis“vibrantandequitableeconomicgrowth”forPakistanthatdelivers benefitstoall,particularlythepoorandthevulnerable,inawaywhichdoesnotleadtoundue exploitationordegradationofnaturalresources. TheneedfortheNSDSisstarksincethecountryfacesaseriesofchallenges,principallythat: x GDPgrowthratesarestillcoupledtoresourceandnaturalmaterialuse x Waterscarcityisincreasingandstoragecapacityislow;waterefficiencydeliveryis low x Thermalefficiencyinenergygenerationislow,anddistributionlossesinthesystem arehigh x Strategicenergyreservesarelow Thisissetagainstabackdrop ofhigh povertyandilliteracy ratesinaddition toincreased impactsofnaturalhazards,floodsinparticular. 316 Targets ClimateChangeLegislation Pakistan Thethreecoreprogrammeareasaddressedare: x Economic,comprising: a) Sustainabletrade b) CleanerProduction SustainableConsumption c) x Environment: a) Naturalcapital b) Biodiversity x Social a) Socialprotection b) Povertyalleviation Equalopportunity/humandevelopment c) Strategicgoalsoftheprogrammeare: x promotegreeninvestmentandgreenjobs x ImproveecoͲefficiencybychangingproductionandconsumptionsystems x Internalisationofenvironmentalcostsintopricing x Developsustainableinfrastructurefocussingontransportandcommunication x Developdemandforsustainableconsumptionamongconsumersthroughawareness raising x Accountfordepletionofnaturalresourcesinnationalaccounts x Promoteefficientuseofenergyandwater,includingthroughimprovedwatershed managementandreforestation x Improve biodiversity management and increase forest cover; prepare lists of endangeredspecies x Deliverbasicservicesofacceptablyhighqualitytoallcitizens.Thesewouldcover10 yearsofschooling,healthcare,food,water,shelterandenergy x Ensuring preparedness for natural and humanͲmade calamity and emergencies throughmitigationandintegrationofdisastercontingenciesinbroaderdevelopment strategies x Doublingofforestcoverby2030asenvisagedinVision2030 x Eliminateabsolutepoverty Pakistan Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 317 NationalForestPolicy 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Sustainabledevelopmentofnaturalresourceuse implementation Summaryofbill This policy (supported by caveats in the National Environment Policy) addresses the sustainable use of Pakistan’s renewable natural resources. It acknowledges the multiple functionsofPakistan’sforests,suchascarbonstorageforclimatechangemitigation.However, thereisaparticularlystrongfocusonforests’roleinmountainswheretheyprovideprotection ofsoilfromerosionandreductionofdownstreamsiltation;andcrucially,watershedprotecͲ tion.Italsonotesthepotentialofforeststosupportlocallivelihoodsintermsofprovisionof nonͲtimberforestproducts(mushrooms,medicinalplantsetc). MuchofPakistan’sforestshavenowbeencleared,increasingtheimportanceofmanaging whatremainsunderaframeworkofsustainableuse.Inparticularthesustainableuseshould benefit marginalised groups such as women and children. Furthermore, use of existing resourcesshouldbecomplementedwithforestrestorationactivitiestoattempttoregenerate forestsinordertosafeguardeconomicgrowth. Approachestoachievethedesiredsustainableuseofforestsincludeinteraliathesubstitution offirewoodandtimber(andspecificallydiscouragingtheuseofrarespeciesingovernment buildings); the active prevention of encroachment on remaining forest lands through regulationofgrazing. InordertofinancetheprotectionofwatershedsandhencesafeguardPakistan’swatersupply, theforestpolicystipulatesthecreationofaforestfund.Thefundmayalsobeusedtofinance thepromotionofforestryresearchandeducationinPakistan. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories AlternativeEnergyDevelopmentBoardAct 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Developmentofalternativeenergy implementation × × 318 ClimateChangeLegislation Pakistan Summaryofbill The Act sets out to create an alternative and renewable energy development board for Pakistan.Thetextlargelysetsouttheformalstandingoftheboard,outlyingitsfinancialstatus andhowtoappointmembersoftheboardetc. Intermsofspecifics,thefunctionsoftheboardareto: x develop national strategy, policies and plans for utilisation of alternative and renewableenergyresourcestoachievethetargets x act as a forum for evaluating, monitoring and certification of alternative or renewableenergyprojectsandproducts: a) act as a coordination agency for commercial application of alternative or renewabletechnology b) facilitateenergygenerationthroughalternativeorrenewableenergyresources, including: inter alia the promotion or development of renewable energy projects;andinteractingwithotheragenciesdomesticallyandinternationally foralternativeenergyproduction TheActalsoallowstheboardtoestablishaninstituteofrenewableenergytechnologies. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ThePakistanCouncilofRenewableEnergyTechnologiesAct 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Developmentofrenewableenergycapacity implementation Summaryofbill TheBilllegislatesinstitutionaldevelopmentbymandatingtheestablishmentofthePakistan CouncilofRenewableEnergyTechnologies.Thecouncilwillberesponsibleforpromotingthe development,acquisition,propagationanddisseminationofrenewableenergytechnologies. Specificallynamedtechnologiesare:solar/photovoltaic;thermal,hydrogen,biogas/biomass, miniandmicrohydropower;andwindtechnologies. ThecouncilwillalsoberesponsiblefortheliaisonwithnationalandinternationalorganiͲ sations to promote technical coͲoperation in addition to assisting the government in the industrialproductionofrenewableenergytechnologies. Targets Nonespecified Pakistan Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 319 CleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)–NationalOperationalStrategy January2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThestrategydescribesthefunctionsandpowersofaDesignatedNationalAuthorityforCDM projectsandthenationalprojectapprovalprocess. Targets Nonespecified Peru ClimateChangeLegislation 321 4.24 Peru 4.24.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 120 63 NA 2000 Belowtop50 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:7June1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:13November1998 Dateofratification:12September2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Voluntarypledges: Reducethenetrateofdeforestation(of primaryforests)tozero. Increaseuseofalternativeenergysources (hydrogenandbiofuels)torepresentat least33%ofnationalenergyconsumption. Reduceemissionscausedbyinadequate treatmentofsolidwaste. NationalStrategyonClimateChange 322 ClimateChangeLegislation Peru 4.24.2 LegislativeProcess Peruisapresidentialrepublicmadeupof25administrativedistrictscalledregions. Thefederallegislatureisaunicameralcongress,composedof130representatives who are elected by popular vote for fiveͲyear terms. National legislation is proposedbytheexecutivebranch(thePresident,electedbypopularvotefora fiveͲyearterm,thePrimeMinister,appointedbythePresident,andthecouncilof ministers,alsoappointedbythePresident),membersofCongress,theJudiciary, autonomous public bodies, municipalities or professional associations. Citizen groupsandindividualsarealsoconstitutionallyguaranteedtherighttosubmit legislationtocongressforconsideration. Afterbureaucraticfilingandnumbering,theSecretaryGeneralreferstheproposed legislationtothecorrespondingcongressionalcommittee(s).Thecommitteesare formedofelectedrepresentativesfromallpartiesandworktodraftanevaluating reportseekingunanimous,majorityorminorityconsensus.Ifnosuchconsensusis possible,orifthecommitteeissuesan“unfavourablereport”,thebillisrejected and filed in the Parliamentary Archives. If the committee issues a “favourable report”,the billis then scheduled fordebate by the Executive Councilin afull parliamentarysession.IfthebillispassedbyCongress,thePresidentmaysignit into law within 15 days, or send it back to Congress for further review. Once promulgatedbythePresident,thelegislationisenactedandinforceonthedateof publicationintheofficialcongressionalgazette,ElPeruano. LawspassedbyCongressandsignedbythePresidentrepresentthestrongestform oflegislationinthePeruvianjuridicoͲlegalsystem.Supplementallegislationexistby the way of legislative resolutions, which are employed to ratify international treatiesorspecifyandmodifyrulesandregulationsofexistinglegislation.Likewise theexecutivebranchmayissuea“supremedecree”(executivedecree),whichdoes notneedcongressionalapprovalbutdoesrequirethesignatureofatleastone sittingcabinetminister.Muchofthecurrentlegislationspecifictoclimatechange, includingthatwhichwehavedeemedPeru’s“flagshiplegislation”,isintheformof executivedecrees. ThenationalgovernmentofPeruhaschampioneddecentralisation.In2002under PresidentToledo,CongresspassedtheDecentralizationFrameworkLaw(Leyde BasesdelaDescentralización–LeyNo.27783),which,inaccordancewithcompliͲ mentarylawspassedshortlythereafter,seekstodecentralisefiscalplanningfrom Peru ClimateChangeLegislation 323 thecentralgovernmenttothe25regionalgovernments.Afederallysupported proposal to consolidate the 25 regional administrative governments into five subͲnationalregionswasapillaroftheplanfordecentralisation;however,this proposalwasrejectedinanationalplebiscitein2005.Thusimplementationof federallegislation(includingenvironmentallegislationconcerningclimatechange) islefttoeachofthe25regionalgovernments,whicharecomposedofaRegional PresidentandaCouncil(bothPresidentandCouncilMembersareelectedforfourͲ yearterms).TheCouncildebatesandvotesonlegislationproposedbytheRegional President.ElectedmayorsfromsubͲregionalprovincesformadvisoryCoordinating Councilsthatadviseandconsultonbudgetaryandplanningissuesbutholdno legislativeauthority. 4.24.3 ApproachtoClimateChange PeruratifiedtheUNFCCCin1992andcreatedtheNationalCommissiononClimate Change (NCCC) in 1993. The NCCC’s primary function is to coordinate the implementationoftheUNFCCC.Overthenextdecade,Peru’snationalgovernͲ mentfocussedonsynergisingsustainabledevelopment,povertyreductionand environmentalmanagement;however,nosignificantlegislationwasenacteduntil afterPeruratifiedtheKyotoProtocolin2002.ThatsameyearCongresspassed legislation that obliged regional governments to formulate, coordinate and supervisetheapplicationofnationalstrategiesrelatedtoclimatechange.Thework oftheNCCCculminatedintheNationalStrategyonClimateChange,whichwas passedbyfederaldecree. TheNationalStrategyonClimateChange(NSCC)isadetailedaccountingof11 strategicfocusesthatprioritisescientificresearch,mitigatingthedisproportionate andinequitablesufferingofthepoorcausedbyclimatechangeanddeveloping mitigationandadaptationpolicieswithintheframeworkoftheMechanismsfor Clean Development (MCD). Each of the strategic focuses is broken down into strategicobjectivesthatarefurtherdetailedbyspecific,realisableaims.Although theNSCCisnotcongressionallegislation,implementationbytheregionalgovernͲ mentsisobligatory. In2010theMinistryofEnvironment,underthedirectionoftheviceͲministerof strategic development of natural resources, published The Plan of Action for AdaptionandMitigationofClimateChange(orPlanCC).Thedocumentservesboth asareportofministerialprojectsandprogramsrelatedtoclimatechangeaswell 324 ClimateChangeLegislation Peru asaplanforfutureactionbetweentheyears2011and2021.PlanCCcategorises present and future programs into seven thematic lines of actions, including reportingmechanismsonGHGemissions,mitigation,adaptation,researchand developmentoftechnologyofsystems,financingandmanagement,andpublic education.PlanCCalsoincludesdetailedbudgetinformationandanalysiswhich indicatePeru’sfiscalprioritiespertainingtoclimatechange.Forexample,ofthe31 existing projects addressing climate change implemented by the Ministry of Environment,19arespecifictoadaptionandabsorb57%ofthetotalexpenditure on climate change. Plan CC is the most comprehensive government report on climatechangestrategytodateandwaspassedbyministerialdecreeinApril2010; however, becauseit doesnot create new normative legal regulations,it is not consideredalegislativeapproachforthepurposesofthepresentstudy. Decentralisation Asnotedabove,Peruhasdecentralisedmuchofitsgovernancestructureoverthe past decade.Nationallegislation, therefore, seeks to strike a balance between federalmandatesandregionalisedandlocalisedstrategies.TheOrganicLawof Regional Governments (Ley Orgánica de Gobiernos Regionales, Ley No27867) establishes that responsibility for managing natural resources and the natural environmentresideswiththeregionalgovernments.Article53specificallydeleͲ gatesauthoritytostrategicallyplanenvironmentalprojects,implementfederal legislation,enactregionallyspecificenvironmentallegislation,andmonitorand evaluatebothregionallyandnationallyenactedpolicyfromthecentralgovernͲ menttothe23regionalgovernments. However,becausethenaturalenvironmentandtheprocessesofclimatechange arenotdeterminedbypoliticalborders,legislationregardingclimatechangehas beendrivenatthenationallevel,andlegalandmanagerialauthoritystilllargely restswiththeNationalCommissiononClimateChangehousedwithintheNational MinistryofEnvironment.TheGeneralLawfortheEnvironment,whichactsasbase of environmental legislation in Peru, states that the role of the regional govͲ ernmentsistoformulatepoliciesandcoordinatestrategicprogramswithinthe national framework (Articles 22 and 59). As such, regional governments must developstrategiesforimplementationofpolicyandprojectdevelopment,assisted bytheNationalStrategicPlanningCentreandadditionalcorrespondingnational ministriesandcommissions. Peru ClimateChangeLegislation 325 Forestconservation Peruhasthefourthlargestreserveoftropicalforestsintheworld,atotalof72 millionhectares.Deforestation,particularlyintheAmazon,isaprincipalconcern. AccordingtothePeru’ssecondnationalreporttotheUNFCCC,deforestationisthe singlelargestsourceofgreenhousegasemissions,accountingfor47%ofnational emissionsintheyear2000.Accordingly,Peru’svoluntarypledgesontheinternaͲ tional stage have prioritised forest conservation and reducing slashͲandͲburn agriculturepractices.AttheUNFCCCmeetinginPolandin2008,Perupledgedto conserve 54 million hectares of tropical forests; and in 2009 at the UNFCCCͲ Copenhagenthecountrypledgedtoreducenetdeforestationofprimaryforeststo zerobytheendof2020. Peru:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalStrategyonClimateChange,ExecutiveDecreeNo.086Ͳ2003ͲPCM 27October2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheNationalStrategyonClimateChangehasthegeneralobjectiveofreducingtheadverse impacts of climate change by conducting research that identifies vulnerability and develͲ opmentstrategicactionplanstomitigateclimatechangeaswellasadaptiontechniques.The decreeactsasanationalframeworkwithinwhichtheregionalandlocalgovernmentscan developtheirownpoliciesandactionplans.Thedecreelists11strategiclinesofaction: x Promoteanddevelopscientific,technologicalandsocioeconomicresearchabout vulnerability,adaptationandmitigationinregardstoclimatechangeinPeru x Promotepolicies,measurements(indicators)andprojectstodevelopthecapacityfor adaptationtotheeffectsofclimatechangeandreducevulnerability x Activelyparticipateintheinternationalnegotiationsaboutclimatechangeinorderto defendnationalinterestsofPeruandprotecttheglobalatmosphere x DeveloppoliciesandmeasurementsorientatedattherationalmanagementofGHG emissions, other air contaminants and at the mitigation of climate change conͲ sidering the mechanisms available in the Kyoto Protocol and other economic instruments x DiffusionofknowledgeandinformationaboutclimatechangeinPeruandaspects concerningvulnerability,adaptationandmitigation 326 ClimateChangeLegislation x x x x x x Targets Dateofentry intoforce Categories Promotionofprojectsthathaveasprimaryobjectivespovertyalleviation,reduction ofvulnerabilityand/ormitigationofGHGs Promotionoftheuseoftechnologiesthatareadequateandappropriatetoadaptto climatechange,mitigategreenhousegasemissionsandatmosphericcontamination Achievetheparticipationofthesocietyinordertostrengthenthecapacitytoadapt to climate change and mitigate green house gas emissions and atmospheric contamination Managementoftheforestecosystemswiththegoalofmitigationthevulnerabilityto climatechangeandincreasetheabsorptionofcarbondioxide Explore the possibility of achieving just compensation for the adverse affects of climatechangeprincipallycausedbyindustrialisedcountries Managementoffragileecosystems,especiallymountainousecosystems,inregards toreducingvulnerabilitytoclimatechange Each strategic point listed above is broken down by objectives and specific actions to be realised. Nonespecified Nameoflaw Peru Peru:OtherRelevantLegislation NationalPlanfortheConservationofForeststoMitigateClimateChange,ExecutiveDecree No.008Ͳ2010ͲMINAN 15July2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThisDecreeestablishesanationalprogrammetoconservetropicalforestsinPeru,thegeneral objective of which is to protect 54 million ha of tropical forests as a contribution to the mitigationofclimatechangeandtosustainabledevelopment.Specificobjectivesare: x identifyandmaptheareastobeconserved x promoteproductiveformsofincomeconnectedtoforestconservationforthoselocal populationsmosteconomicallyvulnerable x strengthenthe capacityto conserveforested areasatthe regionalgubernatorial level,aswellasinIndigenousandpeasant(campesino)communities Peru Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 327 TheprogrammewillbehousedwithintheMinistryofEnvironment.Thesestateinterventions shouldbecoordinatedwiththeMinistryofAgricultureandtheMinistryofInternationalTrade andTourism.ProgrammefundswillbeallocatedfromtheexistingbudgetoftheMinistryof Environmentand/orwithinternationalfunds. ThislegislationcorrespondstopledgesmadebyPerutoconserve54millionhaofforestsand halt slashͲandͲburn agriculture tactics (2008, UNFCCCͲPoznan) and to reduce the rate of deforestation(ofprimaryforests)tozeroby2020(2009,UNFCCCCopenhagen). Promotion of Investment for the Generation of Electricity from Renewable Energies, LegislativeDecreeNo.1002 1May2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,energydiversification implementation Summaryofbill Thislegislation declarestheproductionof electricityfrom renewablesources ofenergya national priority. It designates the Ministry of Energy and Mines as the implementing authority,whichwillestablishgoalsspecifyingapercentageofelectricitynationallyconsumed tobegeneratedbyrenewableenergysources(excludinghydroelectricenergy),inmaximum incrementsof5%. Renewableenergysourceswillhavepriorityinthedistributionoftheenergygripandare definedas:biomass,wind,solar,geothermic,tidal,andhydropowerwhenpotentialyielddoes notsurpass20MW. TheDecreesetsoutanumberofwaysinwhichthegovernmentwillpromotetechnological investigationandcapacity,includingthedevelopmentofaNationalPlanforthePromotionof RenewalEnergiesandthroughcoordinationbetweenregionalgovernments,universitiesand technical schools, and the National Board of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation. Lastly,theLegislativeDecreemodifiesexistinglawsanddecreesthatregulateenergyusein ordertofurtherprioritisetheconsumptionofrenewableenergy. Targets Nonespecified 328 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Peru LawtoPromoteaMarketofBiofulesFuels,LawNo.28054andcorrespondingregulations specifiedinFederalDecreeNo.013Ͳ2005ͲEM 15July2003(LawNo.28054) 31March2005(FederalDecreeNo.013Ͳ2005ͲEM) Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,energydiversification,warondrugs implementation Summaryofbill LawNo.28054’sprimaryobjectiveistoincentivisethediversificationofthefuelindustryby promoting investment in the production of biofuels, defined as any chemical fuel type originatinginagriculturalproductstoastandarddefinedbythenationalgovernment. Thegeneralpoliciesdefinedinthelegislation,tobeimplementedbytheexecutivebranch, are: to strengthen the scientific research system necessary to developing biofuels; to capacitateworkerswithknowledgerelatedtoinnovativefueltechnologies;toincentivisethe application of biofuel technologies; to incentivise private capital investment in biofuel production;toincentivisethecommercialisationofbiofuels;andtopromotetheproductionof biofuelsinrainforestregionswithintheframeworkofsustainabledevelopment. TheLawalsooperateswithinthePeruvianantiͲdrugprograms,sothatnationalandinternaͲ tionalfundsdesignatedtoTheWaronDrugsareusedtoincentivisefarmerstocultivatecrops designatedforbiofuelsratherthanillicitnarcotics The legislation calls for the creation of a technical commission, which will create quality standardsrelatedtotheproductionofvariousbiofuels. TheexecutiveauthorityissuedFederalDecreeNo.013Ͳ2005ͲEMtoregulatetheaboveLaw nearly two years after its promulgation. The Decree offers further legal definitions of terminology(suchasbiodiesel,denaturisedchemicalcompoundsetc.)aswellasspecifyingthe chemicalmakeupofcommercialisedbiodiesel(95%gasoline,5%biodiesel)andethanolfuel (92.2%gasoline,7.8%ethanol).Additionally,theDecreeidentifiesdifferentfundingstreamsto accomplish the legislative objectives established in Law No. 28054, including through the NationalCleanDevelopmentMechanism,governmentͲbackedcreditsandfundsdesignated forTheWaronDrugs. Targets Nonespecified Peru Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 329 OrganicLawofRegionalGovernments,LawNo.27867 18November2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Decentralisation,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill Thisisbroadlegislationmeanttodecentralisegovernanceinthecountryandisapillarofthe juridicalͲlegalframeworkofcontemporaryPeru.Assuch,mostofthelegislationisunrelatedto climate change or the natural environment. However, Article 53.C states that regional governmentsmustformulate,coordinate,manageandsuperviseregionalstrategiestoaddress climatechangewithinthenationalframework(theNationalStrategyonClimateChangeand additionallegislation,executivedecreesandministerialresolutions). Targets Notapplicable Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories LawtoPromoteEfficientUseofEnergy,LawNo.27345andExecutiveDecreeNo.053Ͳ2007Ͳ EMtoRegulateCorrespondingLawNo.27345 8September2000(LawNo.27345) 23October2007(ExecutiveDecreeNo.053Ͳ2007ͲEM) Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyefficiency,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill LawNo.27345declaresthepromotionofenergyefficiencyamatterofnationalinterest.The motivations listed in the bill are to ensure a stable energy supply, protect the consumer, improvecompetitivenessofthenationalmarketandtoreduceenvironmentaldamagecaused byenergyconsumption.TheLawrequirestheMinistryofEnergyandMiningto,amongother objectives,promoteacultureofenergyefficiencyandtodesignandfundenergyefficiency projects.However,thelegislationisvagueondetailsandactivitiestoberealised.Theone exception is the labeling of electronic appliances and machines of energy consumption informationwithin90daysafterthelawhastakenintoaffect. ExecutiveDecreeNo.053Ͳ2007ͲEMdetailshowtheMinistryofEnergyandMiningistorealise themandatesofthecorrespondinglaw. Inordertoencourageacultureofenergyefficiency,theMinistryistocoordinateeducation programsforthegeneralpublicandinprimaryandsecondaryschools,aswellascoordinate the establishment of undergraduate and graduate degree programs in energy efficiency. Additionally,21OctoberiscelebratedasNationalEnergySavingDay. 330 Targets ClimateChangeLegislation Peru The Ministry will encourage energy efficiency in homes and residences with publicity campaignsmeanttochangeconsumptionbehaviour;promotethefinancingofenergyefficient electrical systems appliances; and encourage the use of energy efficient technologies in remoteareas. IntheserviceandprivateindustrysectorstheMinistrywillpromotethecreationofan“energy efficient market”; create standards of energy efficiency for private enterprises; create minimum standards of energy efficiency depending on the type of productive activity; coordinatethefinancingofsmallandmediumenterprisestoestablishpilotprojectsmeantto makeenergyusemoreefficient;andcoordinatewiththeNationalCommissiononClimate ChangeandtheNationalEnvironmentalFundtofacilitateinternationalfinancingthroughthe CleanDevelopmentMechanisms. InthepublicsectortheMinistrywillaudittheuseofenergybypublicentitiesthatusemore than a preͲestablished amount of energy units; coordinate efficient lighting systems; and coordinatetheconversionofpublicsectorvehiclestorunonnaturalgas. Concerning the transport sector, the Ministry will coordinate with the appropriate public entitiestoencourageefficientuseofpublictransportsystemsandoptimisetrafficsystemsto mitigateidleuseoffuels. The Ministry should coordinate the replication of successful projects at the Regional Governmentlevel. Nonespecified Philippines ClimateChangeLegislation 331 4.25 Philippines 4.25.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 101 101 NA 1994 Belowtop20 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:2August1994 Dateofentryintoforce:31October1994 Dateofsignature:15April1998 Dateofratification:20November2003 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nopledgemade ClimateChangeActof2009 332 ClimateChangeLegislation Philippines 4.25.2 LegislativeProcess The legal system of the Philippines is a unique combination of civil law and commonlaw,togetherwithMuslim(Islamic)lawandindigenouslaw.Thecurrent constitutionwasenactedin1987,andisthesupremelawofthePhilippines.It definesthePhilippinesasa“democraticandrepublicanstate”,withthePresident heading the executive branch, the Congress as the legislative branch and the SupremeCourtatthehighesttierofthelegislativebranch. Congress is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives (commonly knownastheLowerHouse,butfrequentlyreferredtoastheCongress),andthe Senate (often referred to as the Upper House). The Senate is composed of 24 senators,whoareelectedbytheentireelectorate.Senatorsservefor6yearseach, withelectionsheldevery3yearsforhalfofthem.Senatorscanservefornotmore than two consecutive terms. The House of Representatives is composed of approximately 250 congressmen. These represent either geographical districts (provincesorcities)ordifferentsectors.Thelatterrepresentnomorethan20%of theHouse,andarereferredtoaspartyͲlistrepresentatives.Allmembersofthe House are elected for periods of three years, and for a maximum of three consecutiveterms. Proposed laws are called bills and may be introduced by the Senate or by the HouseofRepresentatives.Abillgoesthroughafirstreadinginwhichthenumber andtitleareread,afterwhichitisreferredtoanappropriatecommittee,which prepares a committee report. It is then passed to the Rules committee, and returnedforasecondhearing,andissubjecttodebateandamendmentbefore proceeding to thefinal third hearing. After passingin one House, the bill goes throughthesameprocessintheotherHouse. MajorlegislationisoftenintroducedinbothHousesintheformofcompanion (identical) bills, the purpose of which is to speed up the legislative process by encouraging both chambers to consider the measure simultaneously, and to emphasise the urgency or importance of the issue. After it has passed in both Housesandbeensignedbytheirrespectiveleaders,itgoesforfinalapprovaltothe President.ThePresidentmaysignthebillintoalaw,orvetoallorpartofit.A presidentialvetocanbeoverriddenbyaCongressionalvoteoftwothirdsofallits members. Philippines ClimateChangeLegislation 333 Anotherformoflegislation,equivalenttoabill,isaJointResolution,generallyused when dealing with a single item or issue, such as a continuing or emergency appropriationsbill.Jointresolutionsarealsousedforproposingamendmentsto theConstitution. 4.25.3 ApproachtoClimateChange ThePhilippinesratifiedtheUNFCCCin1994andtheKyotoProtocol(asanonͲ AnnexIcountry)in2003.IthassubmitteditsfirstcommunicationtotheUNFCCCin 2000,whichincludedanationalinventoryofanthropogenicemissionsbysources andremovalsbysinksofGHGs(updatedto1994),andadescriptionofstepstaken or planned to implement its commitment. The second communication to the UNFCCCisintheprocessofpreparation. Sincetheearly1990s,ThePhilippines’hastakenvariousactionsonsustainable developmentandclimatechange.Asearlyas1991,thePhilippinesestablishedby presidentialordertheInterͲAgencyCommitteeonClimateChange(IACCC)under theEnvironmentalManagementBureauoftheDepartmentofEnvironmentand NaturalResources(DENR).TheIACCC’sresponsibilitiesaretoserveasthenational coordination mechanism and implementation mechanism of commitments towardstheUNFCCC.Adesignatedauthorityformanagingthecountries’CDM projectshasbeenestablishedbypresidentialexecutiveorderinJune2004,andup todate,62projectshavebeenregistered.TheCleanAirActof1999includeda sectiononGHGemissions,andcalledforpreparationofanationalplanonGHGs. ThePhilippineshasactedtowardsintegratingtheUnitedNationsConferenceon EnvironmentandDevelopmentAgenda21principlesonsustainabledevelopment into development programmes and plans. This has been led by the Philippine CouncilforSustainableDevelopment(PCSD),whichintegratedpriorityactionsinto thePhilippineMediumTermDevelopmentPlanof1993–1998.ANationalagenda forintegratingsustainabledevelopment(PhilippinesAgenda21)wasfinalisedin 1996. The Philippine Medium Term Development Plan of 2004–2010 (MTDP) identifiedclimatechangemitigationasanationalpriority.Adaptationwasdealt withtotheextentofdisasterriskreduction. TheClimateChangeActof2009,thePhilippines’flagshipclimatechangelegislaͲ tion,createdalegalframeworkformainstreamingclimatechangeintoalllevelsof decisionmaking.TheActestablishedtheClimateChangeCommission,whichwas requiredtocreateaNationalFrameworkstrategyonclimatechange(framework for2010–2022waspublishedinApril2010)andaNationalClimateChangeAction 334 ClimateChangeLegislation Philippines Plan (NCCAP, finalised in November 2011). The Action Plan identifies seven strategicprioritiestoaddressclimatechangeeffectsbetween2011and2028:food security;watersufficiency;environmentalandecologicalstability;humansecurity; sustainable energy; climateͲsmart industries and services; and knowledge and capacitydevelopment.Theseprioritieswillbeimplementedbyfinancing,valuation ofnaturalresources,multiͲstakeholderpartnership,andcapacitybuilding. The Climate Change Act emphasised the important frontline role of local governments, and mandated them to draft Local Climate Change Action Plans (LCCAP)whichareconsistentwiththeNationalFrameworkandtheNationalAction Plan.TheClimateChangeCommissionprovidessupporttolocalgovernmentsin theseefforts. Energy–supplyside Sincethe2006BiofuelsAct,aminimumpercentageofbiofuelsandbiodieselmust beincludedinthefuelmix.Otherpiecesoflegislation,suchastheMiniHydroͲ electricPowerIncentivesAct(1990),hasbeenadoptedforenergysecurityand energyindependencereasons,butneverthelesscontributetotheefforttochange thecountry’senergymix. Energy–demandside TheDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)hasdeclaredthatitaimstosave50.9million tonnesCO2equivalentbyemployingvariousenergyefficiencyandalternativefuels programsfortheperiod2005–2014. Transportation In2002,theDepartmentofEnergyinitiatedtheNaturalVehicleProgramforPublic Transport(NGVPPT).TheprogrammeincludedthereductionofImportdutieson Compressed Gas Motor Vehicles and Natural Gas Vehicle IndustryͲRelated Equipment,PartsandComponents. Adaptation The Climate Change Commission has launched initiatives for climate resilient communities,undertheEcoͲTownFramework.Tenmunicipalitiesareindifferent stages of participating in demonstrating the Framework. The Commission also participatesinseveralinternationaladaptationinitiatives,suchasthePhilippine ClimateChangeAdaptationProject(PhilCCAP),afiveͲyearprojectfundedbythe GlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)throughtheWorldBankandcoͲfinancedbythe GovernmentofthePhilippines. Philippines ClimateChangeLegislation 335 REDD+ AnationalworkshoponREDD+washeldinApril2009byseveralNGOs,whichlater formedtheCoDeREDD2Philippines.ByJuly2010,ANationalREDD+Strategyfor thePhilippinesfor2008–2017hadbeenformulated,andhasbeenincludedinthe NationalClimateChangeActionPlan. InAugust2012,theDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(DENR) completedthedelineationofthecountry’sforests.Oncethedataarevalidated, stepswillbetakentowardsanchoringforestboundariesinlegislation.After15 years of being filed in Congress, the House of Representatives approved the “SustainableManagementofForestAct2011”inMarch2012.Ithasbeenpending Senate approval since then. The Bill provides for sustainable management of forestsaswellasformitigationofclimatechangerisksandreductionofpovertyin forestareas. Philippines:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeActof2009(RepublicActNo.9729) (and Implementing Rules and Regulations [IRR] of the “Climate Change Act of 2009” [AdministrativeOrderNo.2010–01]) 27July2009(IRRon20January2010) Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange,vulnerability implementation Summaryofbill TheClimateChangeActof2009acknowledgesthePhilippines’vulnerabilitytoclimatechange and the need for appropriate adaptation, and creates a comprehensive framework for systematically integrating the concept of climate change, in synergy with disaster risk reduction, in various phases of policy formulation, development plans, poverty reduction strategiesandotherdevelopmenttoolsandtechniques. The Act states the main principles of the Philippines climate change policy: principle of commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities;thePrecautionaryPrinciple;UNFCCCobjectives (GHGmitigationandadaptation),andtheHyogoFrameworkforActionaddressingdisasterrisk reduction.ItadoptsagenderͲsensitive,proͲchildrenandproͲpoorapproach. 336 Targets ClimateChangeLegislation Philippines TheActestablishestheClimateChangeCommissionasthesolepolicymakingbodywithin government,whichoversees,coordinatesandevaluatesclimatechangepoliciesandplans. ThecommissionisestablishedundertheofficeofthePresident(abolishingthePresidential TaskForceonClimateChangewhichwasestablishedin2007)andhasadiverseadvisoryboard composedofgovernmentministriesandagencies. TheActrequirestheCommissiontodraftseveralpolicies: x ANationalClimateChangeFrameworkwithin6months,asabasisforresearchand actionplanning.ThiswasfinalisedinApril2010 x AdetailedNationalClimateChangeActionPlan.ThiswasfinalisedinAugust2011 x ALocalClimateChangeActionPlan–guidelinesdevelopedbytheCommission Additionalpowersandfunctionsinclude: x Mainstreamingofclimatechange,insynergywithdisasterriskreduction,intothe national, sectorial and local development plans and programs and coordinating climatechangeprogramsofnationalgovernmentagencies x Recommending legislation, policies, strategies, programmes on adaptation and mitigation x RecommendingkeydevelopmentinvestmentsinclimateͲsensitivesectorssuchas water resources, agriculture, forestry, coastal and marine resources, health and infrastructure x CreatinganenablingenvironmentforthedesignofrelevantandappropriateriskͲ sharingandriskͲtransferinstrumentsandpromotionofbroadermultiͲstakeholder participationandintegrateclimatechangemitigationandadaptation x RepresentingthePhilippinesintheclimatechangenegotiations x Formulatingandimplementingguidelinesfordeterminingvulnerabilitytoclimate changeimpactsandadaptationassessments x Facilitating capacity building for local adaptation planning, implementation and monitoringofclimatechangeinitiativesinvulnerablecommunitiesandareas Nonespecified Philippines Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 337 Philippines:OtherRelevantLegislation FrameworkStrategyonClimateChange(2010) ApprovedbythePresidenton16December2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange,sustainabledevelopment implementation Summaryofbill The National Framework Strategy sketches a clean development path, and serves as a roadmapfornationalandsubͲnationaldevelopmentandinvestmentprogrammes,physical andlanduseprogrammes.AcknowledgingthePhilippines’vulnerabilitytoclimatechange,the Framework’svisionis“tobuildtheadaptivecapacityofcommunitiesandincreaseresilienceof natural ecoͲsystems to climate change, and optimize mitigation opportunities towards sustainabledevelopment”. Themitigationpillarleansonmanagingenergydemand,viaenergyefficiencyandconservation programmes, and on energy supply, via utilisation of lowͲcarbon and renewable energy resources,targetingadoublingoftherenewableenergysourcesby2030.ItencourageslowͲ carbontransportationmodules(liquefiedpetroleumgas,bioͲfuels,masstransportsystems) andsustainable,energyͲconservinginfrastructurebuilding.Theinfrastructureemphasisesthe importanceofREDD+policiesasameasuretoreduceemissionsfromdeforestationandforest degradation. Waste management and methane collection are also included in mitigation priorities. TheAdaptationpillarincludesenhancedvulnerabilityandadaptationassessments,ecoͲsystem management (river basin management, coastal and marine systems, biodiversity); water management; climateͲresponsive agriculture; climateͲresponsive health sector; climateͲ proofinginfrastructure;anddisasterriskreduction. Thesynergybetweenmitigationandadaptationisemphasised,andcrossͲcuttingstrategies are portrayed, among others capacity building in all level of governance, knowledge managementandeducation;researchanddevelopmentandtechnologytransfer. TheframeworkpresentsthePhilippines’secondGHGemissioninventory(updatedto2000), whichhasbeenpreparedforthesecondcommunicationtotheUNFCCC. Targets Doublingrenewableenergycapacityfrom4,500MWto9,000MWinthenext20years 338 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Philippines RenewableEnergyAct(2008) ApprovedbythePresident16December2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyindependence,climatechange,publichealth implementation Summaryofbill ThisAct,overseenbythedepartmentofenergy,employsvariousinstrumentstoencourage thesupplyofelectricityfromrenewablesources. TheActcreatesaRenewablePortfolioStandardforelectricitygenerationfromrenewable sources,settingaminimumpercentageofrenewablessupplyforeveryelectricitysupplier. AfeedͲintariffisintroduced,whichincludespriorityconnectiontothegridofallrenewable sources,aswellasprioritypurchaseandtransmission. Additional incentives are also offered to suppliers, manufacturers of equipment who are registeredwiththeDOE,inordertoencouragerenewableenergyprojects.Theseinclude, amongothers,dutyͲfreeimportofmachinery,equipmentandmaterialsinthefirst10yearsof registration; tax caps of 15% on renewable energy equipment, accelerated depreciation scheme,cashincentivesformissionaryelectrification,taxexemptionofcarboncreditsandtax creditondomesticcapitalequipmentservices. TheActcreatestheNationalRenewableEnergyBoard(NREB)tofacilitateimplementationof theNationalRenewableEnergyProgramme. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories BiofuelsAct(2006) 12January2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Energyindependence,publichealth,climatechange,sustainabledevelopment implementation Summaryofbill TheActintroducesmandatoryuseofbiofuelsinthefuelmixofthePhilippines,asfollows:a minimum5%ofbioethanolinthegasolinemixsoldanddistributedwithin2years;aminimum of10%within4yearsisrequired.Thereispriorityforlocallyproducedbioethanol,andonlyof inshortagemayitbeimported.TheActalsorequiresaminimumof1%ofbiodieselinthe dieselmixwithin1year,andaminimumof2%within2years. Philippines Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 339 Incentivesareintroducedtoencouragebiofuelprojects–nospecifictaxonlocalorimported biofuels;exemptionofrawmaterials(suchascoconut,Jatropha,Cassava,corn,sugarcaneetc.) fromVAT;exemptionfromwastewaterchargesonwatereffluents;financialassistanceto biofuelactivitieswhicharecertifiedbytheDOEandatleast60%ofwhichareheldbyFilipino citizensorentities. TheDOEisrequiredtoprepareaNationalBiofuelProgramme;anationalbiofuelboardis created under the Act, to monitor and evaluate the Act and the National Programme’s implementation. ThesupplyandpricestabilityofsugarareguaranteedundertheAct. AJointAdministrativeorder,whichwaspublishedin2008,outlinesGuidelinesGoverningthe BiofuelFeedstocksProduction,andBiofuelsandBiofuelBlendsProduction,Distributionand SaleundertheBiofuelsAct. Nonespecified Presidentialexecutiveorder320(2004)–establishingtheDesignatedNationalAuthority (DNA)forCDMinthePhilippines(2004) 25June2004 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,development implementation Summaryofbill TheActestablishestheDesignatedNationalAuthority(DNA)forCDM,whichisresponsiblefor promoting,facilitatingandsupportingCDMprojects.TheDNAhasthefollowingmechanisms: x TheCDMSecretariat,whichservesasafocalpointforallCDMprojects x TheCDMHelpdesk,whichaddressesinquiriesandprovidesinformationandpractical guidance,aswellasinterfacewithgovernmentagenciesandamongstakeholders x CDMTechnicalEvaluationCommittees x TheCDMSteeringCommittee Targets Nonespecified Poland ClimateChangeLegislation 341 4.26 Poland 4.26.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 358 401 Ͳ163 2010 Belowtop20 Dateofsignature:5June1992 Dateofratification:28July1994 Dateofentryintoforce:26October1994 Dateofsignature:15July1998 Dateofratification:13December2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nopledgemade StrategiesforGreenhouseGasEmission ReductionsinPolanduntil2020 342 ClimateChangeLegislation Poland 4.26.2 LegislativeProcess Article5ofthePolishConstitutionestablishesthat“TheRepublicofPoland(...) shallensuretheprotectionofthenaturalenvironmentpursuanttotheprinciples ofsustainabledevelopment”. LegislativeprocedureisgovernedbytheConstitution(Articles118Ͳ124)andthe RulesofProcedureofParliament(theSejm)andtheSenate. TherighttoinitiatelegislationlieswiththeCabinet,agroupcomprisingatleast15 MembersofParliament,theSenate,thePresidentoftheRepublicandagroup comprisingatleast100,000citizens. BillsaresubmittedtotheSejm,wheretheyaredealtwithinthreereadings.Inthe course of this process the Sejm examines the bill and transmits it to the appropriateparliamentarycommitteesforamendment.Thebillisthenreturnedto the Sejm, which votes on the amendments and the bill as a whole. The Sejm approves the bill by a simple majority, subject to at least half of the statutory numberofMembersbeingpresent.OnceithasbeenpassedbytheSejm,thebillis transmitted to the Senate, which has one month in which to adopt it without amendment,amenditorthrowitout.Ifabillisamendedorthrownoutbythe Senate, it must be reͲexamined by the Sejm. In this case the Sejm needs an absolutemajority,subjecttoatleasthalfofthestatutorynumberofMembers beingpresent,inordertooverridearecommendationbytheSenate. If Parliament completes the legislative process, the bill is transmitted to the President,whoshouldsignitwithinthreeweeksandorderitspublicationinthe JournalofLaws.Beforesigningabill,thePresidentcanreferittotheConstitutional Courtforconstitutionalreview.IftheConstitutionalCourtdeemsthebilltobe compatible with the Constitution, the President may not refuse to sign it. The PresidentalsohastheoptionofnotreferringabilltotheConstitutionalCourtbut returningittotheSejmforafurtherreading(“presidentialveto”).However,the Sejmmayrejectapresidentialvetobyamajorityof3/5,subjecttoatleasthalfof thestatutorynumberofMembersbeingpresent.Ifthebillisonceagainadopted by the Sejm, the President has one week in which to sign it and order its publication. Poland ClimateChangeLegislation 343 4.26.3 ApproachtoClimateChange ThebaseyearforPolandundertheUNClimateChangeConventionis1988rather than1990asdefinedbydecisions9/CP.2and11/CP.4.OtherEUMemberStates suchasBulgaria(1988),Hungary(averageof1985to1987),Romania(1989)and Slovenia(1986)witheconomiesintransitionwereallowedtochooseabaseyear otherthan1990.ForPoland,1988wasthelastyearoftherelativelynormalfuncͲ tioningoftheeconomybeforethecrisis,whentheGHGemissionlevelswerethe highestinthedecade. Poland has reduced its greenhouseͲgas (GHG) emissions substantially since its economictransformationstartedin1990andisontracktomeetitsinternational and European commitments. As elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe, the economiccollapseoftheformerSovietblocresultedinaconsiderabledropin domesticandforeigndemandforthecountry’sveryenergyͲandcarbonͲintensive products.AsaresultofthestructuralshifttowardslessenergyͲintensivesectors, thecountry’soverallGHGemissionsfellbyaround20%between1988,theKyoto baseyear,and1994.DespitetheeconomiccatchͲupthathassubsequentlytaken place,afurtherdecreaseofmorethan10%hadoccurredby1999,reflectingmainly investmentinmoreenergyͲefficienttechnologies.Sincetheearly2000s,annual GHG emissions have remained broadly stable, abstracting from cyclical moveͲ ments.Todate,inmanagingtocutitstotalGHGemissionsbymorethan30% between1988and2009,PolandlookssettogowellbeyonditsKyotocommitment ofa6%reductionbetween1988andtheaverageof2008–2012(Figure1).Itisalso ontracktomeettheEU2020targetforthesectorsnotincludedintheEuropean Union’sEmissionsTradingSystem(EUͲETS),primarilytheresidential,transportand agriculturesectors. TheEUͲwidegoalofcuttingemissionsby20%from1990levelsby2020translates intoanationaltargetforPoland’snonͲEUͲETSsectorsofa14%increaseby2020 comparedto2005,whereasemissionsactuallydeclinedslightlybetween2005and 2009. Given the country’s 8% share in total EU27 GHG emissions, Poland’s compliancewiththe2020nonͲETStargetisanimportantfactoroftheEU’sability tomeetthatobjective. Poland’sStrategiesforGreenhouseGasEmissionReductionsinPolanduntil2020 (MinistryoftheEnvironment)weredevelopedinrelationtotheobligationtotake action preventing permanent global climate change stemming from the Kyoto Protocol.ThedocumentwasadoptedbytheCouncilofMinisterson4November 2003.Thedocumentdiscussesthefundamentalproblemsanddeterminantsofthe 344 ClimateChangeLegislation Poland climatepolicyofPoland,thecountry’sinternationalcommitmentsintheareaof climate change and the actions to be taken in each sector of the economy to counteract such changes,i.e., energy, industry, transport, agriculture,forestry, waste and sewage treatment as well as in the public utility, services and householdssectors.Italsocontainsalistofpoliticalinstrumentstoaidclimate protection,includingemissionreductionschemeslaiddownbytheKyotoProtocol. Polanddoesnothavespecificclimatechangepolicy.Thecountry’senergypolicy strategy,outlinedinEnergyPolicyofPolanduntil2030,a.k.a.EPP2030(Ministryof Economy, November 2009) is mostly focused on improving energy security, efficiency and competitiveness, and implies a small reduction in overall GHG emissionsby2020andthena4%increasebetween2020and2030.Thedocument presentsasectoralstrategyaimingtoaddressthekeychallengesthatthePolish power industry must face until 2030, including growing demand for energy, inadequatefuelandenergygenerationandtransmissioninfrastructure,significant dependenceonexternalsuppliesofnaturalgasandalmostfulldependenceon externalsuppliesofcrudeoil,aswellascommitmentsinthefieldofenvironmental protection,includingclimateprotection. AnActionPlanfortheyears2009–2012wasalsoadoptedasanannextotheEPP 2030. It focused on delivering the needed legislative changes, including the implementation of the Polish nuclear programme, supporting research and developmentonnewtechnologies,developinginvestmentfinancialengineering andbeginningtheinvestmentprojects. The implementation of the successive Action Plans will be monitored by the MinisterofEconomy,who,incooperationwithcompetentministers,willsubmit informationabouttheenergypolicyimplementationforthepreviousyeartothe CouncilofMinisterby31Marchofeachyear,alongwithanyproposedmodifiͲ cationsofthemeasureimplementationmethodsandadjustments. Proposedenergysupplymeasures(EPP2030strategydocument) Cogeneration,Renewables,GridModernisation,Nuclear: x Stimulatingdevelopmentofcogeneration x Devising a path to increase the percentage of final energy consumption accountedforbyrenewableenergysourcesto15%by2020andto20%by 2030 Poland x x x x x x x x x x x ClimateChangeLegislation 345 Retainingsupportmechanismsforproducersofrenewablepower Boostingtheshareofbiofuelsinthetransportfuelsmarketto10%,and increasingtheuseofsecondͲgenerationbiofuelswhileprotectingforests againstexcessiveexploitationforthepurposesofobtainingbiomassandto promotethebalanceduseofagriculturallandforthepurposesofrenewable energysources,includingbiofuels,soastoavoidcreatingacompetition betweenrenewableenergyandagriculture Introducingadditionalsupportinstrumentsforproductionofheatandcold fromrenewableenergysources;implementingthedirectionsforbuilding agriculturalbiogasplants,ontheassumptionthatatleastonebiogasplantis setupineachcommuneby2020 CreatingconditionstofacilitateinvestmentdecisionsonbuildingoffͲshore windfarms;retainingexemptionofenergyfromrenewablesourcesfrom excisetax Direct support to building new renewable energy generation units and powergridsthatcouldbeconnectedwiththeuseofEuropeanfundsand environmentalprotectionfunds Stimulating the development of manufacturers of renewable energy equipment Supportingthedevelopmentoftechnologiesandbuildinginstallationsto obtainrenewableenergyfrombiodegradablewaste Evaluationofplausibilityofusingtheexistingdammingstructuresownedby the State Treasury to generate power by way of taking their inventory, establishingtheirframeworkenvironmentalimpactanddevisingtherulesof makingthemavailable EstablishinganinstitutionalbasisforpreparingandimplementingthePolish nuclearpowerprogramme PreparingadraftofthePolishnuclearpowerprogrammetoconstitutethe basisofpublicconsultations;holdingtheconsultationsandsubmittingthe PolishnuclearpowerprogrammeforapprovalbytheCouncilofMinisters Preparingandholdinganinformationalandeducationalcampaignonthe PolishNuclearPowerProgramme 346 x x x ClimateChangeLegislation Poland Locationanalysesfornuclearenergyplantsandaradioactivecemetery PreparingPolishindustry’sparticipationinthenuclearenergyproduction programme and preparing plans for adapting the transmission grid to nuclearpowerplants ProspectinguraniumdepositsintheterritoryofPoland Mitigation: x EstablishingasystemtomanagenationalemissioncapsofGHGsandother substances x Introducing acceptable product emission rates for electricity and heat generationasatoolwhichallowsreducingSO2andNOxemissionlevelsand reachingtheemissionscapsetforthforPolandintheEUAccessionTreaty x Meetingthecommitmentsforthepowerandheatsectorsstemmingfrom the new ETS Directive; using the income from auctions of CO2 emission allowancestosupportmeasuresaimedatreducingGHGemissionvolumes x Introducingstandardsforbuildingnewpowerplantsunderthesystemof preparationforcarboncaptureandsettingnationalcapacityforgeological CO2storage x Active participation in implementing the initiative of the European CommissiontobuildlargeͲscaledemonstrationfacilitiesforcarboncapture andstorage(CCS)technologies x ApplyingCCStechnologiestosupportcrudeoilandnaturalgasextraction x IntensifyingresearchanddevelopmentontheCCStechnologyandonnew technologieswhichallowusingcapturedCO2asarawmaterialbyother industrybranches x Industrialuseofwastecoal x IncreasingtheuseofincinerationbyͲproducts x UsinghighͲefficiencyclosedcoolingcyclesinpowerplantsandinheatand powerstations Poland ClimateChangeLegislation 347 Proposedenergydemandmeasures(EPP2030strategydocument) x Setting energy efficiency national objectives and introducing a systemic mechanismtosupportmeasuresaimedatattainingthem x UsingmandatoryenergyperformancecertificatesforbuildingsandapartͲ mentsupontheirmarketingorrenting x DeterminingenergyintensityofdevicesandpowerͲconsumingproducts, introducingminimumstandardsforpowerͲconsumingproducts x Committingthepublicsectortoserveasarolemodelofeconomicalenergy usage x Supporting investments in energy saving through preferential loans and grantsfromdomesticandEuropeanfunds,alsoundertheActonsupporting thermomodernisation and renovations, the Operational Programme InfrastructureandEnvironment,andtheNationalFundforEnvironmental ProtectionandWaterManagement x ApplyingDemandSideManagementtechniques Proposedtransportationmeasures(EPP2030strategydocument) x RetainingtheobligationtograduallyincreasetheshareofbioͲcomponents intransportfuelssoastomeetplannedobjectives ProposedR&Dmeasures(EPP2030strategydocument) x Supportingresearchanddevelopmentonnewsolutionsandtechnologies reducingenergyconsumption,inallkindsofitsprocessinganduse Twoenergyefficiencyprogrammeshavebeensetupinordertodelivertheenergy efficiency objectives set by the EPP 2030. The Energy Efficiency in Industry ProgrammeisimplementedasthePriorityProgrammeoftheNationalFundfor EnvironmentalProtectionandWaterManagementwiththeaimtoinitiateand supportenergyefficiencyinvestmentsinthemostenergyintensiveenterprises. Thetotalamountofthebudgetallocationfortheperiod2011–2015isapproxiͲ mately820MPLN,whichcomesfromsubstitutefeesandpenaltiesimposedon energy enterprises by relevant laws and regulations. The beneficiary of the Programmecanbeanycompanywhichconsumed50GWhintheyearpreceding 348 ClimateChangeLegislation Poland theapplication.Thesupportisprovidedbyfinancing70%oftheenergyauditcost andbysoftloansforupto70%oftheinvestmentcosts. TheloanfundEnergyLoanforEnergySavingoftheIndustrialDevelopmentAgency wassetupinJune2010tofinanceprojectstoimproveenergyefficiency.Micro, smallͲandmediumͲsizedenterprisesareeligibleforloanswithlowinterestrates, longͲtermrepayment(upto48months),andlowowncontribution(min.10%of theamountrequested). ThePolishNuclearPowerProgrammewasadoptedinJanuary2009.Theobjectives oftheEurope2020StrategyadoptedbytheEuropeanCouncilon17June2010 havebeenconsideredintheProgramme.Thestrategysetsobjectivesintheareaof employmentandsmart,sustainableandinclusivegrowth.Theachievementofthe 20Ͳ20Ͳ20objectiveintheareaofclimateandenergyisseenasespeciallyimportant fromtheProgrammeperspective. TheProgramme’sobjectiveistoreachanuclearpowerinstalledcapacityofatleast 1,000 MW by 2020 and of at least 4,500 MW by 2030. The duration of the Programmeisdeterminedfor2011–2020–totheendofconstructionfirstunitof thefirstPolishnuclearpowerplant,withtheprospectoftheyear2030–withthe PolishEnergyPolicyrunninguntil2030.Programmecostswereestimatedtothe endoftheFirstKeyStage:commissioningofthefirstnuclearpowerplant. TheimplementationoftheProgrammeismonitoredbycontinuousmonitoringof each objective carried out by the Department of Nuclear Energy, Ministry of Economy.Anydeviationfromtheimplementationofanobjectivetriggersaroot causeanalysisandresultsintakingcorrectiveactions. Monitoring results and Programme implementation status will be included in annualreportsoftheGovernmentCommissionerforNuclearPowersubmittedto theChairmanoftheCouncilofMinistersby31Marchofthefollowingyear.The Programmeisplannedtobeupdatedeveryfouryears.Outcomesofcompleted workswillbeconsideredinsuchupdates. PolandisintheprocessofformulatinganationalplanforreducingGHGemissions, theNationalProgrammeforaLowͲEmissionEconomy,whoseadoptionisexpected in2013.ItisalsoworkingonthetranspositionoftheEURenewablesDirectiveof 2009andoftheEUͲETSDirectiveasamendedbytheDirective2009/29/ECinto nationallaw. Poland ClimateChangeLegislation 349 Adaptation Theinstitutionalstructureofstakeholdersresponsiblefordecisionsonthenational adaptation strategy development was set up in 2010. It consists of a Steering Committeeandseventhematicworkinggroups,formulatedbytherepresentatives fromallinterestedMinistriesandtheirresearchinstitutes.PoliticalinterͲministerial commitmentwasgainedasaresultoftheadoptioninMarch2010oftheGovernͲ ment position on the EC White Paper on adaptation. The National Adaptation strategyiscurrentlybeingdevelopedandshouldbecompletedandadoptedbythe CouncilofMinistersinthefirsthalfof2013. ItisforeseenthattheNationalAdaptationStrategywillconsistoftwodocuments. Thefirstdocumentwouldproposethesetofadaptationmeasuresforvulnerable economysectorsandregionswiththetimehorizonof2030andthesecondone withthetimehorizonof2070. The Strategy foresees the mainstreaming of the adaptation programme into sectoralpolicies,primarilythoserelatedtoagricultureandforestry,biodiversity, ecosystemsandwaterresources,coastalzones,infrastructureand,subsequently, thepreparationofadraftprogrammefortheirimplementation. Climate change adaptationisalso being mainstreamed simultaneously into the relevantnationalandsectoralstrategiesandpoliciessuchas: x ThePolishLongͲtermDevelopmentStrategyby2030 x TheMediumͲtermNationalDevelopmentStrategyby2020 x TheNationalSpatialManagementConceptionby2030 x TheStrategyforEconomyInnovationandEffectiveness x TheHumanCapitalDevelopmentStrategy x TheEnergySecurityandEnvironmentStrategy x The National Strategy of Regional Development 2010–2020 for regions, citiesandruralareas x TheTransportDevelopmentStrategyby2020 350 x x x x ClimateChangeLegislation Poland TheStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentofRuralAreas,Agricultureand Fisheries TheEffectiveStateStrategy2011–2020 TheSocialCapitalStrategy TheNationalUrbanPolicy Flood management issues are foreseen as priority directions mainly in two strategies, i.e.: Energy Security and Environment Strategy (direction 1: Water management for flood, drought and water deficit protection) and Sustainable DevelopmentofRuralAreas,AgricultureandFisheriesStrategy(target5:ProtecͲ tionoftheEnvironmentandadaptationtoclimatechangeonruralareas). Poland:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories StrategiesforGreenhouseGasEmissionReductionsinPolanduntil2020 4November2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor CompliancewithKyotoProtocol implementation Summaryofbill Thedocumentpresentsthefundamentalproblemsanddeterminantsoftheclimatepolicyof Poland,thecountry’sinternationalcommitmentsintheareaofclimatechangeandtheactions tobetakenineachsectoroftheeconomytocounteractsuchchanges,i.e.,energy,industry, transport,agriculture,forestry,wasteandsewagetreatmentaswellasinthepublicutility, services and households sectors. It contains a list of political instruments to aid climate protection,includingemissionreductionschemeslaiddownbytheKyotoProtocol. EnergySupply: x Recommended the promotion, development and growth of the use of new and renewable energy sources, the technologies of CO2 sequestration, as well as advancedandinnovative,environmentallyfriendlytechnologiesandtheidentifiͲ cationandeliminationofbarrierstotheiruse x Recommendedsupportfortherestructuringprocessesintheeconomypromoting policiesandmeasuresadoptedtolimitorreduceGHGemissions,withprioritygiven to the energy sector, energy intensive industrial sectors, transport and waste management Poland Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 351 EnergyDemand: x Recommendedintroductionofasystemofincentivesforenterprisesencouraging energysavinginvestmentprojects x Introductionofincentivesforthepublicsectorconcerningthelaunchofinvestment projectsleadingtorationalenergyconsumption ResearchandDevelopment: x Conductsurveysontheuseofenergyanditsproduction x Continuesurveystrackingclimatechangeandclimatevariability x ContinueresearchonclimatechangescenariosforPoland,inrelationtothegrowing concentrationsofGHGsintheatmosphere,andonconsequencesofclimatechange andadaptationinPoland 6%GHGreductionby2008–2012withrespectto1988levels(Kyotobaseline) Poland:OtherRelevantLegislation EnergyEfficiencyAct April2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill ImplementationofEUDirective2006/32/ECof5April2006onenergyendͲuseefficiencyand energyservices TheLawintroducesawhitecertificatesystem,amechanismprovidingincentivesforenergy savingsolutionsandenforcingthem,asameansofimplementationoftheNationalEnergy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) which was submitted by the Polish Government to the EuropeanCommissionaspertheDirectiveabove,whichaimedtoachievetheindicativetarget of9%energysavingsin2016(4.5Mtoe)andanintermediatetargetof2%in2010. ANationalFundforEnvironmentalProtectionandWaterManagementandsixregionalones aremandatedtoprovidefinancialsupportforundertakingsofanationalorinterregionalscale. Thefundsarelegalentitiesandindependentdecisionsaretakentoselecttheinvestmentsto befinanced.Theenergyefficiencyinvestmentprojectsarebeingandwillbesupportedfrom availableEUfunds. Plannedenergysavingswillresultprimarilyfromthefollowingmeasures: Targets x circa0.7MtoefromProgrammesofNationalFundforEnvironmentalProtectionand WaterManagement x circa0.2MtoefromThermomodernisationLawandFund x 1.5Mtoefromsoftmeasures,and2to2.5Mtoefromthewhitecertificatesystem 352 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Poland Regulation of the Council of Ministers on types of programmes and projects to be implementedundertheNationalGreenInvestmentScheme 3November2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ImplementationofArticle22(3)oftheActonthesystemtomanagetheemissionsofGHGs andothersubstancesof17July2009 Theregulationstipulatesthetypesofprogrammesandprojectstobeimplementedinthe areasreferredtoinArticle22(2)oftheActonthesystemtomanagetheemissionsofGHGs andothersubstancesof17July2009. Theprogrammesandprojectsinthefollowingareasshallbeasfollows: x Improvementofenergyefficiencyinvariouseconomysectors x Improvementofcoaluseefficiencyincludingthatofcleancoaltechnologies x Replacementofthefuelcurrentlyusedwithalowemissionone x AvoidanceorreductionofGHGemissionsinthetransportationsector x Useofrenewableenergysources x Avoidanceorreductionofmethaneemissionsbyitsrecyclinganduseinthemining industry,wasteandwasteͲwaterdisposalandinfarming,aswellasbyuseinpower generation x ActionsinrelationwithGHGsequestration x OtheractionstoreduceoravoidnationalemissionofGHGsortoabsorbcarbon dioxideandadapttoclimatechange x Research and development works on the use of renewable energy sources and advancedandinnovativeenvironmentallyfriendlytechnologies x Educationalactivities,includingtrainingeventsinsupportofthenationalobligations Targets Nonespecified Poland Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 353 EnergyAct 10April1997 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor TranspositionofEUacquiscommunautaireandenergylegislation implementation Summaryofbill ThepurposeoftheActistocreatetheconditionsforsustainabledevelopmentofthecountry, ensureenergysecurity,economicalandrationaluseoffuelsandenergy,developmentof competition, counteracting adverse effects of natural monopolies, compliance with environmental protection requirements and commitments stemming from international agreementsandforoffsettingtheinterestsofpowerutilitiesandconsumersoffuelsand energy. TheActlaysdowntheprinciplesforthedevelopmentofthestate’senergypolicy,theterms andconditionsforthesupplyanduseoffuelsandenergy,includingheat,andtheactivityof powerutilities,aswellasdeterminestheauthoritiescompetentinmattersoffuelandenergy management. The Act establishes a support mechanism for renewable energy imposing on energy companiessellingelectricitytoenduserstoobtainandpresentforredemptiontotheenergy regulatoraspecifiednumberofcertificatesoforiginofelectricitygeneratedfromrenewable energy sources and coͲgeneration (CHP) or to pay a substitution charge, plus excise duty exemptionsforelectricityproducedfromsuchsources,simplifiedarrangementsregarding connectionandbalancinginrespectofcertaintypesofrenewableenergysourcesandsupport fromspecialͲpurposefunds. Targets Theshareofelectricitypurchasedbyenergysuppliersfromcogenerationsourcesconnectedto thegridshallnotbelowerthan23.2%by2012. Russia ClimateChangeLegislation 355 4.27 Russia 4.27.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 1555 2208 Ͳ1142 2010 Top5 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:28December1994 Dateofentryintoforce:28March1995 Dateofsignature:11March1999 Dateofratification:18November2004 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 15–25%from1990,dependenton 1)appropriateaccountingofthepotential ofRussia’sforestryand2)undertakingbyall majoremittersoflegallybindingobligations ClimateDoctrineoftheRussianFederation 356 ClimateChangeLegislation Russia 4.27.2 LegislativeProcess Russia has a bicameral system and the Federal Assembly consists of the State Duma(LowerChamber)andtheFederationCouncil,whichhavedifferentpowers andresponsibilities.TheDumapasseslaws,whicharethensenttotheCouncilfor confirmationandforwardedtothePresidentoftheRussianFederationforsigning andpublication.Federallawshavepriorityoverregionallawsanddirecteffect throughouttheterritoryofRussia.Often,Russianlawsareadoptedintheformofa CodeofLaw.ACodeisacompletecollectionofrulesinanentiresubjectarea. Anothersourceoflaw,yetgradedlowerinthehierarchyoflaws,aretheexecutive regulations (decrees and directives). Due to an absence of required laws, the President can pass decreesregarding all questions without any limitsifavalid federal law does not regulate an issue except in cases when the Constitution directly says that the question requires the adoption of a federal law. Usually, PresidentialdecreesareaimedatimplementinghigherͲlevelactsoflaw. An additional group of legislation is comprised of normative acts of federal executive authorities. These acts are related to laws through Directives of the Government.Theydevelop,addandconsolidateexistinglegalnorms.Although ministerialdocumentsareactsofspecialjurisdictionandregulateactivitiesofthe subordinatedpersonsandlegalentities,sometimestheycanbeofinterdepartͲ mentalorevengeneralsignificance. 4.27.3 ApproachtoClimateChange TheratificationoftheKyotoProtocol(KP)byRussiain2004wascrucialforthe entryintoforceoftheinternationaltreaty.Russia’smainlegislationonclimateand emissionsmitigationrestsmainlyonvariouslawsonestablishingthedomestic compliance instruments as required by the KP as well as the recent Climate Doctrine.AnimportantcomponentoftheKP’sframework,theJointImplementaͲ tionmechanism(Art.6and17),wasadoptedinRussianlegislationinOctober2009 (GovernmentDecreeNo.843).Theoriginal2007JointImplementationlegislation was considered too complicated so the responsibilities were redistributed by involving Sberbank, one of the Russian major stateͲowned banks, which fulfils the functions of the “carbon units’ operator”, and the approval system was reͲestablished. TheClimateDoctrinewasapprovedinDecember2009.Itmarksacrucialstepin Russia’srecognitionofthepotentialbenefitsofmitigationmeasuresanditswillto Russia ClimateChangeLegislation 357 engagewiththeinternationalcommunity.Althoughitisnotlegallybinding,ithasa strongdeclarationalnature.Itismeanttosetstrategicguidelinesandtargetsand servesasafoundationforthedevelopmentandimplementationoffutureclimate policy, covering issues related to climate change and its consequences. The doctrinewillserveasablueprinttoharmonisedomesticclimateͲrelatedlegislation withinternationalstandards,improveclimatemonitoring,stimulatetheadoption of stronger environmental standards, the adoption of energyͲefficiency and energyͲsavingmeasures,aswellasgreateruseofalternative(includingrenewable) energysources. AlthoughthedoctrinerecognisesthepotentialofthevastRussianforestsasa carbonsinkandrecommendsitsrationaluse,itdoesnotsetupanymajorforestry action. However, Russia’s commitment under the Copenhagen Accord is conditionedtothe“appropriateaccountingofthepotentialofRussia’sforestryin frameofcontributioninmeetingtheobligationsoftheanthropogenicemissions reduction”(UNFCCC). Energyefficiency Russiaisoneofthemainworldwidesuppliersofgasandoil.Inordertoimproveits energyconservationandefficiency,Russiahaspassedseverallawsandrules.They includethe2003federalThermalPerformanceofBuildingscodeandmorepartiͲ cularly the 2009 Energy Efficiency legislation (Federal Law 261ͲF3), “On Saving EnergyandIncreasingEnergyEfficiencyIncrease”,whichestablishesbasicprinͲ ciplesfortheregulationofenergyconsumptiontoincreaseitsefficiencyandto encourage energy saving, and provides for various amendments to existing legislation.TherearevarioussubsequentsubͲlawstodefinethetasksandresponͲ sibilities.Inaddition,therearevariousfederalorregionalprogrammesonheating or building efficiency such as the 1998 Heat Efficiency Leveraging Programme (HELP)undertheauspicesofUSAID,theRussianInvestmentInitiativeandtheUS– RussianCommissiononScientificandTechnologicalCooperation. Russiaalsoelaboratedseveralframeworkpoliciesorenergystrategieswherethe goals,objectivesandmaindirectionsoflongͲtermenergypolicyaresetup.An important place is given to energy efficiency. These include the 2001 Federal TargetedProgrammeforanEnergyEfficientEconomyfortheperiod2002–2005, the2003EnergyStrategyto2020,andthe2009EnergyStrategyto2030where,by theendofthethirdstage,Russiawasexpectedtohaveswitchedtohighlyefficient useoftraditionalenergyandstoodreadyforthetransitiontoalternativeenergy. Legislationonrenewableenergiesislessextensive.ThemainpieceistheState PolicyofEnergyEfficiencyIncreasethroughUseofRenewablesforthePeriodupto 358 ClimateChangeLegislation Russia 2020adoptedin2009(guidelinesapprovedbyGovernmentDecreeNo.1Ͳr).The guidelinesestablishtargetsfortheshareofelectricitygenerationfromrenewable energysourcesupto2020,excludinglargehydro(over25MW).Thetargetis1.5% in 2010, 2.5% in 2015 and 4.5% in 2020 and a series of measures are to be implementedandmonitoredtoachievethis. Russiahastheworld’slargestemissionsfromflaringintheworld.TheWorldBank estimatesthereductionpotentialfromflaringtobe70MtCO2withcurrentgas prices(WorldBank,2007).InJanuary2009,agovernmentdecreewasadoptedthat seekstoreduceemissionsfromgasflaring.A5%limitforgasflaringhasbeenset fortheyear2012andsubsequentyearswithfinesbeingimposedifthisthreshold isexceededorthereisnomeasurementequipment. Russia:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateDoctrineoftheRussianFederation 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheDoctrinehasadeclarationalnature,setsstrategicguidelinesandservesasafoundation forthedevelopmentandimplementationoffutureclimatepolicy,coveringissuesrelatedto climatechangeanditsconsequences.Itisnotabindingbill. TheDoctrineisbasedonfundamentalandappliedscientificknowledge,includingvarious studiescarriedoutwithintheRussianFederation,andisapoliticaldocumentrecognisingthe challengesandissuessurroundingclimatechange. TheDoctrinewillserveasablueprinttoharmonisedomesticclimateͲrelatedlegislationwith international standards, improve climate monitoring, stimulate the adoption of stronger environmentalstandards,theadoptionofenergyͲefficiencyandenergyͲsavingmeasures,as wellasgreateruseofalternative(includingrenewable)energysources. It underlines three areas for climate policy going forward: improving research to better understand the climate system and assess future impacts and risks; developing and implementingshortͲandlongͲtermmeasuresformitigationandadaption;andengagement withtheinternationalcommunity. ParticipationininternationaleffortsisrecognisedascrucialforalongͲtermsolutiontoclimate problems. Russia Adaptation Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 359 Puttingapriceoncarbon:accordingtotheClimateDoctrine,participationininternational mechanismsfacilitatingthereductionofGHGemissionsconstitutesoneofthemostimportant prioritiesofRussianclimatepolicy. Energy–supplyͲsidepolicies:undertheDoctrineRussiawillaimtoreducetheshareofenergy generatedfromnaturalgasto46%or47%by2030(frommorethan50%currently)while doublingthecapacityofnuclearpowerplants.Itwillalsolimittheburningofgasproduced fromoilwells,andincreasetheshareofelectricityproducedfromrenewableenergysources to:1.5%by2010,2.5%by2015and4.5%by2020. Energy–demandͲsidepolicies:intermsofmitigation,theDoctrineforeseesthedevelopment and implementation of measures to enhance energy efficiency across the economy and expandtheuseofrenewableandalternativeenergysources. Mainstreamingclimatechange:theDoctrinestatesthatclimatepolicywillbeimplementedon thebasisofactionplans,atafederal,regionalandsectorallevel. Federal authorities will be responsible for fiscal and financial incentives for technology developmentanddeployment,includingenergyͲefficientandenergyͲsavingtechnologiesas wellasrenewableenergytechnologies,acrossvariousindustrialandothersectors.Itwillalso beresponsiblefordevelopinganationalGHGinventoryalongwithregionalauthorities. Enterpriseswillberesponsibleforimplementingmeasurestoimprovetheenergyefficiencyof thermal and electric power, vehicles and buildings, as well as facilities. They will also implement measures to increase the share of alternative (including nonͲcarbon) energy sources. Objective information coverage of the problems connected with climate change and its consequences, including climate change outreach programs (including in mass media), is amongtheprioritiesoftheRussianFederationclimatepolicy. “Anticipatory adaptation to climatic change consequences is among the priorities of the RussianFederationclimatepolicy…Climatechangeadaptationmeasuresareregulatedby stateauthorities’decisions,includingdecisionsrelatedtointeractionoftheRussianFederation withtheinternationalcommunity.” Nonespecified Russia:OtherRelevantLegislation EnergyEfficiencylegislation(FederalLaw261ͲF3,“OnSavingEnergyandIncreasingEnergy EfficiencyIncreaseandAmendingCertainLegislativeActsoftheRussianFederation”) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements 360 ClimateChangeLegislation Russia Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill TheLawestablishesbasicprinciplesfortheregulationofenergyconsumptiontoincreaseits efficiencyand,interalia,toencourageenergysaving,andprovidesforvariousamendmentsto existinglegislation(ontechnicalregulation,housing,townplanning,taxation,etc.)toenforce energyͲsavingrules. TheLawinessenceisaframeworkactcallingforanumberoffollowͲupimplementingbyͲlaws. Various subͲlaws to the 2009 Energy Efficiency legislation further define the tasks and responsibilities. UndertheLaw,allenergyresourcesproduced,transmitted,andconsumedaresubjectto compulsoryaccountingbyvirtueoftherespectivemeters. TheLawcontainsenergyefficiencyrulesforcirculationofgoods(energyefficiencyclassifyͲ cationofgoods,labelling,prohibitionofnonͲefficientincandescentbulbsetc.). TheLawestablishesageneralrulethatbuildingsandotherstructuresshouldmeetapplicable energyefficiencyrequirementsbothwhenbeingcommissionedandduringtheirsubsequent operation. Stateconstructionsupervisoryauthoritiesshallassignenergyefficiencyclassestoapartment buildings. TheLawsetstheconditionsforvoluntaryormandatoryenergyaudits.Encouragementof energy saving technologies including, but not limited to, the use of secondary energy resourcesandrenewableenergysources. Stateprogramsaimedatenergysavingsandenergyefficiencyincreasesareexpectedtoset suchtargetsasthenumberoffacilitiesrelyingonsecondaryenergyresourcesorrenewable energysourcesfortheirenergysupplies. Instruments:Thetaxincentivesinclude,inparticular,investmenttaxcreditsofupto30%for companies investing in energy efficiency technologies, accelerated depreciation of assets belongingtothecategoryofobjectswithhighenergyefficiencyorsitesclassifiedintopenergy efficiencyclassesandpartialcompensationofinterestonloansgrantedbyRussianbanksfor thepurposeofinvestinginenergysavingandincreasedenergyefficiencytechnologies. AccordingtotheExplanatoryNoteattachedtotheDraftLaw,17Decreesofapplicationwillbe adopted by the Government (covering such issues as energy efficiency requirements for goods,includingelectricbulbs,buildingsandconstructions,energyefficiencyclassesofgoods andapartmentbuildings,requirementsforpublicprocurements,requirementsforregional andmunicipalprogramsinthesphereofEE1,etc.). Inaddition,pluralbyͲlawsandsecondarylegislationwererequiredtobeadoptedbyrelevant federalministriesbefore1May2010. Targets Nonespecified Russia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 361 OntheMeasuresofImplementingArticle6oftheKyotoProtocoltotheUnitedNations FrameworkConventiononClimateChange(GovernmentDecreeNo.844) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill DocumentprovidingfornewopportunitiesfortherealisationofJointImplementationprojects envisagedundertheKyotoProtocol(legislationestablishingArticles6and17oftheProtocol). Yet to be completed by the “Selection rules” regulating the three first stages of project approval.TheSelectionRuleswerepreparedandapprovedinthebeginningofDecember2009 andhavebeensubmittedforregistration(legalexpertise)attheRussianMinistryofJustice. CompaniesentitledtoactasapplicantsforJIprojectsareenergy,agriculture,forestry,waste products,industrialprocessesanduseofsolventsandotherproducts. ApplicationfortheapprovalofaJIprojectislodgedtoSberbank(oneoftheRussianmajor stateͲownedbanks),whichfulfilsthefunctionsofthe“carbonunits’operator”. ThisdocumentexpeditedtheprocedureforJIprojects’implementation,changedthestate bodies involved in the project approval procedure, modified the eligibility criteria for JI projectsandintroducedsomeothermajorchangestoRussianlegislationinthesphereof KyotoProtocolmechanisms. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyStrategyto2030 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Energyframework implementation Summaryofbill Thestrategy,approveduntil2030,isaimedatincreasingdomesticoilandgasproduction. ThemaingoalofthefirststageistoeliminatetheimpactoftheonͲgoingeconomiccrisison theenergysectorandpavethewayforpostͲcrisisdevelopment. Thesecondstagewillfocusonimprovingenergyefficiency. Bytheendofthethirdstage,Russiaisexpectedtohaveswitchedtohighlyefficientuseof traditionalenergyandstandreadyfortransitiontoalternativeenergy. Targets Nonespecified 362 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Russia StatePolicyofEnergyEfficiencyIncreasethroughUseofRenewablesforthePeriodupto 2020(guidelinesapprovedbyGovernmentDecreeNo.1Ͳr) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill Thestatepolicyofenergyefficiencyincreasethroughuseofrenewablesconstitutesapartof Russia’senergypolicyandsetsobjectives,directionsandformsofeffortstobemadebystate authoritiestodeveloptheelectricpowerindustrythroughuseofrenewables.Thisdocument underlinesthelackofrenewableenergydevelopmentinRussia,andidentifiesthebarriersto beovercome. TheguidelinesmandatetheMinistryofEnergytocoordinateimplementationandmonitoring ofthemeasures,andtomonitorprogressagainstthetargets.Tostrengthenandimprovestate oversightforrenewableenergythemeasuresundertakenareto: x Improve targets and monitor progress towards meeting them; this may involve periodicallyupdatingtargetsbasedonevolvingeconomic,energyandenvironmental priorities x Improve statistical reporting on renewable energy in electricity generation and consumption The guidelines outline measures to be taken in three broad areas: improving the state oversightsystemforrenewableenergygeneration,levellingtheplayingfieldtomakerenewͲ ableenergymorecompetitive,andimprovingrenewableenergygenerationinfrastructure. Theguidelinesestablishtargetsfortheshareofelectricitygenerationfromrenewableenergy sourcesupto2020,excludinglargehydro(over25MW).Thetargetis1.5%in2010,2.5%in 2015 and 4.5% in 2020. At the time the policy passed, less than 1% of total electricity generationcamefromrenewableenergysources,excludinglargehydro. Thispolicywillleadtotheestablishmentofasystemthatprovidesconsumerswithincentives topurchaseanincreasingamountofrenewableenergygeneratedelectricity. Improvingresearch,developmentanddeploymentinrenewableenergypowergeneration, anddevelopingdomesticindustrycapacityinthissector. Targets Nonespecified Russia Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 363 Legislationonthelimitationsofassociatedgasflaring(GovernmentDecreeNo.7) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill ThisDecreeseekstoreduceemissionsfromgasflaring.A5%limitforgasflaringhasbeenset fortheyear2012andsubsequentyears,withfinesbeingimposedifthisthresholdisexceeded orifthereisnomeasurementequipment. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ThermalPerformanceofBuildings–FederalCodeRevision 2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Building/energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill AnnouncedinFebruary2003,thenewfederalThermalPerformanceofBuildingscodeentirely replacedthefederalbuildingcode,ThermalEngineeringforBuildings,revisedin1995and 1998. Effective1October2003,thenewcode: x Establishes numerical values for required performance targets, corresponding to worldlevels x Classifiesnewandexistingbuildingsaccordingtotheirenergyefficiency x Encouragesbuildingsthataremoreefficientthanrequiredbycode x CreatesamechanismforidentifyinglowͲperformingexistingbuildingsandmandating necessaryupgrades x DevelopsdesignguidelinesforbothprescriptiveandperformanceͲbasedcompliance paths x Developsmethodsforoversightandenforcementofcomplianceintermsofthermal performanceandenergyefficiency(energypassports),duringdesign,construction andprospectiveoperationphases 364 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Russia Between1995and2004,50regionsoftheRussianFederationimplementedtheirownbuilding codesinaccordancewithfederalbuildingstandards. Some local enforcement agencies offered incentives for exemplary performance, others mandatedauditing.Regionsestablishedtheirownrequirementsforcalculatingabuilding’s energyconsumptionandcompliancewithlocalcode. Nonespecified EnergyStrategyto2020 2003 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Russia’sEnergyStrategyupto2020isadocumentdetailingthegoals,objectivesandmain directionsoflongͲtermenergypolicy.ThisstrategywasreleasedinAugust2003. Itcallsforanincreaseintheshareofrenewableenergy,thebuildingofnewhydroͲenergy stationsandenactionofthebill“OnRenewableEnergySources”.Thestrategyalsostatesthat itispossibletolaunch1000MWofelectricpowercapacityand1200MWofheatpower capacitybasedonrenewablesby2010. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ProgrammeforEnergyEfficientEconomy(Frameworkpolicy) 2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill In2001,RussialaunchedaFederalTargetedProgrammeforanEnergyEfficientEconomyfor theperiod2002–2005,withanoutlookto2010.Itsetstargetsandoutlinesmeasuresfor energyefficiencyimprovementsindifferentsectorsoftheeconomy.Itwastobefinanced partiallybythefederalbudget,partiallybymunicipal/regionalbudgetsandothersources. Targets Thekeytargetssetinthe2001programmeweretoreduceenergyintensityby13.4%(total finalenergyconsumption/GDP)below2000levelsby2005,increasingtoa26%reduction below2000levelsby2010. Rwanda ClimateChangeLegislation 365 4.28 Rwanda 4.28.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation Ͳ2 6 NA 1994 Belowtop50 Dateofsignature:10June1992 Dateofratification:18August1998 Dateofentryintoforce:16November1998 Dateofsignature:22July2004 Dateofratification:22July2004 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nopledgemade GreenGrowthandClimateResilience– NationalStrategyonClimateChangeand LowCarbonDevelopment 366 ClimateChangeLegislation Rwanda 4.28.2 LegislativeProcess Rwanda is a presidential republic, with a legal system based on German and Belgiancivillawsystemsandcustomarylaw.ThePresidentisheadofthegovernͲ mentandheadofthestate.TheParliamentisbiͲcameralandcomprisesofthe SenateandtheChamberofDeputies.TheSenatehas26members,someofwhich areappointedandsomeelectedforaneightyearterm.TheChamberofDeputies has80members,whichareelectedforafiveͲyearterm.Thecurrentlegislature periodsoftheChamberofDeputiesandtheSenateare2008–2013and2011–2019 respectively. Theconstitutionof2003isRwanda’ssupremelaw.Internationaltreatiesratified by Rwanda come second in the legislative hierarchy, followed by organic laws (whichrequireaspecialmajority),ordinarylaws(requiringaregularmajority)and decreesbythePresident,PrimeMinister,MinistersandCouncils. ThemainlegislativeorganistheParliament,althoughthePresidenthaslegislative powers as well. Laws can be initiated by the Chamber of Deputies or by the governmentcabinet.ThepresidentoftheChamberofDeputiesthenpassesthe proposals to a permanent commission. Proposals are debated in detail in the plenarysessionandthenvotedon.ThePresidenthastheauthoritytorequesta secondexaminationbyparliamentoforganiclawsandordinarylawsafterthey havebeenvotedon.IfnoreͲexaminationisrequested(orafterithasbeenreͲ examined),thePresidentpromulgatesthelawwithin30days. 4.28.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Rwanda ratified the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol in 1998. In 2005 Rwanda submitteditsinitialreporttotheUNFCCC,andinJune2012itssecondcommuͲ nication, including a standͲalone mitigation strategy, the Carbon Policy and an updatedemissionsinventory. Rwanda completed its NAPA (National Adaptation Program of Action), which addressedissuesofwatershortageandeffectsonagriculturalproductivity,dueto phenomenaofflooding,landslides,heavyrainfalls,extremetemperatures,heat waves and drought. Several districts have been selected to pilot adaptation measures. Rwanda ClimateChangeLegislation 367 In2011theGovernmentpublishedtheNationalClimateChangeandLowCarbon DevelopmentStrategy(NCCLCDS),inacollaborativeeffortbetweentheGovernͲ mentofRwanda,theSmithSchoolofEnterpriseandEnvironment(SSEE)atthe UniversityofOxfordandthedonorinstitutesUKDFIDͲRwandaandtheClimateand Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). As a result, nine sectorial working papershavebeenproduced–amongothersontheenergy,forestsandtransport sectors. ResourceEfficientandCleanerProduction(RECP)isaRwandanschemeintendedto applyintegratedpreventiveenvironmentalstrategytoprocesses,productsand servicestoincreaseefficiencyandreduceriskstohumansandtheenvironment.It was introduced by the Rwanda Environment Management Authority with the supportofUNEPin2005andwaslaterrenamedtheRwandaResourceEfficientand CleanerProductionProgramme.In2008theRwandaNationalCleanerProduction Centre(RwandaͲNCPC)wasestablished,andcarriedoutvariousprojectstoraise awarenessandpromoteresourceandenergyefficiencyinindustryanddomestic environments. TheActionPlanfortheMinistryofNaturalResourcesJuly2011–June2012sets specifictargetsforreducingclimatechangevulnerability. In May 2012, a law establishing a national fund for climate change financing (FONERWA) passed, and is expected to contribute approximately 20–30% to Rwanda’s existing financing gap, which is estimated at approximately US$100 millionperyear.InNovember2009,theMinistryofNaturalResources(MINIRENA), whichoversawenvironmentalmattersinRwanda,wasadministrativelysplitinto theMinistryofEnvironmentandLands(MINELA)andtheMinistryofForestryand Mines.ActingunderMINELAistheRwandaEnvironmentManagementAuthority (REMA),anonͲsectorialinstitutionmandatedtofacilitatethecoordinationand oversight of the implementation of the national environmental policy and the subsequent legislation. REMA has a key role to play towards the achievement of the national goal of sustainable development as set out in the National DevelopmentVision2020. In 2009 a Climate Change and International Obligations Unit (CCIOU) was establishedwithinREMAoverseeingitsDesignatedNationalAuthority(DNA)to coordinate carbon market activities. Rwanda’s climate change efforts are supportedbyvariousdonors,amongotherstheJapanesegovernment,theLDCF (LeastDevelopedCountriesFund),theAAP(AdaptationinAfricaProgramme)and theClimateandDevelopmentKnowledgeNetwork(CDKN). 368 ClimateChangeLegislation Rwanda Energy–supplyside Energy consumption in Rwanda is dominated by biomass consumption (woodͲ energy and agricultural residues), accounting for 86% of consumed energy, followedbypetroleumproducts(11%)andelectricity(3%),roughlyhalfofwhichis generated from hydro sources and half from thermal power plants. Rwanda’s Vision 2020 Programme aims to connect at least 35% of the population to electricity(upfromthecurrent6%)by2020,andtoreduceconsumptionofwood to40%ofnationalenergyconsumptionby2020. Landuse ThesecondcommunicationtotheUNFCCCsuggeststhefollowingmeasurestodeal withemissionsfromlandusechange:afforestation,reforestation,forestmanageͲ ment, reduced deforestation, management of timber products, use of forest products to replace oil (bio energy), improvement of tree species to increase biomassproductivityandcarbonsequestration,andimprovedtechnologiesfor remote sensing for the study of vegetation and soil, the potential for carbon sequestrationandformappingoflanduseandlandusechange. Adaptation In2010,theGovernmentofRwanda,theGovernmentofJapan,UNDPandUNEP launchedtwoclimatechangeadaptationprogrammes,onefocusingonReducing Vulnerability to Climate Change by Establishing Early Warning and Disaster Preparedness Systems and Support for Integrated Watershed Management in Flood Prone Areas (LDCF). This programme will be funded under the Global EnvironmentFund(GEF).ThesecondfocusesonbuildinganintegratedcompreͲ hensive national adaptation approach in Rwanda, and will be funded by the GovernmentofJapan. Rwanda:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Green Growth and Climate Resilience – National Strategy on Climate Change and Low CarbonDevelopment PublishedNovember2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × Driverfor Sustainabledevelopment implementation REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Rwanda ClimateChangeLegislation 369 Summaryofbill TheNationalStrategyonClimateChangeandLowCarbonDevelopmentaddressesconcerns ofmitigationandadaptation,seekingtomeetdevelopmentgoalswhilereducingthecountry’s vulnerability.Thekeymitigation“bigͲwins”identifiedbythestrategyaregeothermalpower generation, with an estimated potential of 700 MW, which would supply all of Rwanda’s demandifimplementedby2020;integratedsoilfertilitymanagement,whichwouldresultin reduced use of inorganic fertilisers, improvement of soil structure and water retention capacity of soil; and high density walkable cities, fighting anticipated trends of energyͲ intensiveurbansprawlonhillyterrain. In terms of adaptation, key elements which are sketched by the Strategy are irrigation infrastructure,whichwillmitigatesomeuncertaintyregardingrainfallvariation;arobustroad networktomitigatelossoffoodduringtransporttomarketsandtoensurepassabilityduring extremeweatherevents;establishmentofacentreforclimateknowledgefordevelopment; anddevelopmentofagroforestry. Thestrategycallsforusingandleveragingexistingprogrammestomakequickadvances– usingtheIntegratedDevelopmentProgramme(IDP)tofacilitateimplementationofclimate resilientlowcarbondevelopmentinruralareas;operationalisingtheNationalFundforClimate andEnvironment(FONERWA)tofacilitateaccesstointernationalclimatefinance,especially FastStartFinanceforadaptation;implementingmeasuringandreportingofcrossͲsectorial energyuseforplanningandinternationalreportingpurposes;settingupanonlineClimate PortaltocommunicatetheNationalStrategytopublicandinternationalcommunity;etc. Nineworkingpapershavebeenproducedwithintheframeworkofthisstrategy: x CitiesandtheBuiltEnvironmentSectorWorkingPaper x WaterSectorWorkingPaper x AgricultureSectorWorkingPaper x EnergySectorWorkingPaper x FinanceSectorWorkingPaper x ForestsandTreeͲbasedSystemsSectorWorkingPaper x LandSectorWorkingPaper x MiningSectorWorkingPaper x TransportSectorWorkingPaper Targets Nonespecified 370 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Rwanda Rwanda:OtherRelevantLegislation LawNo.26DeterminingtheOrganization,FunctioningandMissionoftheNationalFundfor Environment(FONERWA) 22May2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × Driverfor Health,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill This Law determines organisation, functioning and mission of the National Fund for environmentinRwanda(FONERWA). Thefundwillserveastheprimaryinstrumenttochannel,distributeandmonitorinternational andnationalclimatefinance. FONERWA has four finance windows based on its targets: conservation and sustainable managementofnaturalresources;facilitationandutilisationofR&Dandtechnologytransfer; streamlining of climate change issues into policies and programmes; and Environmental ImpactAssessment(EIA)Monitoring&Enforcement. FONERWAisexpectedtocontributeapproximately20–30%toRwanda’sexistingfinancing gap,whichisestimatedatapproximatelyUS$100millionperyear. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Ministerial Order No. 003/16.01 of 15 July 2010 Preventing Activities that Pollute the Atmosphere 15July2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Health,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill AnnexAspecifiesemissionstandardsforCO2,alongwithotherpollutants(suchasNOx,SOx, PM10,leadandOzone). Targets Nonespecified Rwanda Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 371 OrganicLaw4/2005determiningthemodalitiesofprotection,conservationandpromotion ofenvironmentinRwanda 8April2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Sustainabledevelopment,environmentalprotection implementation Summaryofbill Recalling,amongothercovenants,theUNFCCC,thislawgiveseffecttoTheNationalPolicyon Environment. It determines the modalities of protecting, conserving and promoting the environmentinRwanda.Itdefinestheresponsibilitiesofcitizenandstate.Thelawdefines principlesforusingnaturalresources,suchasairandwater,protectingbiodiversityetc.It ordersanenvironmentalimpactassessment Article27statesthat“Theuseofsubstancesthatpollutetheatmospher(e)…,thatdepletethe OzoneLayerorthatmaycauseclimaticchangesisgovernedbyanorderoftheMinisterhaving environmentinhisorherattributions.” TheNationalPolicyincludessuggestedpolicystatementsonseveralareas,whichcanbeused asanentrypointformoreelaboratepolicies.ThePolicyStatementonAtmosphere,Climate andDisastersdeclarestwoobjectives: x Totakepartintheestablishmentofaframeworkforearlywarningandmanagement ofnaturaland/orhumanͲmadedisasters x Tocontributetotheestablishmentofapolicyandlegislationaimedatmonitoring regularlyclimaticchangeandreducetoastrictminimumsubstanceswhichpollute theatmosphere ThelawprovidesfortheestablishmentofaNationalFundforEnvironment(FONERWA). Targets Nonespecified SouthAfrica ClimateChangeLegislation 373 4.29 SouthAfrica 4.29.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 361 380 NA 1994 Top20 Dateofsignature:15June1993 Dateofratification:29August1997 Dateofentryintoforce:27November1997 Dateofsignature:31July2002 Dateofratification:31July2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nationallyappropriatemitigationactionfor a34%deviationfrombusinessasusualby 2020and42%by2025 NationalClimateChangeResponsePolicy 374 ClimateChangeLegislation SouthAfrica 4.29.2 LegislativeProcess The legislative authority in South Africa is centred on Parliament, which is constitutedbytwoHouses,theNationalAssembly,whichhas400members,and theNationalCouncilofProvinces(NCOP),with90members.Inorderforabillto becomelaw,bothHousesofParliamentmustapproveit.Abillcanbeintroducedin Parliament bya Minister,a Deputy Minister,a parliamentary committee or an individualMP.However,mostbillsaredrawnupbyagovernmentdepartment underthedirectionoftherelevantMinisterorDeputyMinister.Themajorityof billsareintroducedintheNationalAssembly,butcertainbillsthataffectprovinces maybeintroducedintheNCOP.ThelawͲmakingprocessusuallystartswiththe introductionofaGreenPaper–adiscussiondocumentdraftedbytheMinistryor departmentconcernedthatisthensubjecttopublicconsultation.TheGreenPaper maybefollowedbyaWhitePaper,amoredevelopeddiscussiondocumentthat broadly outlines government policy and may also be subject to review by interestedparties.Onceintroduced,abillisreferredtotherelevantcommittee, whereitisdebatedindetailand,ifnecessary,amended.ThentheHousetakesa decisiononwhethertopassthebill. 4.29.3 ApproachtoClimateChange SouthAfricahasalmostexclusivelydealtwithclimatechangethroughpolicies, strategiesandregulationsratherthanlegislation.ThroughthesemeasuresSouth Africa is showing its commitment to tackling climate change, particularly in developingmarketͲbasedmitigationmechanismsandpromotingrenewableenergy and energy efficiency. Legislation on this issue has been rather scarce until recently,whenaproposaloncarbontaxhasbeenintroducedwithintheframeͲ workofthe2012/2013budget. The process of developing climate change legislation started with the National ClimateChangeResponseStrategydevelopedin2004,whichrepresentsthefirst directrecognitionoftheneedforactiononclimatechange.Twoyearslater,the Cabinet commissioned the LongͲTerm Mitigation Scenario (LTMS) study, in an attempttoproducesoundscientificanalysisfromwhichthegovernmentcould derivealongͲtermclimatepolicy.TheLTMSproducedaseriesofpolicyrecomͲ mendations,whichwillbeattheheartofSouthAfrica’sclimatechangelegislation. InJuly2008,theVision,StrategicDirectionandFrameworkforClimatePolicywas announcedbytheMinistryofEnvironmentalandTourismAffairs.TheVisionsetsa frameworkforalongͲtermnetzeroͲcarbonelectricitysector.Itresultedfromtwo andahalfyearsofpublicconsultationwithmembersofgovernment,civilsociety SouthAfrica ClimateChangeLegislation 375 and the private sector and is based on the LTMS process. The Framework establishesgeneralguidelinesfortacklingclimatechangeincludingthetargetof curbingthegrowthofGHGemissionsby2020–2025atthelatest;theintroduction ofacarbontax,renewableenergyfeedͲintariffsandacarboncaptureandstorage system; and mandatory targets for renewable energy, energy efficiency and transport. ThecurrentflagshippolicyinSouthAfricaistheNationalClimateChangeResponse Policy(NCCRP),approvedbyCabinetinOctober2011.Thispolicyreplacesasthe flagshiplegislationthe2008Vision,StrategicDirectionandFrameworkforClimate Policy,whichwashighlightedinthisstudy’searlierversions. TheNCCRPstartedasaGreenPaperonclimatechangeandwasgazettedforpublic comment in late 2010. The Department of Environmental Affairs conducted extensive public hearings on the Green Paperin all nine provincesin February 2011,whileParliamentconductedapublichearingonthepaperinmidͲMarch 2011.FinalcommentswerecollectedbytheDepartmentofEnvironmentalAffairs, leadingtothepublicationandadoptionbythecabinetoftheNationalClimate ChangeResponseWhitePaper(whichisthenextlegislativestepafteraGreen Paper)inOctober2011.InNovember2011andinJune2012publichearingswere heldregardingtheimplementationoftheWhitePaper.TheNCCRPWhitePaper presentstheSouthAfricanGovernment’svisionforaneffectiveclimatechange responseandthelongͲterm,justtransitiontoaclimateͲresilientandlowerͲcarbon economy and society. It reflects a strategic approach referred to as “climate changeresilientdevelopment”,addressingbothadaptationandmitigation,which makesuseofthefollowingtimeͲboundplanninghorizons: x ShortͲterm–fiveyearsfromdateofpublicationofthepolicy x MediumͲterm–twentyyearsfromdateofpublicationofthepolicy x LongͲterm–aplanninghorizonthatextendsto2050. TheWhitePaperoutlinesariskbasedprocesstoidentifyandprioritiseadaptation strategiesandinterventionsthathavetobetakenintheshortandmediumterm, whilereviewedeveryfiveyears.Strategiesarespecifiedforthefollowingareas: Water;AgricultureandCommercialForestry;Health;BiodiversityandEcosystems; Human Settlements – Urban, Rural and Coastal Settlements; and Disaster Risk ReductionandManagement.Concerningmitigation,itincludesproposalstoset emission reduction outcomes for each significant sector and subͲsector of the economy based on an inͲdepth assessment of the mitigation potential, best availablemitigationoptions,science,evidenceandafullassessmentofthecosts 376 ClimateChangeLegislation SouthAfrica andbenefitsusinga“carbonbudgets”approach.Italsoproposedthedeployment ofarangeofeconomicinstruments,includingtheappropriatepricingofcarbon andeconomicincentives,aswellasthepossibleuseofemissionsoffsetoremission reductiontradingmechanismsforthoserelevantsectors,subͲsectors,companies orentitieswhereacarbonbudgetapproachhasbeenselected.TheWhitePaper includesneartermpriority“flagshipprogrammes”,onClimateChangeResponse Public Works; renewable energy supply, energy efficiency and energy demand management,WaterConservationandDemandManagement;wastemanagement; transport,carboncaptureandsequestration,andadaptationresearch. TheTaxationLawAmendmentBillof2009amendsthe1962IncomeTaxActto include, among other things, income tax incentives for participation in Clean DevelopmentMechanism(CDM)projectsaswellasforenergyefficiencysavings. TheCDMprojectsarerunbyadesignatednationalauthorityestablishedunderthe DepartmentofEnergy,andgovernedbyregulationspublishedundertheNational EnvironmentalManagementAct1998(theCDMRegulations). Pricingcarbon Duringthe2012–2013budgetdiscussionsinFebruary2012,theMinisterofFinance introducedaproposedcarbontaxonannualemissionsforallsectors,including electricity,petroleum,iron,steelandaluminium.Theproposeddesignfeaturesa percentageͲbasedemissionsthresholdsbelowwhichthetaxwillnotbepayable. TheproposalincludesabasictaxͲfreethresholdof60%(withadditionalconcession for process emissions and for tradeͲexposed sectors) and a maximum offset percentagesof5or10%until2019/20.AcarbontaxatR120(approx.US$14.50) pertonneofCO2eabovethesuggestedthresholdsisproposedtotakeeffectduring 2013/14, with annual increases of 10% until 2019/20. The proposal includes a highertaxͲfreethresholdforprocessemission,withconsiderationgiventothe limitationsofthecement,ironandsteel,aluminiumandglasssectorstomitigate emissionsoverthenearterm.AdditionalrelieffortradeͲexposedsectorssoffered. Thetaxdesignsuggestsuseofoffsetsbycompaniestoreducetheircarbontax liability.InMay2012adraftlegislationwasreleasedforcomments. Thebudgetproposalfor2012–2013alsoincludesanincreaseintheelectricitylevy generatedfromnonͲrenewablesources(increaseby1c/kWhto3.5c/kWh).The additionalrevenueswillbeusedtofundenergyͲefficiencyinitiatives,forexample the solar water heater programme. This arrangement will replace the current fundingmechanismthatisincorporatedintotheEskom’s(SouthAfrica’slargest publicutility)annualtariffapplication.Accordingtothebudgetproposal,thenet impactonelectricitytariffsshouldbeneutral. SouthAfrica ClimateChangeLegislation 377 Anumberofinstitutionalarrangementshavebeenestablishedtoimplementthe policy: an InterͲgovernmental Committee on Climate Change; a National ComͲ mitteeonClimateChange;aMonitoringandEvaluationTaskTeam;aTechnical WorkingGrouponAdaptationandaTechnicalWorkingGrouponMitigation. Energysupply Despitethefactthatrenewableenergysourcesarestillatanembryonicstagein SouthAfrica,wheremostoftheenergymatrixiscoalͲbased,thegovernmenthas beeninvestingheavilyinthepromotionofrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency. Accordingly,theNationalEnergyAct2008is,amongotherthings,concernedwith increasing the generation and consumption of renewable energy. The Act also createstheSouthAfricanNationalEnergyDevelopmentInstitute,responsiblefor promotingefficientgenerationandconsumptionofenergyandenergyresearch anddevelopment.Besides,thebulkofgovernmentactioninthisdomainistransͲ latedintopolicies,strategiesandregulations.Namely,theWhitePaperonthe Promotion of Renewable Energy and Clean Energy Development 2003; the IntegratedCleanHouseholdEnergyStrategy2003,theImplementationStrategyfor theControlofExhaustEmissionsfromRoadͲgoingVehiclesinSouthAfrica2003, the Renewable Energy Policy 2004, the Cleaner Production Strategy 2005, the Energy Efficiency Strategy 2005, the Biofuels Industrial Strategy 2007, and RenewableEnergyFeedͲinTariffs2009. A national Integrated Resource Plan for 2010–2030 was published under the Electricity Regulation Act (2006) in 2010. The plan outlines a diversification of energyresources,includingnuclear,coal,wind,solarphotovoltaic,concentrated solarandothersources,balancingcostoptimisationwithconstraintsandrisks, suchasuncertainties,andkeypolicyconsiderations,suchastheneedforemission reduction,creationoflocalemploymentresultingfromrenewablesinstallations, andenergyefficiency.TheIRPisintendedtobeconstantlyrevisedandupdatedby theDepartmentofEnergy.TheIRP’sfirstrevisionwaspublishedinOctober2010 andthesecondrevisionwasreleasedinMarch2011. Whilenoneoftheseregulationshasthestatusoflaw,theysetaseriesofmeaningͲ ful national targets. For instance, the White Paper on Renewable Energy 2003 requiresthat10,000gigawatthours(GWh)ofenergybederivedfromrenewable energysources(mostlyfrombiomass,wind,solarandsmallͲscalehydro)by2013. The IRP 2010 includes an emission constraint of 275 million tonnes of carbon dioxide per year after 2024, with 42% of total new GW installed derived from renewables. 378 ClimateChangeLegislation SouthAfrica InMarch2009,theNationalEnergyRegulatorofSouthAfrica(NERSA)announced theimplementationofRenewableEnergyFeedͲinTariffs(REFITS)settoproduce10 TWhofelectricityperyearby2013tobepaidforoveraperiodof20years;the selectedtechnologieswerewind,hydro,landfillgasandconcentratedsolar.In November2009,REFITSPhaseIIwaslaunchedwithtariffsapprovedforsixnew technologies.In August 2011,thefeed in tariff system has been replaced bya biddingprocesstoprocure3,725MWofrenewableelectricityfromindependent powerproducers(IPP).ThenewschemeevaluatesIPPsonbidpriceaswellasona setofpreͲsetqualifications,ratherthansettingafixedtariff.Thefirstbidhasbeen finalisedandcontractssignedinJuly2012.Thesecondandthirdphasecontracts aretobesignedinFebruary2013andJuly2013respectively. Energydemand The Energy Efficiency Strategy 2005 sets the target of a 12% energy efficiency improvement by 2015, with targets of 10% and 15% in the residential and commercialsectorsrespectively.ThesearetobemetthrougheconomicandlegisͲ lativemeans,efficiencylabelsandperformancestandards,energymanagement activitiesandenergyaudits,aswellasthepromotionofefficientpractices.The planincludessectorialplansfortheindustryandminingsector;commercialand publicbuildingssector;residentialsector;transportsector;aswellasreferencesto crossͲcuttingissuessuchasintegratedenergyplanning,renewableenergy,cleaner fuelprogrammesandhealth.TheIntegratedResourcePlan2010alsotakesinto accountaspectsofenergyefficiency. Transportation OneofthefewlegalinstrumentsdealingdirectlywithclimatechangeinSouth Africa,istheCO2emissionstaxonpassengervehicles.Introducedinthe2009–2010 budget, it levies a flat rate tax on CO2 emissions above a certain threshold, althoughoriginallydesignedasanadvaloremtax.Asmentionedabove,thereisa transportsectorprogrammeintheEnergyEfficiencyStrategy2005,whichaimsto promotefuelefficiencylabelling,fleetaudits,programmesforencouragingpublic transportationdevelopmentanduse,andefficientvehicletechnologies. SouthAfrica ClimateChangeLegislation 379 SouthAfrica:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalClimateChangeResponsePolicy(NCCRP) Approvedbycabineton18October2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × Driverfor Climatechange,renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The National Climate Change Response Policy is a comprehensive plan to address both mitigationandadaptationinSouthAfricaintheshort,mediumandlongterm(upto2050). Strategiesarespecifiedforthefollowingareas: x water x agricultureandcommercialforestry x health x biodiversityandecosystems x humansettlements x disasterriskreductionandmanagement AnnouncedbytheMinistryofWaterandEnvironmentalAffairsandapprovedbytheCabinet inOctober2011,thepolicyhastwomainobjectives:first,tomanageinevitableclimatechange impacts through interventions that build and sustain South Africa’s social, economic and environmental resilience and emergency response capacity. Secondly, to make a fair contributiontotheglobalefforttostabiliseGHGconcentrationsintheatmosphere. ThePolicyspecifiesstrategiesforclimatechangeadaptationandmitigation,makinguseofthe shortͲ,mediumͲandlongͲtermplanninghorizons(upto5yearsfrompublicationofpolicy,up to20years,upto2050,respectively).TheWhitePaperoutlinesariskbasedprocesstoidentify andprioritiseadaptationstrategiesandinterventionsthathavetobetakenintheshortand mediumterm,whilereviewedeveryfiveyears. Concerning mitigation,itincludesproposalstosetemissionreduction outcomesforeach significantsectorandsubͲsectoroftheeconomybasedonaninͲdepthassessmentofthe mitigationpotential,bestavailablemitigationoptionsandafullassessmentofthecostsand benefitsusinga“carbonbudgets”approach.Italsoproposedthedeploymentofarangeof economicinstruments,includingtheappropriatepricingofcarbonandeconomicincentives,as wellasthepossibleuseofemissionsoffsetoremissionreductiontradingmechanismsfor thoserelevantsectors,subͲsectors,companiesorentitieswhereacarbonbudgetapproach hasbeenselected. 380 Targets ClimateChangeLegislation SouthAfrica Energy Efficiency and Energy and Demand Management flagship programmes cover development and facilitation of an aggressive energy efficiency programme in industry, buildingonpreviousDemandSideManagementprogrammes,andcoveringnonͲelectricity energy efficiency as well. A structured programme will be established with appropriate initiatives,incentivesandregulation,alongwithawellͲresourcedinformationcollectionand disseminationprocess.LocalgovernmentsareencouragedtotakeanactivepartindemandͲ sidemanagement. ThereisashortͲtermtransportflagshipprogramme,whichaimstofacilitatethedevelopment ofanenhancedpublictransportprogrammetopromotelowerͲcarbonmobilityinfivemetros andintensmallercitiesandcreateanEfficientVehiclesProgrammewithinterventionsthat resultinmeasurableimprovementsintheaverageefficiencyoftheSouthAfricanvehiclefleet by2020.TheplannedrailreͲcapitalisationprogrammeisconsideredanimportantcomponent ofthisFlagshipProgrammeduetoitsprojectedcontributiontomodalshiftsofpassengersand freight.TheprogrammefurtherintroducesaGovernmentVehicleEfficiencyProgrammethat willmeasurablyimprovetheefficiencyofthegovernmentvehiclefleetby2020,bysetting procurementobjectivesforefficienttechnologyvehiclessuchaselectricvehicles. Inthemediumterm,theplancallsforsignificantupͲscalingofenergyefficiencyapplicationsin transportation;andforpromotingtransportͲrelatedinterventionsincludingtransportmodal shifts(roadtorail,privatetopublictransport)andswitchestoalternativevehicles(e.g.electric andhybridvehicles)andlowerͲcarbonfuels. The principles of the White Paper include prioritising cooperation and the promotion of research,investmentinand/oracquisitionofadaptation,lowerͲcarbonandenergyͲefficient technologies, practices and processes for employment by existing or new sectors or subͲ sectors. All fields and flagship programmes include a key element of research and development,datacollectionandanalysistoolsintheirrespectiveareas. Adaptationeffortsareprioritised,acknowledgingthevulnerabilityofthecountry.Adaptation effortswillrequire:earlywarningandforecastingfordisasterriskreduction;mediumͲterm (decadeͲscale)climateforecastingtoidentifypotentialresourcechallengeswellinadvance; and longͲterm climate projections that define the range of future climate conditions. Adaptationstrategiesaretobeintegratedintosectorialplans,including:TheNationalWater ResourceStrategy,aswellasreconciliationstrategiesforparticularcatchmentsandwater supplysystems;TheStrategicPlanforSouthAfricanAgriculture;TheNationalBiodiversity StrategyandActionPlan,aswellasprovincialbiodiversitysectorplansandlocalbioregional plans;TheDepartmentofHealthStrategicPlan;TheComprehensivePlanfortheDevelopment of Sustainable Human Settlements; and the National Framework for Disaster Risk Management. Inordertomonitorsuccessofmeasures,SouthAfricawill,withintwoyearsofthepublication of the Policy, design and publish a draft Climate Change Response Measurement and EvaluationSystem. GHGemissionsaresettostopincreasingatthelatestby2020–2025,tostabiliseforupto10 yearsandthentodeclineinabsoluteterms. SouthAfrica Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 381 SouthAfrica:OtherRelevantLegislation CarbonEmissionsMotorVehiclestax(within2009–2010budget) September2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill The 2009 Budget introduced an ad valorem CO2 emissions tax on new passenger motor vehicles.However,itwaslaterrecommendedthattheoriginaltaxproposalbeconvertedinto aflatrateCO2emissionstax,effectivefrom1September2010.Theemissionstaxhasinitially been applied to passenger cars, and extended to commercial vehicles once agreed CO2 standardsforthesevehiclesareset.Newpassengercarswillbetaxedbasedontheircertified CO2emissionsatR75(US$8.7)perg/kmforeachg/kmabove120g/km.Thisemissionstaxwill beinadditiontothecurrentadvaloremluxurytaxonnewvehicles. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TaxationLawsAmendmentBill,2009–Sections12Kand12LinsertedinAct58 1September2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Amendsthe1962IncomeTaxAct.Section12K–“Exemptionofcertifiedemissionreductions” –grantsincometaxexemptiontothesaleofcertifiedemissionreductionsderivedfromClean DevelopmentMechanism(CDM)projectsinthecontextoftheKyotoProtocol.Themeasure hasbeenappliedsinceFebruary2009. Section12Lgrantsincometaxreductionsforenergyefficiencysavingsfromcertifiedbaselines basedon“energyefficiencysavingscertificates”issuedbyanorgandeterminedbyRegulations fromtheMinistryofEnergy.TheseregulationsareintunewiththeNationalEnergyAct,2008. Themeasureappliestothetaxableincomeofanypersonsinanyyearofassessmentuntil 1January2020. Targets Nonespecified 382 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation SouthAfrica NationalEnergyAct2008 2008,lastamendedApril2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Thebillseekstoensuretheavailabilityofdiverseenergyresourcestotheeconomywhile supportingeconomicgrowthandpovertyalleviation.Tothisend,itintendstoprovidefor energyplanning,increasedgenerationandconsumptionofrenewableenergies,contingency energysupply,energyfeedstockandcarriers,andenergyinfrastructure.Itfurtherestablishes theSouthAfricanNationalEnergyDevelopmentInstitute,responsibleforpromotingefficient generationandconsumptionofenergyandenergyresearch. TheMinisterofMineralsandEnergyischargedwithimplementingtheIntegratedEnergyPlan, dealing with all issues related to energy (supply, transformation, storage and demand) includingplansrelatedtoGHGmitigationwithintheenergysector. TheSouthAfricanNationalEnergyDevelopmentInstituteisresponsibleforpromotingenergy researchanddevelopment.Thisfunctionincludes,amongotherthings,directing,monitorͲ ing,conductingandimplementingenergyresearchandtechnologydevelopmentinallfields exceptnuclearenergy;fosteringinnovation,bymakinggrantstoeducationalandscientific institutions. Targets Nonespecified SouthKorea ClimateChangeLegislation 383 4.30 SouthKorea 4.30.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 508 543 NA 2001 Top20 Dateofsignature:13June1992 Dateofratification:14December1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:25September1998 Dateofratification:8November2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 ReducenationalGHGemissionsby30% frombusinessasusualby2020 FrameworkActonLowCarbonGreen Growth 384 ClimateChangeLegislation SouthKorea 4.30.2 LegislativeProcess The legal system of South Korea is a civil law system that has its basis in the ConstitutionoftheRepublicofKorea.Ithaswrittenlawsofvariousformsina certainhierarchywiththeConstitutionstandingatthepinnacleastheparamount law. Korea’s Acts and Subordinate Statutes (Presidential Decree, Ordinance of PrimeMinisterandOrdinanceofMinistry;InternationalLaws,LawsforSelfͲruleof LocalGovernments,EmergencyExecutiveOrder,InternalRulesofConstitutional Bodies,andAdministrativeRules)formaconsolidatedsystemasawholethatis designedtopreventcontradictionsorconflicts. TheKoreanConstitutionempowerstheNationalAssemblytoenactActsandthe Executiveandotherorganstoenactsubordinatestatutes.Thisisaunicameral legislature.ThepowertoenactActsbelongsexclusivelytotheNationalAssembly, andthelawmakingpowerheldbytheExecutive,etc.forsubordinatestatutesis confinedtomattersdelegatedbyActsandothermattersnecessarytoenforce Acts.SincesuchsubordinatestatutesarerequiredtobeinconformitywithActs, theNationalAssemblyisthesupremelawmakingorgan. Thelawmakingprocessisasfollows:Therelevantministry(ornationalassembly representatives) drafts the legislative bill. It consults with other ministries and issuesapublicnoticeconcerningthelegislation.Thebillisthenreviewedbythe Ministry of Legislation (MOLEG), which is an independent and specialised selfͲ legislative control agency within the government in order to exercise overall control of and coordinate the government’s legislative activities and to review whetherindividualbillscontravenehigherlawsorconflictwithrelevantlaws.The billisthendeliberatedattheStateCouncilandsentforpresidentialapproval.After thatitissubmittedtotheNationalAssemblyfordecision.Afteritispassedinthe NationalAssembly,itreturnstoMOLEGandisfinallypromulgated.Presidential decreesarepromulgateddirectlyaftertheirapprovalbythePresidentanddonot gothroughtheNationalAssembly. 4.30.3 ApproachtoClimateChange All climate change related legislation, policies and regulations should be in harmonywiththebasicprinciplesforthepromotionof“lowcarbon,greengrowth” underKorea’sflagshiplegislation,theFrameworkActandthenationalstrategyfor lowcarbon,greengrowth.TheFrameworkAct,passedinDecember2009,builds onKorea’s“GreenNewDeal”stimuluspackageofJanuary2009togetherwiththe SouthKorea ClimateChangeLegislation 385 NationalStrategyforGreenGrowthannouncedinAugust2008andtheFiveͲYear Plan for Green Growth released in July 2009. In April 2010, the government adoptedtheEnforcementDecreeoftheFrameworkActonLowCarbonduringthe 15thCabinetmeeting.TheFrameworkActandtheEnforcementDecreecreatethe legislativeframeworkformidͲandlongͲtermemissionsreductiontargets,capͲandͲ trade,carbontax,carbonlabelling,carbondisclosureandtheexpansionofnew and renewable energy. It includes a system of mandatory reporting of carbon emissionsbyallcarbonͲandenergyͲintensiveindustriesandprovidesabasisfor thecreationofacarbontradingsystem.Thelawmandatesacaponemissions,but leaves out the operational structure, the method of allocation of emissions permits,thesectorialcoverage,andotherdetailsforimplementinglawstodecide. The Framework Act takes precedence over other Acts in application to “low carbon,greengrowth”inKorea.OtherrelatedActsincludeRationalEnergyUtiliͲ sation Act, Electricity Business Act, the Act on the Promotion of Purchase of EnvironmentͲfriendlyProducts,andEnergyBasicLaw.TheseActsmustconform tothepurposesandbasicprinciplesoftheFrameworkAct,andmanyofthem emphasisetheimportantroleenvironmentaltechnologyhasinKorea’seconomy. Carbonpricing InMay2012,thenationalassemblypassedtheActontheAllocationandTradeof GreenhouseGasEmissionsRights,establishingadomesticcapͲandͲtradeemissions tradingscheme(ETS).Theactwaspassedwithonlythreeabstentionsandnovotes against.TheestablishmentoftheETSfollowsadraftlegislationreleasedbythe governmentinNovember2010,whichiscloselymodelledontheEU’sEmissions TradingScheme(EUETS).ThemotivationstopromotetheETSincludeddevelopͲ mentofgreenindustrytechnologiesandpushinggreenbusinessesaheadofother countries.Apresidentialdecreedetailingtheschemeanditscompliancerulesare scheduledtobeannouncedwithinsixmonths. TheKoreangovernmentplanstofinaliseallocations6monthsbeforethelaunchof thescheme,whichcreatescurrentuncertaintyregardingtheinitialpriceofcarbon. A“basicplan”forthefirst10yearsoftheschemeisanticipatedbeforetheendof 2013. PriortotheestablishmentofthecapͲandͲtradescheme,thegovernmenthasset anaimtocut8.3milliontonnesofCO2equivalentfromprojectedindustrialand powersectorGHGemissionsin2012.Undertheproposal,acombined366firms mustcutemissionsby1.42%belowtheirbusinessasusuallevelsandfirmsthatfail tomeettheirtargetsfaceafineofuptoamaximumof10millionWon(US$8,485). 386 ClimateChangeLegislation SouthKorea Energysupplyandenergydemand Korea’sEnergyVision2030,agovernmentalplanlaunchedinNovember2006,sets anambitioustargetofreducingenergyintensityby46%between2007and2030.It leansonthreepillars(“the3Es”)todictatethedirectionofthenationalenergy policyuntil2030:energysecurity,energyefficiency,andenvironmentͲfriendly.It alsosetsatargetof11%renewableenergyoutoftheproductionportfolioby2030, andallowsallhouseholdstoaccessaffordableenergy. Adaptation TheNationalFrameworkonLowCarbonGreenGrowthstates(article40),thatthe governmentshallestablishandimplementabasicplanevery5yearsforcoping withclimatechangeforaplanningperiodof20years.Thisspurredthegeneration of several national and local plans dealing with climate change adaptation. In August2010,Koreaestablishedthe“NationalClimateChangeAdaptationMaster Plan(NCCAMP)”fortheyears2011–2015,andsetuptheNationalGovernment AdaptationCommittee(NGAC)toimplementtheNCCAMP.TheNGACiscomposed oftherepresentativesof13ministries.TheMinistryofEnvironment(MOE)isin chargeoftheNGACandalsoofsupportinglocalgovernments. TheNationalMasterPlanhas86majorprojects,covering10sectors:Publichealth, disaster management and infrastructure, agriculture, forestry, marine and fisheries,water,ecoͲsystem,climatechangemonitoringandprojection,adaptation businessandindustry,andpublication,educationandinternationalcooperation. TheMasterPlanincludesprovisionsforlocalactionplanning.The1stAdaptation ActionPlanbylocalgovernmentsisexpectedtobesetupin2012.Thenational climatechangescenariohasbeenupdatedrecently,customisedandadaptedfor thewholecountry,leadingtoanewvulnerabilityassessmentandthepublication ofanupdatedNCCAMPinMay2012. SouthKorea ClimateChangeLegislation 387 SouthKorea:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories FrameworkActonLowCarbonGreenGrowth 14April2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Greengrowth,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill SouthKorea’sFrameworkActonLowCarbonGreenGrowthcreatesthelegislativeframework for midͲ and longͲterm emissions reduction targets, capͲandͲtrade, carbon tax, carbon labelling,carbondisclosure,andtheexpansionofnewandrenewableenergy. TheFrameworkActrequiresthegovernmenttoestablishandimplementnationalstrategy, actionplans,andadetailed5Ͳyearplanforaplanningperiodof20years,whichwilldealwith variousaspectsofclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.Theframeworkdefinesmain principlesforthematerialisationofagreeneconomy,amongothersgreengrowthviathe promotion of environmental technologies and industries, and the balance and synergy betweenenvironmentandeconomy. ApresidentialcommitteeongreengrowthisestablishedaccordingtotheFramework,inorder todeliberateontheState’smajorpoliciesandplansrelatedtolowcarbongreengrowth. The Framework declares that the Government will foster new green industries with high growthpotential,byformulatingmeanstotransformtraditionalindustriesintogreenones, settingtargetsandadaptinginfrastructuretoanenvironmentallyfriendlystructure;Green Investmentcompaniesshallbeestablishedandmaybesupportedbythegovernment;andthe Frameworkalsocallsforfacilitationofresearch,developmentandcommercialisationofgreen technology. TheFrameworkprescribesmandatoryannualGHGemissionreportingtothegovernment,and theestablishmentofanIntegratedInformationManagementSystemforGreenhouseGases. AcapͲandͲtradesystemisintroducedforpricingcarbon.ThisisthebasisfortheSouthKorean ETSwhichwasapprovedinMay2012. TheFrameworkinstructstheGovernmenttoprepareandenforceabasicplanforenergyevery 5yearsforaplanningperiodof20years.Theplanshouldincludeaspectsofenergysecurity andindependence,aswellastargetsforenergysupplyfromrenewablesourcesandenergy demandmanagementviasavingandefficiency. TheFrameworkcallsforthepreparationofREDD/LandUsepoliciesandtransportpolicies– includingtheestablishmentofstandardsforemissionsfromdifferentclassesofautomobiles. The Framework Act prescribes an assessment of impacts of climate change and the implementationofmeasuresforadaptation. Nonespecified Targets 388 ClimateChangeLegislation SouthKorea SouthKorea:OtherRelevantLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce TheEnforcementDecreeoftheFrameworkActonLowCarbonGreenGrowth April2010.Someprovisions(onfinancialsupporttogreeninvestment)enteredintoforcein July2011.Amendedtwice–inOctober2010(PresidentialDecreeNo.22449)andJune2011 (DecreeNo.22977) Categories Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Greengrowth,climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheEnforcementDecreeisdesignedtoprovideformattersdelegatedbytheActandmatters necessaryforenforcementthereofincludingestablishmentofcentralandlocalactionplans, operationofthePresidentialCommitteeonGreenGrowth,establishmentofandsupportfor green industries investment companies and control of quantity of GHGs emitted and the quantityofenergyconsumedineachareaincludingtransportandarchitecture,etc. Regardingtransportationpolicies,theDecreeaddressesthemanagementofthestandardsfor corporateͲaverageenergyconsumptionefficiencyofautomobilesandcompatiblecorporateͲ averageallowableexhaustemissionsofGHGsfromautomobiles. TheDecreedealswiththeestablishmentofgreenindustriesinvestmentcompanies.Italso provides that the Minister of Environment shall establish and implement, every 5 years, measures for adaptation to climate change based on consultation with the heads of the centraladministrativeagenciesconcerned. TheDecreeestablishesthenationalintegratedinformationmanagementsystemforGHGs. Targets A reduction in total national GHG emissions in 2020 by 30% from the businessͲasͲusual projectionfor2020 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Actontheallocationandtradeofgreenhousegasemissionsrights Passed2May2012.Entryintoforce6monthsafterpromulgation Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Greengrowth,climatechange implementation × SouthKorea ClimateChangeLegislation 389 Summaryofbill Thefirstphaseofthetradingschemeisduetostartin2015,coveringcompaniesthatemit 125,000metrictonnesormoreofcarbondioxideayearandfactories,buildingsandlivestock farmsthatproduceatleast25,000tonnesofthegasannually. Thebasicplanfortheemissionsrightstradingsystemshallbeestablishedevery5yearsfora unitperiodof10years.AnEmissionsRightsAllocationCommitteechairedbytheMinisterof Strategy and Finance will be established for deliberation and mediation of major issues regardingtheemissionsrightstradingsystem.Thecompetentauthoritieswillallocatethetotal emissionsrightsfortheunitperiodandforeachyeartorelevantcorporations.Theemissions rightsmaybetradedbymeansofbuyingandsellingtoothers.Anyonewhowantstotrade theirrightsshallenteranaccountintheemissionsrightsregister. TheschemedeterminesthatintheeventthatacorporationproducesmoreGHGthanits allottedamount,theexcesswillbesubjecttoapenaltyofuptothreetimestheaverage marketpriceoftheyear,withintherangeof100,000Wonorlessperonetonneofcarbon dioxide. AccordingtotheScheme,95%ormoreofthetotalemissionsrightstobeallottedfrom2015 to2020shallbegivenfreeofcharge. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ActontheCreationandFacilitationofUseofSmartGrids Cameintoforce24November2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,greengrowth implementation Summaryofbill TheActaimstocreatesmartgridsandtofacilitatethemtocreategreengrowthandtodeal withclimatechange.Thegovernmentistodevelopandimplementa5Ͳyearplanforcreating andfacilitatingtheuseofsmartgrids.Researchanddevelopmentresourcesaretobeprovided for. TheActalsodetailsrequirementsforestablishmentofsmartgrids,anddealswithinformation useandprotection. TheActisSupportedbyapresidentialdecreefromNovember2011(EnforcementDecreeof ActontheCreationandFacilitationofUseofSmartGrids) Targets Nonespecified 390 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation SouthKorea SupportforEnvironmentalTechnologyandEnvironmentalIndustryAct WhollyamendedFebruary2000,lastamendedApril2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Greengrowth implementation Summaryofbill ThepurposeoftheActistopromotethedevelopmentofenvironmentaltechnologiesand industries, contributing to green growth and the sustainable development of Korea’s economy. The Act requires the Minister of Environment to establish and implement plans for the developmentofenvironmentaltechnologiesandpromotionoftherelevantindustry,including domesticandinternationaltechnologyoutlooksandinvestmentplans. Thegovernmentmayauthoriseinstitutionstocarryoutdesignatedenvironmentaltechnology developmentprojects.Itmayaward“newtechnologiescertifications”torelevanttechnologies andprojects,whichmaygrantthedevelopersubsidiesandotherformsofsupport. TheActestablishestheKoreaEnvironmentalTechnologyandIndustryInstitute,whichwill serveforplanning,evaluationandmanagementofdevelopmentprojects,whilecarryingout functionsofstartͲupsupport,researchanddevelopmentsupport,industrydatacollectionand utilisationetc. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ActtoPromotethePurchaseofEnvironmentallyFriendlyProducts WhollyamendedFebruary2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Greengrowth implementation Summaryofbill ThepurposeoftheActistopromotethepurchaseofenvironmentallyfriendlyproducts,as defined in other Acts (among others the Support for Environmental Technology and EnvironmentalIndustryAct).TheActobligespublicinstitutionstopurchaseenvironmentally friendlyproductswheneverpossibletodosowithoutjeopardisingqualityorwithoutconflict withotherspecifiedprioritisedmatters. Adatamanagementsystemtoprovideinformationaboutenvironmentallyfriendlyproducts willbesetup.ThereisnospecificreferencetoclimatechangeintheAct. Targets Nonespecified SouthKorea Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 391 SustainableTransportationLogisticsDevelopmentAct December2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,energycrisis,sustainabledevelopment implementation Summaryofbill Thisact,undertheresponsibilityoftheMinistryofLand,TransportandMaritimeAffairs, promotesthedevelopmentofasustainabletransportationlogisticssystem,inaccordancewith severalbasicprinciples:promotingalowͲcarbontransportationlogisticssystembyreducing emissionofGHGs;promotinganenvironmentͲfriendly,energyandresourcesavingtransͲ portationlogisticssystem;improvingthemobility,accessibilityandsafetyofatransportation logisticssystem;securingabalancebetweenmodesoftransportation,classesandregions; effectivelyconnectingtheuseoflandandatransportationlogisticssystem. The state and the local authorities are to formulate basic plans (for 10 years) and impleͲ mentation plans (annually) and to allocate necessary budgets for the development of a sustainable transportation logistics system. These plans should be consistent with South Korea’s2007SustainableDevelopmentAct(amended2010). Necessary measures shall be taken by the state and local governments to reduce GHG emissions in order to implement the UNFCCC. The Ministry will develop a coefficient for calculatingemissionsperunitoftransportationlogistics,andutilisethedatacollectedinpolicy development. Other provisions deal with calculation and management of socioͲeconomic costs, traffic management,transportationsharingstructures,promotionofmasstransportationandcarbon freetransportation,developmentofenvironmentfriendlyfacilitiesandtechnology,linking withurbanplanning,educationetc. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyAct EnteredintoforceSeptember2006,lastamendedJuly2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Greengrowth,energymanagement implementation × × 392 ClimateChangeLegislation SouthKorea Summaryofbill UndertheAct,localgovernmentsmustformulateandimplement5Ͳyearenergyplans,which willincludemattersregardingstablesupplyofenergy,measuresforusingrenewableenergy, rationalisationofenergyuseandreductionofGHGemissions,developmentofenergysources etc. Anationalenergysupplycontingencyplanwillbeformulated,aswellasEnergyTechnology DevelopmentPlans. An Energy Committee will be created to deliberate on matters concerning major energy policies and energyͲrelated plans. The Act also establishes the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning, to efficiently support the planning, evaluation, management,etc.oftheenergytechnologydevelopmentͲrelatedprojects.TheActincludes provisionsfortheestablishmentofastatesupportedtechnologydevelopmentfund. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ActonthePromotionoftheDevelopment,UseandDiffusionofNewandRenewableEnergy 2004,significantlyamendedApril2010,lastamendedMarch2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill ThispurposeofthisAct,undertheresponsibilityoftheMinistryofKnowledgeEconomy1isto diversify energy sources through the promotion of technological development, use and distribution of new energy and renewable energy, and the activation of the new energy industryandtherenewableenergyindustry,andtopromotethestablesupplyofenergy, environmentͲfriendlyconversionoftheenergystructure,andthereductionofGHGemissions. Formsofrenewableenergyincludedare,amongothersolar,bioͲenergy,wind,water,fuel cells,hydrogen,marine,geothermalandotherformsotherthancoal,nuclearornaturalgas. Targets Nonespecified ———————— 1 The ministry is an integrated composition of former Ministries of Commerce, Industry and Energy; InformationandCommunication;andScienceandTechnology. SouthKorea Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 393 Act on the promotion of Development and Distribution of Environmentally Friendly Automobiles 2004,lastamendedMay2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency,publichealth,greengrowth implementation Summaryofbill TheMinisterofKnowledgeEconomyistoestablishamasterplanandimplementationplansto promotethedevelopmentanddistributionofenvironmentallyfriendlyautomobiles(electric cars,solarpoweredcars,hybridcars,fuelcellvehicles,naturalgasvehiclesorcleandiesel vehicles). Generalprovisionsdeclarethatthestatemayprovideassistancetodevelopersandconsumers ofenvironmentallyfriendlyautomobiles. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyBasicLaw(LawNo.7860) September2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyconservation implementation Summaryofbill The ActaimstopresentlongͲterm andcomprehensivevisionto clarify basicprinciplesof energybasicpolicy:establishmentofbasicprinciplesofenergypolicy;formulationofnational basicenergyplan;establishmentofnationalenergycommittee;formulationofplanforenergy technologydevelopment. Targets Nonespecified 394 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation SouthKorea IntegratedEnergySupplyAct 1991,lastamendedApril2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange,energyconservation implementation Summaryofbill TheAct’spurposeistopromoteenergyconservationinlinewiththeUNFCCCprinciples.Itcalls forthedevelopmentofamasterplanforintegratedenergy(heatorheatandelectricity) supply, and prescribes the matters concerning the construction, operation and safety of integratedenergyfacilities. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ElectricityBusinessAct Whollyamended1990,mostrecentlyamended12April2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheElectricityBusinessLawmandatesboththepurchaseandthefixedpriceofelectricity generatedfromrenewablesources.Anyrenewableenergygeneratorthatisconnectedtothe gridiseligibletosellelectricitytothegridatfixedprices. Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) is responsible for purchasing electricity from renewables.Thegovernmentcompensatesforthedifferencebetweennuclearandrenewable energyandfossilfuelgenerationprices.TheActrequirestheMinistryofKnowledgeEconomy (MKE)toprepareandannouncetheBasicPlanofLongͲtermElectricitySupplyandDemand (BPE) on a biennial basis. The BPE stipulates electricity policy directions on supply and demand,longͲtermoutlook,constructionplans,DemandSideManagement,etc.The4thBasic PlanofLongͲTermElectricitySupplyandDemand(2008–2022)wasannouncedin2008. Targets Nonespecified SouthKorea Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 395 EnergyUseRationalizationAct January1980,whollyamended2007,recentlyamendedJuly2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurityandenergyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill ThepurposeofthisActistopromotegreengrowthwhilecontributingtointernationalefforts totackleclimatechange.TheActrequiresthegovernmenttoconsiderthemeasurestoattain effectivelythegoalofthenationalenergypolicyonthestabilityofdemandandsupplyofthe energyrequiredforthesounddevelopmentofthenationaleconomy,theminimisationofthe factorsofenvironmentaldamagecausedbyenergyconsumption,andtherationalisationof theenergyutilisation.AccordingtotheAct,thegovernmentistoestablishandenforcea comprehensive GHG mitigation policy, and local governments are to establish local plans accordingly. ABasicNationalEnergyPlanandtheBasicPlanforRationalUseofEnergyaretobedraftedby theMinisterofKnowledgeandEconomy,addressingdemandͲsideandsupplyͲsideissuesof energyefficiency,substitutionbetweenenergysources,measurestoreduceGHGemissionsby rational use of energy, education and publicity. The Plan should also include “matters concerningtheimplementationofthesystemforpriceindicationfortherationalisationof energyuse”(article4). AnationalenergysavingcommitteeisformedundertheprovisionsoftheAct. BasedonpreviousversionsoftheAct,theGovernmentofKoreahasprovidedlongͲtermand lowinterestrateloansfromtheFundforRationalUseofEnergyforenergyefficiencyand conservation investments since 1980. Every fiscal year, a given amount from the Fund is allottedtotheeligibleloanapplicationsfromagovernmentfinancialsourcenamedtheSpecial AccountsforEnergyandResources. BasedontheAct,Korea’senergyconservationprogrammesandactivitiesareplannedandput intoactionbytheRepublicofKoreaEnergyManagementCorporation(KEMCO),establishedin 1980basedontheAct.KEMCOfunctionsasthenationalenergyefficiencycentreresponsible fortheimplementationofthenationalenergyefficiencyandconservationprogrammes. The Act continues to detail issues which need to be addressed, such as standbyͲpower standards, utilisation of waste heat, management of equipment, support to enterprises specialisinginenergysavings,etc. Targets Nonespecified UnitedKingdom ClimateChangeLegislation 397 4.31 UnitedKingdom 4.31.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 590 594 Ͳ173 2010 Top10 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:8December1993 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:29April1998 Dateofratification:31May2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 20%risingto30%underaninternational agreement,pertheEUposition.Statutory domestictargetrequirescutsofatleast 34%inallGHGsby2020andatleast80%by 2050(bothfrom1990levels) ClimateChangeAct 398 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom 4.31.2 LegislativeProcess ParliamentisthecentreofthepoliticalsystemintheUnitedKingdom.Itisthe supremelegislativebody(i.e.thereisparliamentarysovereignty),andGovernment isdrawnfromandanswerabletoParliament.Parliamentisbicameral,consistingof theHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLords. Draft bills are issued for consultation before being formally introduced to Parliament.Abillisaproposalforanewlaw,oraproposaltochangeanexisting lawthatispresentedfordebatebeforeParliament.Billsareintroducedineither theHouseofCommonsorHouseofLordsforexamination,discussionandamendͲ ment.WhenbothHouseshaveagreedonthecontentofabill,itisthenpresented tothereigningmonarchforapproval(aprocessknownas“RoyalAssent”).Once RoyalAssentisgiven,abillbecomesanActofParliamentandislaw.AnActof Parliamentcreatesanewlaworchangesanexistinglaw. “WhitePapers”aredocumentsproducedbytheGovernmentsettingoutdetailsof futurepolicyonaparticularsubject.AWhitePaperwilloftenbethebasisforabill tobeputbeforeParliament.TheWhitePaperallowstheGovernmentanopportuͲ nitytogatherfeedbackbeforeitformallypresentsthepoliciesasabill. 4.31.3 ApproachtoClimateChange Sincetheearly2000stheUKhasdevelopedseveralinstrumentsaimedatreducing emissionsofGHGs.In2001,itintroducedaClimateChangeLevythatappliesto electricity,gas,solidfuelandliquefiedgasesusedforlighting,heatingandpowerin the business and public sectors. Complementing the levy, under the Climate ChangeAgreementsthattookeffectin2001,energyintensivebusinessusersare allowedtoreceivean80%discountfromthelevyiftheymeetenergyefficiencyor carbonsavingtargets.Thismeasurewasextendedintimeandsectoralcoveragein 2004and2007. In2006,thepublicationoftheClimateChangeProgrammeoutlinedalloftheUK policies and programmes to tackle climate change, including several measures relatingtoenergyefficiency.The2006Programmeincludedapackageofnewand existingmeasures,whichwereprojectedtoreduceCO2emissionsto15–18%below 1990 levels by 2010 and work towards the longer term goal to reduce CO2 emissionsby60%by2050,assetoutintheEnergyWhitePaper(2003).On21June 2006, the UK government also approved the Climate Change and Sustainable UnitedKingdom ClimateChangeLegislation 399 EnergyAct,whichplacedanobligationontheDepartmentforEnvironment,Food andRuralAffairs(Defra)toreporttoparliamentonGHGemissionsintheUKand actionstakenbygovernmenttoreducetheseemissions.Thefirstreportwasputto theUKparliamenton26July2007.Thelegislationalsoestablishesaschemeto promotenationaltargetsformicroͲgenerationandprovidesforreportingonthe energyefficiencyofresidentialaccommodation. Thesepolicies,togetherwiththeelevationofclimatechangeasapoliticalissue afterthe2005GleneaglesG8Summit,preparedthegroundfortheUK’sflagship legislationonclimatechange–the2008ClimateChangeAct.Thislaw,passedwith the support of all major political parties, provides a longͲterm framework for improvingcarbonmanagement,helpsthetransitiontoalowcarboneconomyand encouragesinvestmentinlowcarbonpowergeneration,goodsandservices.Itput theUK’semissionsreductiontargetintolegislation(toughenedbyparliamentto “atleast80%below1990levelsby2050”),created5Ͳyearly“carbonbudgets”to help ensure a credible trajectory towards the longͲterm goal, and set up the independent Committee on Climate Change to advise the government on the policies and measures needed to meet the targets. The 2009 UK Low Carbon TransitionPlanisaWhitePaperoutlininghowtheBritisheconomywillbetransͲ formedtoensuretheUKmeetsitsemissionreductiontargetsanditsfirstthree 5ͲyearcarbonbudgetsthatweresetinlawinMay2009. AnotherimportantbackboneofclimatepolicyintheUKisthetranspositionin nationallegislationofEUDirectives.MostnotableistheEuropeanUnionEmission TradingScheme(EUDirective2004/101/EC). In March 2011, it was announced in the Government’s “budget” that a Green InvestmentBankwouldbesetupwithaninitialcapitalisationofGBP3billion.The BankwasofficiallylaunchedinNovember2012andwillhaveborrowingpowers from2015/16. InJune2011,inlinewiththerequirementssetoutintheClimateChangeAct,the governmentproposed,andparliamentapproved,thelevelofthefourthcarbon budget,runningfrom2023–2027.Thelevelwassetat1,950MtCO2e,inlinewith theCommitteeonClimateChange’srecommendations,puttingintolawatarget ofa50%reductionfrom1990levelsby2027(inlinewiththetargettoreduce emissionsby60%from1990levelsby2030). 400 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom In2011thecoalitiongovernmentproposedanEnergyBillwhichreceivedRoyal Assent in October 2011. The Energy Act 2011 has three principal objectives: tacklingbarrierstoinvestmentinenergyefficiency(includingviathenew“Green Deal”thatprovidesupͲfrontfinanceforinvestmentsinenergyefficiencyinthe home;enhancingenergysecurity;andenablinginvestmentinlowcarbonenergy supplies. InJuly2011,theUKGovernmentpublishedaWhitePaperonElectricityMarket Reform (EMR). The White Paper sets out key measures to attract investment, reducetheimpactonconsumerbillsandcreateasecuremixofelectricitysources including gas, new nuclear, renewables and carbon capture and storage. Key elementsofthereformpackageinclude: x ACarbonPriceFloor(announcedinthe2011Budget)ofGBP16pertonne from2013risingtoGBP30pertonnein2020toreduceinvestoruncertainty, providingastrongerincentivetoinvestinlowcarbongenerationnow x TheintroductionofnewlongͲtermcontracts(FeedͲinTariffwithContracts forDifference)toprovidestablefinancialincentivestoinvestinallformsof lowcarbonelectricitygeneration.Acontractfordifferenceapproachhas beenchosenoveralesscostͲeffectivepremiumfeedͲintariff x AnEmissionsPerformanceStandard(EPS)setat450gCO2/kWhtoreinforce therequirementthatnonewcoalͲfiredpowerstationsarebuiltwithout CCS,butalsotoensurenecessaryshortͲterminvestmentingascantake place x ACapacityMechanism,includingdemandresponseaswellasgeneration,is neededtoensurethefuturesecurityofelectricitysupply TheGovernmentintendstolegislateforthekeyelementstoreachthestatute bookbyspring2013,sothefirstlowͲcarbonprojectscanbesupportedunderits provisionsaround2014.Inthatcontext,on29November2012,theSecretaryof StateforEnergyandClimateChangeintroducedanewdraftEnergyBill.Themain focusisonelectricitymarketreformandisdesignedtoputinplacemeasuresto attractthe£110billioninvestmentwhichisneededtoreplacecurrentgenerating capacity and upgrade the grid by 2020, and to cope with a rising demand for electricity.Itincludes: x ContractsforDifference(CFD):longͲtermcontractstoprovidestableand predictableincentivesforcompaniestoinvestinlowcarbongeneration x CapacityMarket:toensurethesecurityofelectricitysupply UnitedKingdom ClimateChangeLegislation 401 x Conflicts of Interest and Contingency Arrangements: to ensure the institutionwhichwilldelivertheseschemesisfitforpurpose x InvestmentContracts:longͲtermcontractstoenableearlyinvestmentin advanceoftheCFDregimecomingintoforcein2014 x Access to Markets: Thisincludes Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs), to ensuretheavailabilityoflongͲtermcontractsforindependentrenewable generators,andliquiditymeasurestoenabletheGovernmenttotakeaction toimprovetheliquidityoftheelectricitymarket,shoulditprovenecessary x x RenewablesTransitional:transitionarrangementsforinvestmentsunderthe RenewablesObligationscheme EmissionsPerformanceStandard(EPS):tolimitcarbondioxideemissions fromnewfossilfuelpowerstations TheBillisexpectedtobepassedinthefirsthalfof2013,subjecttoamendmentsby theHouseofCommonsandtheHouseofLords. Energyefficiency TheUKhasanextensivesetoflegislationandpoliciesaddressingenergyefficiency and promoting a low carbon energy network. In 2001 the Carbon Trust was created,anindependent,notͲforͲprofitcompanysetupbygovernmenttopromote energy efficiency in nonͲdomestic sectors. A year later, the Energy Efficiency Commitment(EEC)wasintroduced.Thisisamajorpolicytoencourageconsumers to make domestic energy efficient improvements and includes measures to promoteinsulation,energyefficientboilers,appliancesandlightbulbs.Itplacesan obligation on the suppliers of gas and electricity to promote improvements in energy efficiency through measures provided to domestic consumers. Running until2008,itwasreplacedbytheCarbonEmissionsReductionTarget(CERT)that putsanobligationonenergysupplierstoachievetargetsforpromotingreductions incarbonemissionsinthehouseholdsector.Itmarksasignificantstrengtheningof effortstoreducehouseholdcarbonemissions–withadoublingofthelevelof activityofitspredecessorEnergyEfficiencyCommitment(EEC)todeliveroverall lifetimecarbondioxidesavingsof154MtCO2. In 2005, the UK government introduced a number of energy and costͲsaving measurestomakeallbuildingsmoreefficient.Themeasuresarebeingapplied acrossallEuropeanUnioncountriesandareinlinewiththeEuropeanDirectivefor the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD). The Community Energy Saving 402 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom Programme(CESP)introducedin2009targetshouseholdsacrossGreatBritain,in areasoflowincome,toimproveenergyefficiencystandardsandreducefuelbills. CESPisfundedbyanobligationonenergysuppliersandelectricitygenerators.The programmeisdeliveredthroughthedevelopmentofcommunityͲbasedpartnerͲ shipsbetweenlocalauthorities,communitygroupsandenergycompanies,viaa houseͲbyͲhouse,streetͲbyͲstreetapproach. Inaddition,enactedon27November2008,thePlanningandEnergyActenables localplanningauthoritiesinEnglandandWalestosetoutrequirementsforenergy useandenergyefficiencyinlocalplansandtoestablishtheirownrequirementsfor a proportion of energy used in development plans to come from renewable sources, to be low carbon or to comply with energy efficiency standards that exceedtherequirementsofexistingbuildingregulations.Severalregionalschemes alsoexist.TheyincludeforinstancetheHEESWalesschemethatwaslaunchedin 2000; it provides grants for heating and insulation improvements not only for ownerͲoccupiers,butalsofortenants. The CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme (formerly known as the Carbon Reduction Commitment)istheUK’smandatoryclimatechangeandenergysavingscheme. TheschemestartedinApril2010.TheCRCisamandatoryenergyefficiencyscheme aimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyandcuttingemissionsinlargepublicand privatesectororganisations.Theschemeprovidesafinancialincentivetoreduce energyusebyputtingapriceoncarbonemissionsfromsuchuseandalsoprovides theopportunityforparticipantstomakesavingsonenergybillsthroughimproved energy efficiency. In CRC, organisations buy allowances equal to their annual emissions.TheoverallemissionsreductionsachievedbytheschemewillbedeterͲ minedbytheemissions“cap”onthetotalallowancesavailabletoCRCparticipants. Within the overall limit, individual organisations can determine the most costͲ effectivewaytoreducetheiremissions. TheEnergyAct2011includesseveralinitiativestobreakdownbarrierstoenergy efficiency,includinganew“GreenDeal”whichwillprovideupͲfrontfinancingto householdersforinvestmentsinenergyefficiency,thecostofwhichwillneedtobe paid back only when the financial benefits are received via at least equivalent reductionsinthecustomers’bills. Renewableenergy TheRenewablesObligation(RO)introducedin2002isthecurrentmainmarketͲ basedmechanismforsupportinglargeͲscalegenerationofrenewableelectricity. Sinceitsintroduction,theROhasbeensubjecttovariousreformsandimproveͲ ments.TheROworksbyplacinganobligationonlicensedelectricitysuppliersto UnitedKingdom ClimateChangeLegislation 403 sourceaspecifiedandannuallyincreasingproportionoftheirelectricitysalesfrom renewablesources,orpayapenalty.Asof1April2009,thereformsintroduced mean that new generators joining the RO now receive different numbers of RenewableObligationCertificates(ROCs),dependingontheircostsandpotential forlargeͲscaledeployment. The2004EnergyActisimportantinprovidingtheframeworkforthedevelopment ofoffshorewindandothermarinerenewableenergysourcesoutsideterritorial waters.TheActimplementedarangeofcommitmentsmadeinthe2003Energy WhitePaper,includingthoserelatingtoenergyefficiency,suchasraisingbuilding andproductstandards,andcreatinganEnergyEfficiencyActionPlanfortheUK. The2008EnergyActgoesfurtherandstrengthenedtheRenewablesObligation to increase the diversity of the UK’s electricity mix. The Act also created the RenewableHeatIncentive:allowingtheSecretaryofStatetoestablishafinancial supportprogrammeforrenewableheatgeneratedanywhere,fromlargeindustrial sites to individual households The Act created regulation that enables private sectorinvestmentincarboncaptureandstorageprojects.The2010EnergyAct complementsthesemeasuresbyincludingprovisionsonintroducinganewCCS IncentivetosupporttheconstructionoffourcommercialͲscaleCCSdemonstration projectsintheUK,andtheretrofitofadditionalCCScapacitytotheseprojects shoulditberequiredatafuturepoint.ItalsorequirestheGovernmenttoprepare regularreportsontheprogressthathasbeenmadeonthedecarbonisationof electricitygenerationinBritain. TheUKRenewableEnergyStrategy2009isaWhitePaperoutlininghowtheUKwill meetitslegallybindingtargettoensure15%ofenergycomesfromrenewable energysourcesby2020.TheStrategyalsocreatesanOfficeforRenewableEnergy Deployment(ORED)withintheDepartmentofEnergy&ClimateChange(DECC)to takeforwardthecommitmentsoutlinedintheStrategy.TheStrategycomprises three primary 2020 targets, and introduces payment schemes to support the production of renewable heat and smallͲscale clean electricity generation by households,industry,businessesandcommunities.From2010,theUKgovernment offersfeedͲintariffs(FITs)forsmallͲscalelowͲcarbonelectricityproducedfroma varietyofrenewableenergytechnologiesinstalledbyhouseholders,businesses andcommunities,eveniftheelectricityisnotfedbackintotheelectricitygridbut consumedonͲsite. Several incentives exist to promote the production of biofuels. The BioͲenergy Capital Grants Scheme supports biomassͲfuelled heat, and combined heat and powerprojectsintheindustrial,commercialandcommunitysectorsinEngland.Six roundsoffundinghavebeenprovidedsincetheSchemewaslaunchedin2002. 404 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom Additionally,areducedexcisedutyratewasintroducedforbiodieselinJuly2002 andbioethanolin2005,setatGBP0.20lowerthantherateapplicabletodiesel andunleadedpetrol.Mostrecently,the2008RenewableTransportFuelsObligaͲ tion(RTFO)isalongͲtermmechanismrequiringtransportfuelsupplierstoensurea setpercentageoftheirsalesarefromarenewablesource.TheObligationalso requires suppliers to publicly report on the carbon savings and sustainable production of biofuels supplied. It aligns with EU Directive 2003/30/EC on the promotionofbiofuelsandrenewablefuelsfortransport.Regionalschemesinclude theEnergyCropSchemeEnglandintroducedin2000. UnitedKingdom:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeAct RoyalAssent26November2008(mostelementscameintoforcewithRoyalAssent,withsome comingintoforceon1January2009) Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ development Administrative and arrangements LULUCF × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill The rationale behind the Climate Change Act is to provide a longͲterm framework for improvingcarbonmanagement,tohelpthetransitiontoalowcarboneconomy,encourage investmentinlowcarbongoodsandprovideaninternationalsignal.Italsocreates5Ͳyearly “carbonbudgets”.InMarch2009,theClimateChangeActImpactAssessmentwasupdatedto reflectthefinalcontentsoftheAct. ReportbySecretaryofStateonthepoliciesimplementedtomeetcarbonbudgetsandan annualreporttoParliamentonthestatusofUKemissions,withadebateledbytheSecretary ofStateforEnergyandClimateChange. ThecreationoftheCommitteeonClimateChange(CCC)–anewindependent,expertbodyto advisetheGovernmentonthelevelofcarbonbudgetsandonwherecostͲeffectivesavingscan bemade.TheCommitteesubmitsannualreportstoParliamentontheUK’sprogresstowards targetsandbudgets. The Government must respond to these annual reports, ensuring transparency and accountabilityonanannualbasis. TheCCCisaNonͲDepartmentalPublicBodysponsoredbytheDepartmentofEnergyand ClimateChange(DECC)andfundedbyDECC,theDepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRural Affairs (Defra) and the Devolved Administrations (DAs) in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.ItbeganoperatingasaStatutoryBodyon1December2008 UnitedKingdom Targets ClimateChangeLegislation 405 ThekeyrecommendationsoftheCCCin2010dealtwith:electricitymarketreform,carbon pricefloor,theEmissionsPerformanceStandard(EPS),deliverymechanismsandincentivesto improveenergyefficiencyofbuildings,newpoliciesfortheagriculturesector,encouraginga movetomorecarbonͲefficientcars,includingelectriccars.TheGovernment’sresponsetothe CCC’ssecondannualprogressreport(whichwaspublishedon30June2010)waspublishedon 14October2010. TheActsetsupacarbonbudgetingsystemwhichcapsemissionsover5Ͳyearperiods,with threebudgetssetatatime,tohelptheUKstayontrackforits2050target.Thefirstthree carbonbudgetsrunfrom2008–2012,2013–2017and2018–2022,andweresetinlawinMay 2009.Thefourthcarbonbudget,fortheperiod2023–2027wasapprovedbyparliamentinJuly 2011,puttingintolawatargettoreduceemissionsby50%from1990levelsby2027. TheGovernmentmustreporttoParliamentitspoliciesandproposalstomeetthebudgets, andthisrequirementwasfulfilledbytheUKLowCarbonTransitionPlan.TheUKLowCarbon TransitionPlan,publishedJuly2009,outlinesthepoliciesandproposalsthatwillbeputin placetodecarbonisetheUKeconomy. The Government must set a limit on the purchase of carbon credits for each budgetary period– for the first budgetary period, a zero limit was set in May 2009, excluding units boughtbyUKparticipantsintheEUEmissionsTradingSystem.TheActalsogivespowersto introducedomesticemissionstradingschemesmorequicklyandeasilythroughsecondary legislation–thefirstusehasbeentointroducetheCarbonReductionCommitmentEnergy EfficiencyScheme. A requirement for the Government to issue guidance by 1 October 2009 on the way companiesshouldreporttheirGHGemissions,andtoreviewthecontributionreportingcould maketoemissionsreductionsby1December2010. TheActintroducesmeasuresonbiofuels. PowerstointroducepilotfinancialincentiveschemesinEnglandforhouseholdwaste. TheinclusionofinternationalaviationandshippingemissionsintheActoranexplanationto Parliamentwhynot–by31December2012. ArequirementfortheGovernmenttoreportatleastevery5yearsontheriskstotheUKof climatechange,andtopublishaprogrammesettingouthowthesewillbeaddressed.TheAct alsointroducespowersforGovernmenttorequirepublicbodiesandstatutoryundertakersto carryouttheirownriskassessmentandmakeplanstoaddressthoserisks. The Act introduces an Adaptation SubͲCommittee of the Committee on Climate Change, providingadviceto,andscrutinyof,theGovernment’sadaptationwork. A legally binding target of at least an 80% cut in GHG emissions by 2050, to be achieved throughactionintheUKandabroad.Alsoareductioninemissionsofatleast34%by2020. Boththesetargetsareagainsta1990baseline 406 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom UnitedKingdom:OtherRelevantLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyAct2011 RoyalAssentreceived18October2011,comesintoeffect1January2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill TheEnergy Act 2011 hasthree principal objectives: tackling barriersto energy efficiency; enhancingenergysecurity;andenablinginvestmentinlowcarbonenergysupplies. RequiringtheGovernmenttoprepareregularreportsontheprogressthathasbeenmadeon thedecarbonisationofelectricitygenerationinBritainandthedevelopmentanduseofCCS. Includesmeasurestoimproveenergysecurityandtoenablelowcarbontechnologies. For example, the Actincludesthe consolidation of existingprovisions, acrossfour acts of parliament, for third party access to upstream oil and gas infrastructure and establishes powerstodeͲdesignateareasoftheUKContinentalShelfinordertofacilitatethesigningofa comprehensiveagreementwithIrelandaboutmaritimeboundariestoenablethealignmentof Exclusive Economic Zones and provide flexibility in managing the UK Continental Shelf resources(importantforoil,gasandrenewableenergysupply). Onenablinglowcarbontechnologies,theActremovesbarrierstothereuseofexistingcapital assetsforthepurposeofcarbondioxidestorageandtransportwheretheyaresuitable;allows NationalParksandBroadsAuthoritytogenerateandsellrenewableelectricitywithinspecific constraints;extendstheRenewableHeatIncentiveprimarypowersintheEnergyAct2008to coverNorthernIrelandenablingthemtomaketheirownregulationstoincentiviserenewable heat. TheActCreatesanewfinancingframework–“TheGreenDeal”–toenabletheprovisionof fixedimprovementsto the energy efficiency of households and nonͲdomestic properties, fundedbyachargeonenergybillsthatavoidstheneedforupͲfrontcosts. Italsoincludesprovisionstoensurethat,fromApril2016,privateresidentiallandlordswillbe unabletorefuseatenants’reasonablerequestforconsenttoenergyefficiencyimprovements, whereafinancepackage,suchastheGreenDealand/orEnergyCompanyObligation(ECO)is available.ProvisionsintheActalsoprovideforpowerstoensurethat,from2018,itwillbe unlawfultorentoutaresidentialorbusinesspremisesthatdoesnotreachaminimumenergy efficiencystandard. UnitedKingdom Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 407 ThelawalsoamendsexistingpowersintheGasAct1986,ElectricityAct1989andtheUtilities Act2000toenabletheSecretaryofStatetocreateanewEnergyCompanyObligationtotake over from the existing obligations to reduce carbon emissions (the Carbon Emissions ReductionTarget[CERT]andCommunityEnergySavingProgramme[CESP]),whichexpiresat theendof2012,andtoworkalongsidetheGreenDealfinanceofferbytargetingappropriate measuresatthosehouseholdswhicharelikelytoneedadditionalsupport,includingthoseon lowincomesandhardtotreathousing. In addition, the Act amends the smart meters powers in the Energy Act 2008 to allow GovernmenttodirecttheapproachtotherolloutofSmartMetersuntil2018andtoenable the Secretary of State to make changes to transmission licences to ensure the effective introductionofthenewcentraldataandcommunicationsarrangementstosupportallsmart meters;amendstheEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsRegulations2007,toenabletheremoval ofunnecessaryrestrictionsonaccesstodata;establishespowersfortheSecretaryofStateto requireenergycompaniestoprovideinformationonthecheapesttariffonenergybills. Nonespecified FeedͲinTariffsforrenewableelectricity 1April2010(thenewCoalitiongovernmentannouncedareviewofthispolicyon7February 2011withamendmentscomingintoeffecton1Apriland1August2012) Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheUKgovernmentoffersfeedͲintariffs(FITs)forsmallͲscalelowͲcarbonelectricityproduced fromavarietyofrenewableenergytechnologiesinstalledbyhouseholders,businessesand communities,eveniftheelectricityisnotfedbackintotheelectricitygridbutconsumedonͲ site.Additionalpaymentisprovidedforelectricityfedintothegrid. FITs vary according to technology, will last between 10 to 25 years and are adjusted for inflation.Theyapplytohydro,anaerobicdigestion,windandsolarPVtechnologiesunder5 MW,andapilotschemeformicroCombinedHeatandPower(CHP)hasalsobeenlaunchedas partoftheFIT. Generators with installations of 50kW or less must be installed and accredited by the MicrogenerationCertificationScheme(MCS),anindependentcertificationschemewhichhas support from the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change, industry and nonͲ governmentalgroups. Installationswithcapacitiesgreaterthan50kWwillneedtocontactOfgemandseekaccreditaͲ tionthroughasimilarprocessasexistsundertheRenewablesObligation(RO). Targets Nonespecified 408 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom CarbonReductionCommitmentEnergyEfficiencyScheme April2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheCRCEnergyEfficiencyScheme(formerlyknownastheCarbonReductionCommitment)is theUK’smandatoryclimatechangeandenergysavingscheme.TheSchemestartedinApril 2010andisaimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyandcuttingemissionsinlargepublicand privatesectororganisations.Theseorganisationsareresponsibleforaround10%oftheUK’s emissions. Togetherwiththefinancialandreputationalconsiderations,theSchemeencouragesorganisaͲ tions to develop energy management strategies that promote a better understanding of energyusage. TheSchemeprovidesafinancialincentivetoreduceenergyusebyputtingapriceoncarbon emissionsfromsuchuseandalsoprovidestheopportunityforparticipantstomakesavingson energybillsthroughimprovedenergyefficiency.InCRC,organisationsbuyallowancesequalto their annual emissions. The overall emissions reductions achieved by the scheme will be determinedbythe emissions“cap”onthetotalallowancesavailableto CRCparticipants. Withintheoveralllimit,individualorganisationscandeterminethemostcostͲeffectivewayto reducetheiremissions.Thiscouldbethroughbuyingextraallowancesorinvestinginwaysto decreasethenumberofallowancestheyneedtobuy. Theschemeis administeredbytheEnvironmentAgency.The Scheme features anannual performanceleaguetablethatranksparticipantsonenergyefficiencyperformance. Targets Nonespecified UnitedKingdom Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 409 EnergyAct2010 RoyalAssent8April2010;entryintoforce1January2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyframework implementation Summaryofbill ItimplementssomeofthekeymeasuresrequiredtodeliverDECC’slowcarbonagenda. TheActincludesprovisionsonintroducinganewCCSIncentivetosupporttheconstructionof fourcommercialͲscaleCCSdemonstrationprojectsintheUK,andtheretrofitofadditionalCCS capacitytotheseprojectsshoulditberequiredatafuturepoint. RequiringtheGovernmenttoprepareregularreportsontheprogressthathasbeenmadeon thedecarbonisationofelectricitygenerationinBritainandthedevelopmentanduseofCCS. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories CommunityEnergySavingProgramme(CESP) 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill CESP targets households across Great Britain, in areas of low income, to improve energy efficiencystandardsandreducefuelbills.Thereare4,500areaseligibleforCESP.CESPis fundedbyanobligationonenergysuppliersandelectricitygenerators.Itisexpectedtodeliver uptoGBP350mofefficiencymeasures. Around100schemesareexpected,benefitingaround90,000homesandsavingnearly2.9 milliontonnesofCO2emissions. CESPpromotesa“wholehouse”approach,i.e.apackageofenergyefficiencymeasuresbest suitedtotheindividualproperty.CESPisexpectedtodeliverannualaveragefuelbillsavings forthosehouseholdsinvolvedofuptoGBP300. The programme is delivered through the development of communityͲbased partnerships betweenLocalAuthorities(LAs),communitygroupsandenergycompanies,viaahouseͲbyͲ house,streetͲbyͲstreetapproach. Targets Nonespecified 410 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom RenewableEnergyStrategy2009 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheUKRenewableEnergyStrategy2009isaWhitePaperoutlininghowtheUKwillmeetits legallybindingtargettoensure15%ofenergycomesfromrenewableenergysourcesby2020. ThegovernmentestimatesthattheStrategywillprovidecumulativesavingsof755MtCO2 betweennowand2030,535MtCO2ofwhichwillhelptheUKmeetEUEmissionsTrading System (EUͲETS) caps, and 220 MtCO2 will provide additional CO2 reductions. Within the additionalsavings,73MtCO2willbesavedoverthethirdcarbonbudgetperiod(2018–2022) anddeliveraboutasixthoftheabatementneededtomeetthisthirdbudget. TheStrategycomprisesthreeprimary2020targets:over30%ofelectricitytobegenerated fromrenewableenergysources,mostlyfromwindpower,withbiomass,hydro,waveandtidal powerplayingimportantroles;12%ofheattobegeneratedfromrenewableenergysources, fromalargerangeofsources(biomass,biogas,solar,heatpumps);10%oftransportenergyto comefromrenewableenergysources. IntroducingpaymentschemestosupporttheproductionofrenewableheatandsmallͲscale cleanelectricitygenerationbyhouseholds,industry,businessesandcommunities. New guaranteed payments will be provided through feedͲin tariff schemes from 2010 onwards, and a Renewable Heat Incentive from 2011 onwards. Before the schemes take effect,GBP45millioningrantshavebeencommitted. Inaddition,theStrategysetsoutareasforactioninfourareas.Thefirstaimstoimprove planningprocessessothattheyareswifterandmorestrategic.Thesecondoutlinesmeasures tostrengthentheUK’srenewableenergyindustry,includingthroughgreaterinvestmentand work with the financial sector. The third targets improvements and investments in the electricitygrid,includingimprovedgridaccessandmorestrategicinvestments(includingin an offshore grid and a smarter grid). Finally, the government outlines commitments for sustainablebioenergydevelopmentanduse. TheRenewableTransportFuelObligationwillbeamendedorreplaced,takingintoaccount sustainabilityissues,toensuretransportfuelscontainarisingamountofrenewablebiofuels. The Strategy also creates an Office for Renewable Energy Deployment (ORED) within the DepartmentofEnergy&ClimateChange(DECC)totakeforwardthecommitmentsoutlinedin theStrategy. Targets Nonespecified UnitedKingdom Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 411 CarbonEmissionsReductionTarget(CERT) 2008,amended2009and2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheCarbonEmissionsReductionTarget(CERT)–whichcameintoeffecton1April2008–isan obligationonenergysupplierstoachievetargetsforpromotingreductionsincarbonemissions inthehouseholdsector.Itistheprincipaldriverofenergyefficiencyimprovementsinexisting homesinGreatBritain. TheprimarydriveristoreducecarbonemissionsandmeetthetargetsetupbytheClimate ChangeAct.CERTwillalsohelp:reduceenergydemand;enhancetheUK’ssecurityofsupply; reduceenergybillsforthosereceivingmeasures;reducefuelpoverty;and,securejobsin energyefficiencyindustries. The third supplier obligation phase was introduced in 2008. On 30 July 2010, CERT was extendedfrom March 2011toDecember 2012 with anew highertargetandsignificantly refocusedaroundsupportinginsulation. Itmarksasignificantstrengtheningofeffortstoreducehouseholdcarbonemissions–witha doublingofthelevelofactivityofitspredecessorEnergyEfficiencyCommitment(EEC).Energy suppliers are now required to deliver measures that will provide overall lifetime carbon dioxidesavingsof293MtCO2byDecember2012,supersedingthetargetof185MtCO2by March2011. TheCarbonEmissionsReductionTarget(CERT)requiresalldomesticenergysupplierswitha customerbaseinexcessof50,000tomakesavingsintheamountofCO2emittedbyhouseͲ holders.Suppliersmeetthistargetbypromotingtheuptakeoflowcarbonenergysolutionsto householdenergyconsumers,therebyassistingthemtoreducethecarbonfootprintoftheir homes. Atleasttwothirdsoftheincreaseintarget(68%)mustbedeliveredthroughprofessionally installedinsulationmeasures.Incombinationwiththeexclusionofcompactfluorescentlamps, thiswillrefocustheschemearoundsupportinginsulationmeasuresthatcanhelpdeliverdeep andlongͲlivedcarbonandenergysavings. Targets Nonespecified 412 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom LowCarbonTransitionPlan 2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Climatechange,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill TheUKLowCarbonTransitionPlanisaWhitePaperoutlininghowtheBritisheconomywillbe transformedtoensuretheUKmeetsitsemissionreductiontargets,securesitsenergysupplies forthefuture,maximisestheeconomicopportunitiesforjobs,skillsandinvestmentaswellas ensuringpoliciesarefairtoprotectthemostvulnerableinsociety.ItsetsouttheGovernͲ ment’slongͲtermstrategytoradicallycutthenation’scarbonemissionsby2020–18%from 2008levels(over1/3from1990levels)andmeetitsfirstthreecarbonbudgets.Thekeysteps set out in the Plan cover five sectors: power and heavy industry; transport; homes and communitiesworkplacesandjobs;farming,landandwaste. ThePlanaimstocutGHGemissionsfrompowerandheavyindustryby22%by2020from2008 levels,andoutlineshowtheUKwillget40%ofitselectricityfromlowcarbonsources.Thiswill bedoneinpartthroughtheEuropean Unionemissionstrading system (EUͲETS),butalso throughcomplementarymeasures. Inthebuildingsector(homesandcommunities),thePlanto2020willreduceemissionsfrom homesby29%from2008levels. Emissionsfromworkplaceswillbereducedby13%from2008levelsby2020underthePlan,in part through inclusion of carbonͲintensive industries in the EUͲETS, and various financial incentiveandsupportschemestargetingbusinesses(ClimateChangeLevy,ClimateChange Agreements,CarbonReductionCommitment). Thegovernmentwillalsofunduptofourdemonstrationsofcarboncaptureandstoragefrom coalpowerplants,andfacilitatethebuildingofnewnuclearpowerstations. ItalsoclarifiesthatclimatechangemitigationispartoftheelectricityregulatorOfgem’srole. Inaddition,thegovernmentwillendorseplansforgridexpansion,anddevelopaplanfor deliveringasmartgrid. InadditiontotheCERT,smartmetersaretoberolledoutineveryhomeby2020,andtwo financingschemeslaunched.ThefirstwillexperimentwithpayͲasͲyouͲsaveschemes,using savingsonenergybillstopayfortheupfrontcostsforenergyefficiencyimprovements.The secondisacashͲbackschemetopayindividualsandbusinessesiftheyuselowͲcarbonenergy sourcestogenerateheatorelectricity.Vulnerablehouseholdswillalsobespecificallytargeted throughanincreaseinthelevelofWarmFrontgrants,andanewcommunityͲbasedpilot approachtohelpdeliverenergyefficiencyimprovementstoapproximately90,000homes(the CommunityEnergySavingProgramme). UnitedKingdom ClimateChangeLegislation 413 Summaryofbill In the transport sector, the Plan will support a largeͲscale demonstration project for 340 electricvehicles,andinparallelreducethecostoflowͲcarbonvehiclesbyprovidingassistance of between GBP 2000–5000 per vehiclefrom 2011 onwards,and providing upto GBP 30 milliontosupporttheinstallationofelectricvehiclechargingstationsinseveralcities.The government also commits to source 10% of transport fuels from sustainable renewable sourcesby2020. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyAct2008 2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF Driverfor Energyframework implementation Summaryofbill ThisActimplementsthelegislativeaspectsoftheEnergyWhitePaper2007:“Meetingthe energychallenge”.TheEnergyActupdatesenergylegislation. TheActenablestheintroductionofFeedͲintariffs(FITs),meaningthattheGovernmentwill offerfinancialsupportforlowͲcarbonelectricitygenerationinprojectsupto5MW.Theaimis forgeneratorstoreceiveaguaranteedpaymentforgeneratinglowcarbonelectricity. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories LowCarbonTransportInnovationStrategy 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Transport/researchanddevelopment implementation Summaryofbill TheLowCarbonTransportInnovationStrategy(LCTIS),publishedinMay2007,setsoutawide rangeofactionsthattheUKistakingtoencourageinnovationandtechnologydevelopmentin lowercarbontransporttechnologies. 414 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom AkeyroleforgovernmentwillbetostimulateinvestmentinabroadrangeofR&Dactivities. Essentialtothiswillbetheuseofregulatoryframeworkssuchascarbonpricingandenergy efficiency,butalsogovernmentfundingaimedatacceleratingthedevelopmentandmarket penetrationofnewlowercarbontechnologies. Tostimulatethisshifttowardslowcarbontransportationtechnologies,onemajorinitiative istheLowCarbonVehiclesInnovationPlatform(LCVIP),aGBP100millionprogrammeover 5yearssupportedbytheTechnologyStrategyBoard,theEngineeringandPhysicalSciences ResearchCouncilandDepartmentforTransport,andfundedthroughtheTechnologyStrategy Board. Nonespecified ClimateChangeandSustainableEnergyAct 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange/energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill On21June2006,theUKgovernmentapprovedtheClimateChangeandSustainableEnergy Act.Itcontainsseveralmeasurestomonitorandpromoteenergyefficiency. ThelegislationalsoestablishesaschemetopromotenationaltargetsformicroͲgeneration. Providesforagreencertificateschemeforelectricityfromrenewablesources(seeRenewable Obligations). Providesforreportingontheenergyefficiencyofresidentialaccommodation. TheActplacedanobligationonDefratoreporttoparliamentonGHGemissionsintheUKand onactiontakenbythegovernmenttoreducetheseemissions.Thefirstreportwasputtothe UKparliamenton26July2007. Targets Nonespecified UnitedKingdom Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 415 ClimateChangeProgramme2006 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill Firstpublishedin2000,theGovernment’sUKClimateChangeProgrammeoutlinedallofthe UKpoliciesandprogrammesinplacetotackleclimatechange,includingseveralmeasureson energy efficiency. A review launched in September 2004 resulted in the Climate Change Programme2006,publishedinMarch2006. The2006Programmeincludesapackageofnewandexistingmeasures,whichareprojectedto reducecarbondioxideemissionsto15–18%below1990levelsby2010andworktowardsthe longertermgoaltoreducecarbonemissionsby60%by2050,assetoutin2003’sEnergy WhitePaper. EnergyEfficiencyMeasuresinclude: x maintain a strong package of support, advice and information measures to help businessesimprovetheirenergyefficiency x continuetousetheclimatechangelevyandassociatedclimatechangeagreements toencouragebusinessestoimprovetheefficiencywithwhichtheyuseenergy x continue the significant improvements already made and update the Building RegulationsinApril2006toraiseenergystandardsofnewbuildandrefurbished buildings x introducetheCodeforSustainableHomes Ontransport,theProgrammewillworkstronglytoachievefurthercommitmentsfromvehicle manufacturerstoimprovefuelefficiency. Targets Nonespecified 416 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom CodeforSustainableHomes 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Buildings/energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Building on the recommendations of the Sustainable Buildings Task Group, the Code for SustainableHomeshasbeendevelopedtosupportastepchangeinthebuildingofsustainable newhomes.TheCodeprovidesasinglenationalstandardtoguideindustryinthedesignand constructionofsustainablehomes,consideringenergyamongotheraspects. SinceApril2007thedeveloperofanynewhomeinEnglandcanchoosetobeassessedagainst theCode.From1May2008itwasmandatoryforallnewhomestoberatedagainsttheCode andtoincludeaCodeornilͲratedcertificatewithintheHomeInformationPack.Eventhough therequirementfortheHomeInformationPackforpropertysaleswassuspendedwitheffect from21May2010bytheincomingcoalitiongovernment,anEnergyPerformanceCertificateis stillrequired. TherearesixlevelsoftheCode,withmandatoryminimumstandardsforenergyefficiencyat eachlevel.Forexample,CodeLevel1representsa10%improvementinenergyefficiencyover the 2006 Building Regulations. Code Level 6 would be a completely zero carbon home (heating,lighting,hotwaterandallappliances). Improvementsintheenergyefficiencyofnewhomesofmorethan25%comparedto2006 regulations(Level3ofthecode)wouldprobablyrequiresomeformofloworzerocarbon energygeneration,eitherbyindividualbuildings(e.g.dedicatedsolarwaterheating)orby wholedevelopmentssharingasourceoflowcarbongeneration(e.g.windturbines). Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories EnergyAct 2004 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energysupplyandclimatechange implementation Summaryofbill ThisbillsetsuptheenergyframeworkfortheUK.Regardingclimatechangemitigation,theAct isimportantinprovidingtheframeworkforthedevelopmentofoffshorewindandother marinerenewableenergysourcesoutsideterritorialwaters.Suchmeasureswereexpectedto contributetomeetingthecountry’s10%renewableenergytargetby2010. UnitedKingdom Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 417 TheOffshoreProductionoftheEnergypartoftheEnergyAct2004putsinplaceacompreͲ hensivelegalframeworkforoffshorerenewableenergyprojects–wind,waveandtidal– beyondtheUK’sterritorialwaters. TheActestablishesaRenewableEnergyZone(REZ),adjacenttotheUK’sterritorialwaters, withinwhichrenewableenergyinstallationscanbeestablished.TheActenablestheCrown EstatetoawardlicencesforwindfarmsitesintheREZonmuchthesamebasisasitcurrently leasessiteswithinterritorialwaters. The Act implemented a range of commitments made in the 2003 Energy White Paper, includingthoserelatingtoenergyefficiency,suchasraisingbuildingandproductstandards, andcreatinganEnergyEfficiencyActionPlanfortheUK. Nonespecified RenewablesObligation 2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill TheRenewablesObligation(RO)isthecurrentmainmechanismforsupportinglargeͲscale generationofrenewableelectricity.Sinceitsintroduction,theROhasbeensubjecttovarious reformsandimprovements.ItisamarketͲbasedmechanism,designedtoprovideasubstantial incentiveforalleligibleformsofrenewableelectricity. TheROworksbyplacinganobligationonlicensedelectricitysupplierstosourceaspecified andannuallyincreasingproportionoftheirelectricitysalesfromrenewablesources,orpaya penalty.Theobligationfor2009/10is9.7%,risingto15.4%by2015/6. Previously,oneRenewableObligationCertificate(ROC)wasissuedforeachmegawatthour (MWh)ofeligiblegeneration,regardlessoftechnology.Asof1April2009,thereformsintroͲ ducedmeanthatnewgeneratorsjoiningtheROnowreceivedifferentnumbersofROCs, dependingontheircostsandpotentialforlargeͲscaledeployment.Newprojectsinmore expensivetechnologieslikeoffshorewindnowreceivemoresupportandthosethataremore economic,likelandfillgas,receiveless. GeneratorscanselltheirROCstoelectricitysupplycompanieswhousethemtodemonstrate compliancewiththeObligation.Thisenablesgeneratorstoreceiveapremiumontopofthe saleoftheelectricity. 418 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom InApril2010,furtherchangesincludedtheRObeingextendedfromitscurrentenddateof 2027to2037fornewprojects,inordertoprovidegreaterlongͲtermcertaintyforinvestors, andanincreaseinsupportforoffshorewindprojectsmeetingcertaincriteria. TheOfficeofGasandElectricityMarkets(Ofgem)isresponsibleformonitoringandenforcing compliancewiththeRO.Theirfunctionsincludeaccreditingrenewablegeneratorsandthe issuingofROCs. Nonespecified PreferentialTaxRegimesforBiofuels 2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Biofuel implementation Summaryofbill AreducedexcisedutyratewasintroducedforbiodieselinJuly2002andbioͲethanolin2005, setatGBP0.20lowerthantherateapplicabletodieselandunleadedpetrol. ProducersofbioͲblendandbioͲethanolblendalsobenefitfromthereducedrateofexcise duty,astheproportionofbiodieselorbioͲethanolintheblendbearsthelowerrateofexcise duty. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories BioͲenergyCapitalGrantsScheme 2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Biofuel/carbonreduction implementation Summaryofbill TheBioͲenergyCapitalGrantsSchemesupportsbiomassͲfuelledheat,andcombinedheatand powerprojectsintheindustrial,commercialandcommunitysectorsinEngland. SixroundsoffundinghavebeenprovidedsincetheSchemewaslaunchedin2002.Earlier roundsfocusedsupportonlargeͲscalebiomasspowerstations.Theemphasisinlaterrounds hasbeentosupportsmallͲandmediumͲsizedprojects. UnitedKingdom Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 419 TheBioͲenergyCapitalGrantsSchemepromotestheefficientuseofbiomassforenergy,andin particulartheuseofenergycropsbystimulatingtheearlydeploymentofbiomassͲfuelledheat and electricity generation projects. It awards capital grants towards the cost of installing equipmentincompletebiomassͲfuelledprojectsintheindustrial,commercialandcommunity sectors. ThemainpolicyaimsoftheSchemeareto: x Deliver capacity on the ground to create an initial market for biomass fuel, installationequipmentandservices x TostimulatetheUKrenewablesindustry x Providelearningbenefitsthatwillacceleratetheindustryandachievemoreefficient andcosteffectiveuseofbiomassforheatandelectricity Nonespecified CompanyCarTaxReform 2002 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor Transport/energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill InApril2002,theUKCompanyCarTaxsystemwasrevisedtobecarbonͲbased.Allcompany carsfirstregisteredafterJanuary1998aretaxedonapercentageoftheirlistpriceaccording tooneof21carbondioxideemissionbands,measuredingramsperkilometre(g/km). Thereformwasintendedtoremovetheperverseincentiveintheexistingsystemtoreduce thetaxduebydrivingunnecessaryextrabusinessmilesandtoprovideasignificantincentive tocompanycarsdriverstochoosemorefuelͲefficientvehicles. To further promote environmentally friendly vehicles, Budget 2006 announced that the thresholdfortheminimumpercentagechargerateforcalculatingthecompanycartaxbenefit inkindwouldbereducedfrom140gCO2/kmto135gCO2/kmin2008–2009.Anewrateof10% forcarsof120gCO2andbelowwasintroducedfrom2008–2009. Targets Nonespecified 420 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedKingdom EnergyEfficiencyCommitment(2002–2005) 2002(ended,replacedbyCERT) Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill TheEnergyEfficiencyCommitment(EEC)isamajorpolicytoencourageconsumerstomake domesticenergyefficientimprovements. Thisincludesmeasuressuchasinsulation,energyefficientboilers,appliancesandlightbulbs. Itplacesanobligationonthesuppliersofgasandelectricitytopromoteimprovementsin energyefficiencythroughmeasuresprovidedtodomesticconsumers.ThereisafocusonlowͲ incomeconsumers. In2005,thenewEECincludedintheUK’sRevisedClimateChangeProgrammesuperseded theoriginalEECStandardsofPerformance.ThisEECwasslatedtorununtil2008. TheoveralltargetforEEC2002–2005improvementsinenergyefficiencywas62fuelͲstandard terawatt(TWh)hoursandwasexpectedtosavearound0.4MtCperyearby2005.Together withotherpoliciesonhouseholdenergyefficiency,theestimateoftotalsavingsis2.6–3.7MtC by2010and4.5MtCby2020. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeAgreements 2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill ClimateChangeAgreements(CCAs)allowenergyintensivebusinessuserstoreceivean80% discountfromtheClimateChangeLevy,inreturnformeetingenergyefficiencyorcarbon savingtargets. Thefirstagreementstookeffecton1April2001andweretorununtil31March2013.In2004, theeligibilitycriteriafortheUK’sClimateChangeAgreements(CCAs)wereextendedtocover otherenergyintensivesectorsofindustrynotoriginallyincludedwithinthearrangementsfor CCAs.ThosesectorsalreadyeligibleforCCAswereunaffectedbythechanges. UnitedKingdom Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 421 ItwasannouncedinPBR2007thattheClimateChangeAgreementschemewouldbeextended by 4 yearsto 2017, subjecttostateaid approval.Thisistoprovideindustry withgreater certaintyforthemediumterm,andenableCCAstocontinuetocontributesignificantlytothe UK’sClimateChangeProgramme. CCAshavedeliveredsubstantialcarbonsavings.Attheendofthethirdtargetperiod,in2006, operatorsreducedtheiremissionsby4.5MtCwhencomparedtotheCCAbaseyear.Forthe sameperiod,itisestimatedthatbusinessesachievedenergysavingswortharoundGBP1,500 millionagainstbaselines. Nonespecified ClimateChangeLevy 2001 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill TheLevyappliestoelectricity,gas,solidfuelandliquefiedgasesusedforlighting,heatingand powerinthebusinessandpublicsectors. TheLevywasdesignedtobebroadlyrevenueneutralinconcept:atthetimeofintroductionit formedpartofa“LevyPackage”wheretherevenuecollectedisrecycledbacktobusiness througha0.3%reductioninNationalInsuranceContributionsandalsoasystemofenhanced capitalallowancesforinvestmentsinenergysavingtechnologies. Electricityproducedfromqualifyingrenewablesourcesandenergyusedandgeneratedin approvedcombinedheatandpowerschemesareexemptfromthelevy. Thereisalsoareduced(20%)rateforenergyͲintensivebusinessesthatenterintovoluntary agreementstoreducetheirenergyuseand/oremissions. Targets Nonespecified UnitedStates ClimateChangeLegislation 423 4.32 UnitedStates 4.32.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 5747 6802 641 2010 Top5 Dateofsignature:12June1992 Dateofratification:15October1992 Dateofentryintoforce:21March1994 Dateofsignature:12November1998 Notratified Intherangeof17%from2005,in conformitywithanticipatedUSenergyand climatelegislation CleanAirAct 424 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedStates 4.32.2 LegislativeProcess TheUnitedStateshasabicamerallegislatureorCongresscomposedoftheSenate andtheHouseofRepresentatives.Billsmaybeintroducedbyamemberofeither chamber. The first stage in the approval of a bill involves consideration by a Committee.IfreportedbytheCommittee,thebillreachesthefloorofthefull House.OnceabillisapprovedbyoneHouse,itissenttotheother,whichmay pass,rejectoramendit.Inorderforaproposedbilltobecomelaw,bothHouses must agree on identical versions ofthe billand the President must sign. If the Presidentvetoesabill,thevetocanbeoverturnedifatwoͲthirdsmajorityofboth chambersvotetodoso. 4.32.3 ApproachtoClimateChange TheUnitedStates’GHGemissionreductiontargetsarerelativelymodestwhen compared with other advanced economies, as they amount to less than a 5% reductionby2020below1990levels.Thecountry’scurrentUNFCCCcommitment ofreducingemissionsby17%by2020inrelationto2005levelsisaccompaniedby theobservationthatthefinaltargetwillbereportedtotheUNFCCCSecretariatin lightofenactedlegislation. AlthoughthepassingofenergyandclimatechangebillsthroughCongressamounts to a timeͲconsuming and complex process, US legislation tends to be rather comprehensive precise and with clear financial commitments and monitoring mechanisms.Additionally,USMembersofCongresshavebeenparticularlyactive whenitcomestoproposinglegislationonrenewableenergyandenergyefficiency. TheSenateCommitteeonEnergyandNaturalResourcessawover30billproposals relevanttotacklingclimatechangeintroducedforitsconsiderationin2009–2010. TheseproposalshavetendedtoconveyapreoccupationwithsecuringAmerican leadershipinrenewableenergyandenergyefficiencytechnologies,aswellaswith guaranteeingthatclimateprovisionsdonotaffecttradecompetitivenessvisͲàͲvis emergingmarkets,mostnotablyChinaandIndia. However,althoughtherewereanumberofattemptstopassacomprehensive climatechangebillinthe111thCongress–themostsignificantofwhichwasthe American Clean Energy and Security Bill (ACES) referred to as the “WaxmanͲ MarkeyBill”,whichpassedtheHouseofRepresentativesinJune2009butwas rejectedbytheSenate–allattemptshavefailed. UnitedStates ClimateChangeLegislation 425 After the failure of the ACES Bill to secure Senate support, the Senate drafted several bills of its own. However, all of these also failed to generate enough supportandneverreachedtheSenatefloorforavote.Asaresult,SenateMajority LeaderHarryReid(Democrat)proposedalimitedEnergyBillwithafocusonthe Gulf of Mexico oil spill, the promotion of natural gas vehicles, home energy renovationsandfinancingfortheLandandWaterConservationFund.Eventhis attempt failed to generate support and, following the midͲterm elections in November 2010 and the beginning of the 112th Congress, all of the draft bills expired and along with the ACES Bill, which was passed by the House of Representatives,weredeletedfromthestatutebooks. AlthoughtheObamaAdministrationandEnvironmentProtectionAgency(EPA) spokespersonshaveconsistentlysaidthattheywouldpreferthatCongresspass legislation to address climate change, the difficulties in securing support for comprehensive climate change legislation have meant that the regulatory approach has assumed greater importance. The EPA has therefore begun to developregulationsusingitsexistingauthorityundertheCleanAirAct. On 15 December 2009, the agency finalised an “endangerment finding” under Section202oftheCleanAirAct,whichrequiresittoregulatepollutantsfortheir effect as GHGs for the first time. Relying on this finding, EPA finalised GHG emissionstandardsforcarsandlighttruckson1April2010.Theimplementationof thesestandards,inturn,triggeredpermittingrequirementsandtheimpositionof BestAvailableControlTechnologyfornewmajorstationarysourcesofGHGsasof2 January2011.Inaddition,on13May2010theEPAissuedthefinalversionofthe “tailoring”ruleforGHGemissions.Therulestatedthat,startinginJanuary2011, newormodifiedsourcesthatwerealreadysubjecttoNewSourceReviewrequireͲ mentsforotherpollutantswouldberequiredalsotomeettheserequirementsfor GHGsiftheyincreasedemissionsbymorethan75,000tonnesofCO2eannually. Then,on1July2011,therequirementswouldapplytonewsourcesthatemitat least 100,000 tonnes of CO2e annually and to major modifications of existing sourcesemitting75,000tonnesofCO2eannually,eveniftheydonotmeetthe thresholdnewsourcereviewrequirementsforotherpollutants.InJuly2012the requirementsbeganapplying“TitleV”operatingpermitrequirementstoexisting sourcesnotpreviouslycoveredby“TitleV”iftheyemit100,000tonnesofCO2e annually.InMarch2012theEPAreleasedadraftrulinglimitingcarbonpollution from new power plants. It held two public hearings on the proposed rule and almost3millioncommentsweresenttotheagencyinfavourofreducingcarbon pollution from both new and existing power plants – a record for an EPA rule proposal.AsofNovember2012theagencyisfinalisingtherule. 426 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedStates The beginning of work to regulate GHG emissions under the Clean Air Act has raisedsomeoppositioninCongress:legislationwasintroducedinboththeHouse ofRepresentativesandtheSenateinthe111thCongress—butnotenacted—aimed at preventing the EPA from implementing these requirements, and similar legislationwasintroducedinthe112th,includingtheEnergyTaxPreventionAct (H.R.910),SenatorJohnRockefeller’s2ͲyeardelayofEPAGHGregulations(S.231). Thebillshavetakenseveralforms,includingresolutionsofdisapprovalforEPA regulatoryactionsundertheCongressionalReviewAct,standͲalonelegislationthat would forestall specific EPA regulations and restrictions on the EPA’s spending authority.However,thePresidentmadeclearthathewouldvetoanyproposals thatcontainedaprohibitiononEPAactiononGHGsand,giventhattheSenate rejectedseveralamendmentstolegislationrestrictingtheEPA’sabilitytoregulate GHGs,theEPA’sabilitytoregulateGHGswasnotaffectedinthe112thCongress. Theearlypartofthe112thCongresswasdominatedbynegotiationsonfederal spending.AfterwranglingthatsawtheUSonthebrinkofdefault,agreementwas reachedtocutUS$40billionfromfederalspending.AlthoughtheEPA’sauthority toregulateGHGswasunscathed,fundingforNOASS’sClimateServiceandthe positionofAssistanttoPresidentforEnergyandClimateChangewereeliminated andcommitmentstointernationalclimatefinanceweregreatlyreduced. Itwasnotablethatinthe2012campaignfortheWhiteHouse,whichculminatedin thereͲelectionofBarackObamaforasecondterminNovember,climatechange wasabsentasanissueinthedebate.ItremainstobeseenwhethertheObama Administration will prioritise legislative action on climate change in its second term. OneofthefirstlegislativeactsintheObamaAdministration’ssecondtermwason 27November2012whenPresidentBarackObamasignedintolawthe“European Union Emissions Trading Scheme Prohibition Act”. This law authorises the US secretary of transportation to bar US airlinesfromtaking partin the EU’s ETS. Shortly before, on 12 November, EU Climate Action Commissioner Connie HedegaardannouncedherplantosuspendforayearapplicationoftheETSto flights leaving and entering the EU in order to allow more time to broker a comprehensiveinternationalagreementthroughtheInternationalCivilAviation Organisation(ICAO)totackleemissionsfromaviation.Untilthesuspension,the EuropeanCommissionhadbeendue,inApril2013,tostartcollectingfeesfrom airlinesthatovershottheirallowances. UnitedStates ClimateChangeLegislation 427 ThelawsaysthattheUSadministrationshallprohibitUScarriersfromtakingpart intheETSifthetransportationsecretarydeterminesthisisinthe“publicinterest”. Inmakingthatdetermination,thesecretarymusttakeintoaccounttheimpact prohibitionwouldhaveonUScarriers,consumers,theeconomy,environment, energysecurityandforeignrelations.Thesecretaryisalsorequiredtoreviewany prohibitioniftheEUamendsitsETSDirective,ifthereisaglobalagreementon aviationemissionsoriftheUSadoptsitsownrulesinthisarea.AsforEUfinesthat carriersmayfacefornonͲcompliance,thelawstipulatesthatUSairlinesbe“held harmless”fromtheETS. Finally,itisimportanttonotethat,althoughthisprojectcoversfederallegislation only,thereisamyriadofpoliciesandlegislationonclimatechangeatthestate level.Forexample,CaliforniaisaleadingstateinthisareawiththeGlobalWarmͲ ingSolutionsAct(AB32),thePavleyLawanditsstringentairqualitytargetsfor motor vehicles, and the California Environmental Quality Act with its GHG emissions provisions. California’s “capͲandͲtrade” scheme came into effect on 1January2012withanenforceablecomplianceobligationbeginningin2013and aimstohelpdeliverCalifornia’sStateͲleveltargetofreducingGHGemissionsto 1990levelsby2020andto80%below1990levelsby2050.Thedevelopmentof stateͲlevelclimatelegislationwasparticularlyacuteduringtheBushpresidency, correspondingwitharelativelackoffederalaction.1 Renewableenergyandenergyefficiency EffortstoincludeclimaterelatedmeasuresintheAmericanlegislativeprocessare bynomeanslimitedtoclimatechangelegislation.Measuresrelatedtorenewable energy and energy efficiency are at the core of the US legislative response to climatechange.Theymostlyincludefinancialincentivesandtaxbreaksforthe developmentofcleanenergytechnologyandpromotionofbehaviouralchange amongbusinessesandconsumers. Inaddition,thereseemstobeanunderlyingengagementwithmakingatransition toalowcarboneconomymirroredindifferentkindsoflegislationthatmaynotbe directlyconcernedwithclimaterelatedissues.Forexample,theUSstimulus ———————— 1 Gerrard,M.B.,2009.Commentondevelopingacomprehensiveapproachtoclimatechangemitigation policyintheUnitedStates:Integratinglevelsofgovernmentandeconomicsectors.EnvironmentalLaw andPolicyAnnualReview,August2009.[URL:http://www.law.columbia.edu/null/download?&exclusive= filemgr.download&file_id=162333]. 428 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedStates package,knownastheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct2009,allocates aUS$94billiontorenewableenergytechnologies,energyefficiency,lowcarbon vehicles, smart grids and mass transit. This trend is also observed in other legislation,namely,theenergyprovisionsintheDuncanHunterNationalDefense AuthorisationActforFiscalYear2009andtherenewableenergyprovisionsinthe 2008FarmBill. Furthermore, the US is continuously revising energy efficiency and renewable energylegislation.Forinstance,theAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct2009 supersedesthetaxprovisionsoftheEnergyImprovementandExtensionAct2008; theEnergyStorageandTechnologyAdvancementAct2007partiallysupersedesthe EnergyPolicyAct2005;andExecutiveOrder(E.O.)13514,2009:FederalLeadership inEnvironmental,Energy,andEconomicPerformancesupersedesE.O.13423,2007: StrengtheningFederalEnvironmental,Energy,andTransportationManagement. Inhis2011StateoftheUnionaddressandhisBlueprintforaSecureEnergyFuture, PresidentObamaproposedtheadoptionofacleanenergystandard.Specifically, hecalledfor80%ofAmericanenergytocomefromcleansourcesby2035.Inthe Senate,EnergyandNaturalResourcesCommitteeChair,SenatorJeffBingaman, andRankingMemberSenator,LisaMurkowski,announcedathoroughstudyofthe policycomponentsofastandardand,on1March2012,introducedadraftBill– the CES Act of 2012. If passed, the bill would require electric utilities in the contiguousUnitedStatesthatsellatleasttwomillionMWhofenergytoobtainat least 24% of their electricity from clean energy by 2015, with the minimum requirementincreasingbythreepercentagepointseachyearuntilitreaches84% in2035.TheBillisunlikelytopassinthe112thCongressbutcouldbeimportantin termsofsettingthetoneofthelegislativeresponsetoclimatechangeinthe113th Congressthatbeginson3January2013. UnitedStates ClimateChangeLegislation 429 UnitedStates:FlagshipLegislation Although the US does not have a comprehensive climate change law, on 15 December2009,theEnvironmentProtectionAgencyfinalisedan“endangerment finding” under Section 202 of the Clean Air Act, which requires it to regulate pollutantsfortheireffectasGHGsforthefirsttime.ThismeansthattheCleanAir ActisthelegalbasisfortheEPA’sregulationofGHGs. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories CleanAirAct 17December1963 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Airpollution implementation Summaryofbill The Clean Air Act is a federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It requirestheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)todevelopandenforceregulationsto protectthegeneralpublicfromexposuretoairbornecontaminantsthatareknowntobe hazardoustohumanhealth.The“endangermentfinding”of2009meanstheEPAisrequiredto takestepstosubstancesaccordingtheirGHGeffect. CongresspassedthefirstCleanAirActin1963,creatingaresearchandregulatoryprogramin theU.S.PublicHealthService.TheActauthoriseddevelopmentofemissionstandardsfor stationarysources.IntheCleanAirActExtensionof1970,Congressgreatlyexpandedthe federalmandatebyrequiringcomprehensivefederalandstateregulationsforbothindustrial andmobilesources.Thelawestablishedfournewregulatoryprograms: x NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(NAAQS)–EPAwasrequiredtopromulgate national standardsfor sixcriteriapollutants:carbon monoxide,nitrogendioxide, sulphurdioxide,particulatematter,hydrocarbonsandphotochemicaloxidants(some ofthecriteriapollutantswererevisedinsubsequentlegislation) x StateImplementationPlans(SIPs) x NewSourcePerformanceStandards(NSPS) x NationalEmissionsStandardsforHazardousAirPollutants(NESHAPs) 430 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedStates TheEPAwasalsocreatedundertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActaboutthesametimeas theseadditionswerepassed,whichwasimportanttohelpimplementtheprogramslisted above. Sincethen,theCleanAirActhasbeenamended(in1977and1990)tostrengthenitseffect, includingaddingregulationsrelatingtoaciddeposition(totackleacidrain)andstratospheric ozoneprotection. The2009“endangermentfinding”meansthattheEPAmusttakestepstoregulatesubstances fortheireffectasGHGs.TheEPAbeganregulatingGHGsfrommobileandstationarysources ofairpollutionundertheCleanAirActforthefirsttimeon2January2011.Standardsfor mobilesourceshavebeenestablishedpursuanttoSection202oftheCAA,andGHGsfrom stationarysourcesarecontrolledundertheauthorityofPartCofTitleIoftheAct.Further regulationstomanageGHGsarebeingpursued(seecoveringtextofUSchapter). TherearenospecifictargetsrelatingtoGHGs.Fromaclimatechangeperspectiveitisworth notingthatabout54%oftheUS’sGHGemissionsaremanageableundertheCleanAirAct, includingelectricitygeneration,industryandlarge(nonͲagricultural)methanesources.All othersareregulatedindependently,ifatall. UnitedStates:OtherRelevantLegislation AmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct 17February2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Economicstimulus,climatechange,renewableenergyandenergyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The Bill authorises a stimulus package that supports new and existing renewable energy and energy efficiency programmes. The bill supersedes the tax provisions of the Energy ImprovementandExtensionAct2008aswellaspartoftheEmergencyEconomicStabilisation Act2008. TheBillallocatedUS$16.8billiontoenergyefficiencyandrenewableenergyprogrammes.It foresaw the extension of credit for electricity produced from renewable sources. The limitationontheissuanceofnewcleanrenewableenergybondswasincreasedbyUS$1.6 billion. On completing the 2009 “National Electric Transmission Congestion Study”, the SecretaryofEnergyshallincludeananalysisofrenewableenergysourcesconstrainedbylack ofadequatetransmissioncapacity.ThebillamendstheEnergyPolicyActof2005tocreatethe “Temporary Programme for Rapid Deployment of Renewable Energy and Electric Power Transmission Projects” that includes incremental hydropower and cutting edge biofuel projects.Nolimitationshallbeplacedonfundingforthepurchaseandinstallationofenergy efficiencyandrenewableenergyequipmentandmaterials. UnitedStates Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 431 UndertheBill,US$2.7billionwasdestinedtotheDepartmentofEnergy’s“EnergyEfficiency andConservationBlockGrantProgram”,createdwithoutfundingbytheEnergyIndependence andSecurityAct2007,tofinanceenergyefficiencyandconservationprojectsandprogrammes throughtheconcessionofgrantstostates,territories,localgovernmentsandNativeAmerican tribes.AnadditionalUS$1billionwasallocatedtostateenergyofficestosupportweatheriͲ sationoflowͲincomehomes.US$2billioningrantswasmadeavailabletoUSͲbasedadvanced batterymanufacturingfacilities. US$400millionwasallocatedtostateandlocalgrantprogramssupportingadvancedvehicles, andoverUS$80billionwasdestinedforcleanenergyresearch,developmentanddeployment, US$50billionofwhichwastobegrantedfordirectappropriationandUS$30billionintheform oftaxͲbasedincentives.US$277millionwasgrantedtoEnergyFrontierResearchCentersto developcostͲeffectivealternativeenergytechnologiesandUS$6billionwasallocatedtothe “InnovativeTechnologiesLoanGuaranteeProgram”,establishedbytheEnergyPolicyAct,to acceleratethedeploymentofcommercialcleanenergytechnologies.US$2.5billionwasgiven fordiscretionarycleanenergyresearchanddevelopmentmanagedbytheDepartmentof Energy’s(DOE),includingUS$800millionfornextgenerationbiofuelsandUS$400millionfor geothermal technologies, and support for several research projects. Grants over US$110 millionweregiventotheUSNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryforadvancingwindenergy technologies,buildingnewenergyefficientfacilitiesandupgradingtheLaboratory’sIntegrated BioͲrefineryResearchFacility. TheBillalsoallocatedUS$500milliontoagrantprogrammesupportingcleanenergyworkͲ forcetrainingmanagedbytheDepartmentofLaborandUS$100milliontosupportmore workforce training that is managed by the DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. The Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy will monitor performance in accordance with Risk Mitigation Plans (RMPs). For large grant programssuchastheEnergyEfficiencyandConservationBlockGrant(EECBG),weatherisation assistanceandStateEnergyPrograms(SEP),theDOEwillprovideassistancetonationallabsto helpmeasureandverifyresults.Grantrecipientsmustsubmitaplanofhowtheywilluse fundswithin18monthsanddisbursefundswithin36months.TheDOEwillperforminͲsite monitoringannuallyineachstate. TherearenospecificclimateͲrelatedtargetsinthislaw Executive Order 13514: Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance 5October2009 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × 432 ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedStates Driverfor Climatechange,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill The E.O. aims to make GHG emission management a priority for federal agencies, thus establishing reporting requirements with detailed targets and deadlines. The focus is on transportation,overallenergyuseandprocurementpolicies.Allfederalagenciesarerequired todevelop,implementandannuallyupdateaStrategicSustainabilityPerformancePlanthat prioritisesagencyactionsbasedonlifeͲcyclereturnoninvestment.Section16alsodirects agenciestoworkonclimatechangeadaptation.SupersedesE.O.13423:StrengtheningFederal Environmental,Energy,andTransportationManagement. TheExecutiveOrderrequiresallFederalagenciesto: x Improveelectronicproduct/serviceefficiencyandstewardshipaswellastofollow pollutionpreventionandwastereductionrequirements x Improvefleetandtransportationmanagement x Enhanceeffortstowardssustainablebuildingsandcommunities Section16directsgovernmentagenciestoworkonclimatechangeadaptation,including: x TheappointmentofanAdaptationSpecialist x EstablishmentofanAgencyͲwideClimateChangeAdaptationPolicyandMandate byJune2011 x Participation in Climate Change Adaptation workshops and education of all employeesthroughout2011 x Identificationandanalysisofclimatevulnerabilitiesthatwouldinterferewiththe Agency’smission(byMarch2012) x ImplementationoftheAdaptationPlanbySeptember2012 Each federal agency must report a percentage GHG emissions reduction target for 2020 relativetoa2008baselinetotheWhiteHouse’sCouncilofEnvironmentQuality(CEQ)Chair and Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Director. Additionally, each agency must produce an inventory of absolute GHG emissions on transportation, energy use and procurementforthefiscalyear2010andthenannuallythereafter. Targets Nonespecified UnitedStates Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 433 DuncanHunterNationalDefenseAuthorisationActforFiscalYear2009–EnergyProvisions 15October2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Renewableenergy,energyefficiency implementation Summaryofbill Authorisesdefencespendingforfiscalyear2009andincludesseveralprovisionsaimedat energyefficiency,renewableenergyanduseofalternativesourcesofenergyinthearmed forces. Section333ofthebillrequirestheDepartmentofDefense(DoD)toconsidertheuseofwind andsolarenergyforexpeditionaryforcestoreducetheneedtodeliverfueltobattleareas, whereelectricityistypicallyproducedbyengineͲdrivengenerators.Areportexaminingthe feasibilityofsolarandwindenergymustbesubmitted120daysfollowingenactment.Section 334requirestheDoDtoconductastudyontheuseofalternativestoreducethelifeͲcycle emissionsofalternativeandsyntheticfuels(includingcoalͲtoͲliquidfuels). Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Food,Conservation,andEnergyActof2008(2008FarmBill)–TitleIXͲRenewableEnergy Provisions 18June2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Renewableenergy implementation Summaryofbill Title IX includes provisions on agricultural subsidies, energy, conservation, nutrition and development. ExpandstheBiorefineryAssistanceProgrammebyprovidingloanguarantees(2008–2010)of US$320millionforthecreationofcommercialͲscalebiorefineriesaswellasgrantstobuild demonstrationͲscalebiorefineries.AllocatesUS$55milliontosupportrenewablebiomassuse inbiorefineriesinsteadoffossilfuels.CreatestheRuralEnergyforAmericaProgramme(REAP), whichisworthUS$285million,andpromotestheuseofhydroelectricsourcetechnologies. CreatestheBiomassCropAssistanceProgrammetosupportcropconversiontobioenergy. ExpandstheBiobasedMarketProgrammebyallocatingUS$11milliontoafederalprocureͲ ment programme and a voluntary labelling program. Allocates US$345 million to the BioenergyProgrammeforAdvancedFuelstosupporttheproductionofadvancedbiofuels. ExpandstheFeedstockFlexibilityProgrammeforBioenergyProducersbysubsidisingtheuseof sugarforethanolproductionthroughfederalpurchasesofsurplussugar. 434 Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedStates Authorises the Forest Service to conduct a comprehensive research and development programmeonforestbiomassforenergygeneration. Allocates US$258 million to the Biomass Research and Development Initiative to provide competitivegrants,contractsandfinancialassistancetoeligibleentitiestocarryoutresearch anddevelopmentanddemonstrationofbiofuelsandbiobasedproducts. ProvidesUS$1millionperyear(2008–2012)totheBiodieselFuelEducationProgrammefor theallocationofcompetitivegrantstoeducatepublicandprivateactorsoperatingvehicle fleetsaswellasthepublicatlargeaboutthebenefitsofbiodieselfueluse. Nonespecified EnergyIndependenceandSecurityActof2007 19December2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × × Driverfor Climatechange,renewableenergy,energyefficiency,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill Introducesmeasurestoexpandtheproductionofrenewablefuels,reduceUSdependenceon oil,increaseenergysecurityandaddressclimatechange. SetsamandatoryRenewableFuelStandard(RFS)thatrequiresfuelproducerstouseatleast 36 billion gallons of biofuel by 2022, and provides incentives for the development of renewableenergytechnologies(solar,wind,geothermal,ocean,biomassorlandfillgas). Includes provisions on lighting: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs by 2014, improvinglightingefficiencybymorethan70%by2020,settinganenergyefficientstandard andpromotingconsumereducationandlamplabelling.Alsoincludesprovisionsforenergy efficiency in appliances, buildings (i.e. ensuring that all new federal buildings are carbon neutral by 2030) and transport. Further establishes provisions for funding of research on carboncaptureandstorageandhydrogentechnologies. Includesthefirstincreaseinfueleconomystandardsin30years.Automakersarerequiredto boostfleetͲwidefueleconomyto35milespergallon(14.8kmperlitre)by2020.Thiswas supersededbyanagreementbrokeredbythePresidenttosettleautomakers’courtcases againsttheStateofCalifornia.Theagreementestablishedastandardof35.5milespergallon by2016. UnitedStates Targets Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 435 CreatestheRenewableEnergyInnovationManufacturingPartnershipProgrammetosupport researchanddevelopmentanddeploymentofrenewableenergytechnologies(solar,wind, biomass,geothermal,energystorageandfuelcellsystems). RequiresalllightinginfederalbuildingstouseEnergyStarproductsorproductsdesignated undertheFederalEnergyManagementProgramme(FEMP)bytheendof2013;requiresall Federalagenciestopurchasedevicesthatlimitstandbypoweruse;requirestheDepartment ofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(HUD)toupdateenergyefficiencystandardsforallpublic andassistedhousingbyapplyingtheInternationalEnergyConservationCode. Nonespecified ExecutiveOrder13423:StrengtheningFederalEnvironmental,Energy,andTransportation Management 26January2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Climatechange,renewableenergy,energysecurity implementation Summaryofbill DemandsfederalagenciestoconducttheirtransportationandenergyͲrelatedactivitiesinan environmentally,economicallyandfiscallysoundandintegratedway.Setsmoredemanding targetsthantheEnergyPolicyAct2005andsupersedesE.O.13123andE.O.13149. Promotesrenewableenergygenerationprojectsinfederalagenciesanddeterminesthateach agencyshouldensurethathalfofthestatutorilyrequiredrenewableenergyconsumedina fiscalyearcomesfromnewrenewablesources. Determinesthateachfederalagencyshouldreduceenergyintensityby3%annuallyuntilthe endoffiscalyear2015or30%bytheendoffiscalyear2015,relativetoenergyusein2003. Determinesthatifanagencyoperatesafleetofatleast20motorvehiclesitmustensurea 10%annualincreaseintotalfuelconsumptionthatisnonͲpetroleumbasedrelativeto2005. Each agency mustequally ensurethe use of plugͲin hybrid(PIH) vehicles whentheseare commerciallyavailableatareasonablycomparablelifeͲcyclecosttononͲPIHvehicles. Requireseachfederalagencyto: x improveenergyefficiencyandreduceGHGemissions x procureenergyfromnewrenewablesources x adheretosustainableenvironmentalpractices(i.e.acquisitionofbiobased,environͲ mentallypreferable,energyͲefficient,waterͲefficientandrecycledͲcontentproducts) x reducethefleet’stotalconsumptionofpetroleumproducts Targets Nonespecified 436 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation UnitedStates EnergyPolicyAct2005(EnergyBill) 8August2005 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Climatechange,renewableenergy,energyefficiency,airpollution implementation Summaryofbill Astatutethatprovidestaxincentivesandloanguaranteesforenergyproductionofvarious types. Supersedes the National Energy Plan and is partially superseded by the Energy IndependenceandSecurityAct2007. ProvidesUS$4.3billiontaxbreaksfornuclearpower;US$2.7billiontoextendtherenewable electricityproductioncredit;andUS$1.6billionintaxincentivesforinvestmentincleancoal facilities. Grants loan guarantees for innovative technologies such as advanced nuclear reactorsandcleancoal.Providessubsidiestowindenergy,promotesthecompetitivenessof geothermalenergyvisͲàͲvisfossilfuelsandallocatesUS$50millionannuallytoabiomassgrant programme.Includesoceanenergysourcesasseparaterenewabletechnologies.Providestax credits for electricity generation from wind, closedͲloop biomass, openͲloop biomass, geothermalenergy,solarenergy,smallirrigationpower,municipalsolidwasteandrefined coal.RegulatesrenewableenergydevelopmentintheOuterContinentalShelf(OCS). ProvidesUS$1.3billiontaxbreaksforconservationandenergyefficiency. ProvidesUS$1.3billiontaxbreaksforalternativemotorvehiclesandfuels(ethanol,methane, liquefiednaturalgas,propane).ProvidesuptoUS$3400taxcreditforhybridvehicleowners. RequiresFederalfacilitiestodrawpartoftheirenergyfromrenewablesources.Providestax breaksforthosemakingenergyconservationimprovementstotheirhomes.Requiresthat FederalFleetvehiclescapableofoperatingonalternativefuelsusethesefuelsexclusively. Targets Nonespecified Vietnam ClimateChangeLegislation 437 4.33 Vietnam 4.33.1 FactBox GreenhouseGasemissions incl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) excl.LULUCF(MtCO2e) Changefrombaseyear(1990) Latestreportingyear Importanceasanemitter UNFCCCratificationstatus anddate KyotoProtocolratificationstatus anddate 2020pledge Flagshiplegislation 151 136 NA 2000 Belowtop20 Dateofsignature:11June1992 Dateofratification:16November1994 Dateofentryintoforce:14February1995 Dateofsignature:3December1998 Dateofratification:25September2002 Dateofentryintoforce:16February2005 Nopledgemade TheNationalClimateChangeStrategy 438 ClimateChangeLegislation Vietnam 4.33.2 LegislativeProcess Vietnamisahighlycentralisedstate,whoseconstitutionprovidesthefundamental andhighestlaw.Themajorityofpowerresidesatthiscentrallevelwithalllaws andpoliciesissuedbytheNationalAssemblyandtheGovernment.Theformer producesframeworklegislation,whilethelatterprovidesguidanceontheimpleͲ mentationoflegislation. TheNationalAssemblyisaunicameralbodywhichiselectedfora5Ͳyearterm,and whichinturnelectsaPresidentasHeadofState,andaPrimeMinisterasHeadof Government.ThisisVietnam’slegislativebody,andthehighestlevelrepresentaͲ tivebodyoftheVietnamesepeople.Ithastheresponsibilityofimplementingstate plans.TheCommunistPartyofVietnamhasgreatinfluenceovertheexecutiveand exercisescontrolthroughtheCentralCommittee.Membersofthepartyholdall seniorgovernmentpositions. 4.33.3 ApproachtoClimateChange VietnamhasthehighestpopulationdensityinSoutheastAsia(excludingSingapore) with a national average of 232 people/km2 and up to 1,000 people/km2 in the Northern Delta. Since the country lies in the tropical cyclone belt, it is already vulnerable to hazards, suffering from floods, droughts, saltwater intrusion and landslides.Vietnam’sNationalClimateChangeStrategystatesthatbetween2001 and2010,damagecausedbysuchdisastershasledto9,500deadandmissing peopleandthelossofabout1.5%ofGDPeachyear. Moreover the areas which are projected to suffer increased frequency and intensityoftheseeventsarelargelythosewithalreadyhighlevelsofpoverty.This led to the country being recognised at the 13th Conference of Parties to the UnitedNationalFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeinBali(UNFCCCCOP 13)asbeingoneofthefivecountrieslikelytobemostaffectedbyclimatechange. ClimateChangeisthereforeofgreatimportancetothegovernmentwhoseDoiMoi socialistmarketeconomicgoalsandpoliciesfocusonpovertyreliefandeconomic development of rural areas as central objectives. Because of this, Vietnam’s response is largely focussed on adaptation to climate change, and indeed the NationalStrategyonClimateChangestatesthatadaptationisthepriorityinthe initial phases of the plan. Mitigation actions seem to be those which are “no regret”inthattheyprovidewinͲwinsolutions,suchasREDD+activitiesinareas sufferingfromerosionandlandslidesduetodeforestationandlandusechange. Vietnam ClimateChangeLegislation 439 Indeed,eventheNationalStrategyforClimateChangestatesthat“tobecomea modern industrialised country by 2020, Vietnam will need to accelerate its productionandconsumptionactivities,especiallyinindustry,transportation,and urbandevelopment,whichmayresultinhigheremissionsofgreenhousegases”. VietnamratifiedtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange (UNFCCC)in1992and1994,theKyotoProtocolin1998and2002andtheHyogo FrameworkforAction(2005).ItalsoratifiedtheAssociationofSoutheastAsian Nations(ASEAN)AgreementonDisasterManagementandEmergencyResponse (AADMER)in2009.Vietnam’srecognitionoftheimportanceofclimatechangeis demonstratednotonlybyengagementwithinternationalprocesses:therehas beenalargestrategicdomesticresponse.Thiscentresaroundthedevelopmentof aseriesofnationalstrategiesandactsrelatingtonaturaldisastersandclimate change,supportedlargelybyDecreesfromthePrimeMinisterwhichenactand promulgatevariousaspectsofthestrategies.ThestrategiesincludetheNational Strategy on Climate Change; The National Action Plan on Climate Change; The National Strategy for Natural Disaster Prevention, Response and Mitigation to 2020;andTheNationalTargetProgramtoResponsetoClimateChange. Probablythemostimportantisthefirstofthese,theNationalStrategyonClimate Change, approved by the Prime Minister in 2011. This sets out national proͲ grammestoaddressclimatechange.Otherwise,TheNationalTargetProgramto ResponsetoClimateChange(IssuedbytheGovernmentofVietnam[GoV]bythe Decision158/2008/QͲTTg,2008)setsout,interalia,to:Evaluatetheimpactof, andsetupactionplanstorespondto,climatechangeintheshortandlongterm; and to ensure the sustainable development of the country, developing a low carbon economy. In terms of further legislation, the program set out by 2010 thetargetofdevelopingaframeworkof1)legaldocuments,2)mechanismsand 3)policiestorespondtoclimatechange,andby2015topromulgate,supplement andupdateallthreeofthese. Withregardsadaptation,theActionPlanforAdaptationtoClimateChangeinthe AgricultureandRuralDevelopmentSector(for2008–2020;APF),waslaunchedby theMinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment(ARD)in2008underDecision No.2730/QͲBNNͲKHCN,alongsideDecisionNo.2730/QͲBNNͲKHCN.Theseare intended to improve climate change adaptation capabilities and ensure the sustainabledevelopmentofagricultureandruraldevelopment. While it doesn’t refer specifically to climate change, The National Strategy for NaturalDisasterPrevention,ResponseandMitigationto2020(promulgatedby 440 ClimateChangeLegislation Vietnam DecisionNo.172/2007/QͲTTg)outlinesVietnam’sapproachfordisastermitigaͲ tionandmanagement,particularlyfloods,stormsanddroughts.Thestrategyis Vietnam’s main disaster risk management framework and is one of the most importantdisastermanagementresponsesinVietnam. IntermsofinstitutionsinVietnamfocussedonclimatechange,TheMinistryof NaturalResourcesandEnvironmentFinance(MoNREF)seemstobetheleading agencyinclimatechangeresponse.Forinstanceithasmootedthecreationofa nationaldatabaseonclimatechange,andistheauthorityforregulationofClean DevelopmentMechanismProjects.Thereare56registeredCDMprojects,with6 million Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs) issued, and with a production of around2.15millionCERsannually. Finally,withinthetransportsector,itseemsasthoughtherewillbemoreclimateͲ changeͲspecific legislation in the coming GLOBE reviews, since Decision No: 813/QͲBGTVTaimstoestablishanActionPlanCreationBoardundertheMinistry ofTransportation,taskedspecificallywithrespondingtoclimatechange. Energysupplyandrenewableenergy VietnamisoneofthefastestgrowingeconomiesinSouthEastAsiaandelectricity demandispredictedtotrebleby2020.Nuclearpowerisnowexpectedtoplaya roleinVietnam’senergysupply.Anuclearpowerdevelopmentplanapprovedby the governmentin August 2007 set a target of 8000 MW from nuclear energy providedtothegridby2025. While it has made no formal commitments or pledges under the Copenhagen Accord, nor implemented any measures which are directly aimed at reducing GHGs, Vietnam has shown some commitment to ensuring that rising energy demandissuppliedthroughrenewablesources.SpecificallytheRenewableEnergy Action Plan identifies hydro and solar power as the sources with the highest potentialfordevelopment. Thereisagreatdealofscopefortheexpansionofrenewableenergysinceaside fromhydropoweritcurrentlyrepresentsonlyasmallproportionoftheenergymix. Thegovernmentintendstoincreaserenewables’contributiontotheenergymix from 3% in 2010, 5% by 2020, further increasing to 11% by 2050. In order to achievethis,twokeyincentivesintroducedareTheRegulationofAvoidedCost TariffandStandardisedPowerPurchaseAgreementforSmallRenewableEnergy Power Plants (SPPA Regulation) and the Avoided Cost Tariff for 2009 (ACT Regulation).Biofuels(ethanolandvegetableoil)onlyrepresentasmallproportion ofthemix,buttheGovernment’sgoalistoincreasetheircontributionto1%of Vietnam ClimateChangeLegislation 441 petrolandoilby2015,risingto5%by2025.Inaddition,energyefficiencyisalso beingpromoted,withUS$2.25millionbeingallocatedtoenergyefficiencyprojects in2008alone. TheabovenotedexceptionofhydroͲelectricityforrenewablepowerissignificant sinceitalreadyprovides35%ofVietnam’senergy.However,amajorconcernover hydroelectric power is that it has been developed in forested areas, causing deforestationandthelossofresourcestolocalcommunities,therebystandingin directcontrastwithgoalsofruralpovertyalleviation,sustainableforestuseand specificallywithregardsclimatechangepolicy,REDD+. Deforestationanddegradationofforests,andREDD+ Vietnamisoneof13countrieschosenbytheUnitedNationsReducingEmissions fromDeforestationandDegradationProgramme(UNREDD),andhassubmitteda ReadinessPreparationProposaltotheWorldBank’sForestCarbonPartnership Facility. IntermsofprotectingexistingforesttheLawonMiningprohibitsminingactivities intheareasofspecialͲuseforests,protectionforestsorareasplannedforspecialͲ use forests or protection forests. This presents an opportunity at least for the implementationofREDD+,butmineralextractionisoftengivenpriorityoverforest conservation.DespiteArticle114oftheLawonEnvironmentalProtectionwhich stipulatesfundsshouldbedepositedbytheminerstopayforforestrestoration aftercessationofmining,itisreportedthatthismoneyisrarelycollected. OntherestorationsidetheGovernmenthasissuedanumberofpoliciesondevelͲ opingwatershedprotectionforest,suchasthe5MillionHectaresReforestation Programme(5MHRP),whichwasmandatedlargelytoaddresstheproblemsof deforestation caused by hydropower development mentioned above. Other schemes to increase forest cover include Program 135 (a poverty reduction programme)andtheNationalForestDevelopmentStrategy(NFDS).DirectiveNo. 38/2005/CTͲTTgdirectslocalitiestoreͲplanforestsfortherequirementsofforest managementwhichinclude,interalia,theobjectivesofconservationandprotecͲ tionofforests.Nonetheless,theGovernment’splanstoexpandrubberplantations to 800,000 ha by 2020 includes expansion in areas of “natural poor forest”. Withoutclarificationofthisterm,continuedplannedclearanceofnaturalforest mayrunagainstREDD+principles. Otheractionsinlanduse,landusechangeandforestry(LULUCF)includepayments forecosystemservices(PES)intheforestsector:VietnamhaspilotedPESinLam DongandSonLaoveraperiodoftwoyears(from2008–2010)underDecision 442 ClimateChangeLegislation Vietnam 308/QͲTTg. This has the potential at least to reconcile the apparent conflicts between differing demands for land use, particularly hydropower and forest conservation. The national development of PES is formalised under Decree 99/2010/NDͲCP on payment for ecosystem services, which crucially includes carbonasanecosystemservice. Vietnam:FlagshipLegislation Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories TheNationalClimateChangeStrategyandtheNo:2139/QͲTTgDecisiononApprovalofthe NationalClimateChangeStrategy 1December2011 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × × × × × Driverfor Climatechange implementation Summaryofbill Thesetwopiecesoflegislationestablishand approveVietnam’s NationalClimateChange Strategy.Outcomesarethat: x TheGovernmentofVietnamapprovestheNationalClimateChangeStrategy x The Minister of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE), other ministers, leaders of ministerial agencies, heads of governmental agencies, presidents of ProvincialPeople’sCommitteesareresponsibleforimplementingthisDecision TheStrategy,approvedbythePrimeMinisterofVietnam,isa“multiͲcenturyvision”andis broadandmultiͲsectoral.WithintheStrategy,thefollowingspecificobjectivesaresetout: x Ensurefoodsecurity,energysecurity,watersecurity, povertyalleviation,gender equality,socialsecurity,publichealth;enhancelivingstandards,conservenatural resourcesinthecontextofclimatechange x ConsiderlowcarboneconomyandgreengrowthasprinciplesinachievingsustainͲ abledevelopment;GHGemissionreductionandremovaltobecomeamandatory indexinsocialandeconomicdevelopment x Raise awareness, involvement and coping capacity of stakeholders; strengthen scientificandtechnologicalpotentialandhumanresources;strengtheninstitutional arrangementstoutilisefinancialassistance;enhancetheeconomiccompetitiveness andstatusofVietnam;takeadvantageofclimatechangeopportunitiesforsocialand economicdevelopment;promoteclimateͲfriendlybehaviours x Joinforceswithinternationalcommunitiesinaddressingclimatechange;increase internationalcooperationtoaddressclimatechangeeffectively Vietnam Targets ClimateChangeLegislation 443 Targetstobeachievedby2020(butsomealsoreferto2050,2030and2015): Agricultureandhusbandry x Completebasicsystemforpestanddiseasecontrolforcropsandlivestock Afterevery10years,reduceGHGemissionfromagricultureby20%,whilesecuring20%ofthe sectorgrowthandloweringtherateofpovertyby20% LULUCF x Basiccompletionofcreationofmanagementcapacity,uniformplanningandsustainͲ ablenationaldevelopmentofwaterresources x Establish,manage,protect,sustainablydevelopanduse16.24millionhaofforest, increaseforestcoverageto45%;manage8.134millionhaofproductionforest;5.842 millionhaofprotectionforestand2.271millionhectaresofspecialͲuseforest Energyandindustry x Hydropowerplants’capacityreaches20,000–22,000MW x Increasetheshareofnewandrenewableenergiesby5%ofthetotalcommercial primaryenergies(increaseto11%by2050) x 90%ofindustrialfacilitiesusingcleanerproductionandreducingconsumptionof energy,fuelandmaterials x Raisethetotalcontributionofindustrialproductionusinghightechnologies,ensuring addedvalueinthetotalindustrialproductionvalueby42–45%;promoteinnovation towardshightechnologies x 20%ofindustryusinghightechnologiesandequipment(above80%by2015) x TakestepͲbyͲstepactionstocompletetheestablishmentofsustainableandindustrial zonesresilienttoclimatechangeby2030 x By2015establishanewpricesystemforefficientuseofenergy x 90%oftheurbanhouseholdsolidwastetobecollectedandtreated,ofwhich85%to berecycled,reusedandrecoveredforenergygeneration. Transport x Thetransportationsystemtomeetsocietalneeds(nofiguresprovided;andby2050 completemodernisationofdomesticandinternationaltransportationnetwork) x Acceleratethetransformationtouseofcompressednaturalgasandliquefiedgasin busesandtaxis,with20%ofbusesandtaxisby2020(andby80%by2050) 444 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Vietnam Institutional x By 2015 issue climate changeͲrisk adjusted sectoral and local socioͲeconomic strategiesandplans Healthcare x Inthecontextofclimatechangechallenges:by2020everyonehasaccesstobasic healthcareservices(by2030:fullaccesstohealthcareservices) Vietnam:OtherRelevantLegislation DecisionNo.799/QͲTTg.ApprovalofthenationalREDD+actionprogramme 1June2012 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative arrangements LULUCF × Driverfor ClimatechangemitigationandcoͲbenefits implementation Summaryofbill PrimeMinister’sapprovalofthenationalREDDactionprogrammeinthe2011–2020period. Thedocumentsetsoutthegoals,objectivesandtasksofVietnam’sREDD+policy.Principally thelegislationisdesignedtoreduceemissionsfromLULUCFbysettingoutthelegalframework forpilotREDD+programmesandactivitiestobedemonstrated. Targets x Reduce20%ofthetotalemissionintheagriculturalsectorby2020 x Increasethenationalforestcoverrateto44–45%by2020 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Decree 117/2010/NDͲCP on The Implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development 2010 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × Driverfor Naturalresourcemanagement implementation Vietnam ClimateChangeLegislation 445 Summaryofbill ThisDecreeprovidesforforestprotectionanddevelopmentplans;forestassignment,lease andrecovery,changeofforestusepurposes,exchange,transferanddonation;recognition, registration,subͲlease,mortgage,guarantee,capitalcontributionwith,andbequeathalof, forestuserightsorownershiprightsoverplantedproductionforests;statistics,inventoryand monitoringofchangesinforestresources. Organisationofforestmanagement,protection,developmentanduse. Targets Nonespecified Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories Decision No. 2730/QͲBNNͲKHCN: Decision on Promulgation of the Climate Change AdaptationFrameworkAction 2008 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × × Driverfor Buildingcapacityinruralareastomitigateandadapttoclimatechange implementation Summaryofbill Overarchinggoalsareto: x Maintain security and safety across the country but particularly in vulnerable mountainousanddeltaicregions x Maintainstableagriculturalproduction x Developinfrastructureprotection(suchasdykes) Thedocumentalsosetsoutspecificgoalsandtasksthatshouldbecompletedinorderto achievethesegoalsincluding,interalia: x Thedevelopmentofhumanresources x Improvedresearchcapacity,includingclimatechangeforecasting x Tobuildandstrengthenpolicyframeworks x todevelopandacceleratethedisseminationofknowledgeofclimatechange Targets Guarantee3.8millionhaforcultivatingtworicecropsayear. 446 Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation Vietnam ApprovingtheNationalEnergyDevelopmentStrategyofVietnamfortheperiodupto2020 withoutlookto2050.No.1855/QͲTTg 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements Driverfor Energysecurityandautonomy implementation Summaryofbill ApprovestheStrategyonNationalEnergyDevelopmentStrategyofVietnamfortheperiodup to2020,withoutlookto2050.TheStrategystatesthatrenewableenergyformsarenotyet sufficientlyassessedinVietnamandsoprovidesamandateforfurtherresearchintopotential for exploitation. It also specifically mentions use of propaganda on the use of renewable energysourcesinremoteareasofVietnam. TheStrategyalsostatesthegoalofintegratingtheuseofrenewableenergiesintoenergy saving programmes and other national target programmes, including programs of rural electrification,forestplantations,hungereradicationandpovertyalleviation. Furthermorethestrategygivesprioritytodevelopmentofrenewableenergy,bioͲenergyof andnuclearpower. Targets By 2050, nuclear electricity will account for about 15–20% of total commercial energy consumptionofthewholecountry. Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories DecisionNo.147/2007/QͲTTg:OntheIssuanceofProductionForestDevelopmentPolicy inthe2007–2015Period 2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Environmentalprotection;increasingincomesintheforestrysector implementation Summaryofbill Thebillreferslargelytothedevelopmentoftheforestrysector,butincludeselementson reforestationthatwouldberelevanttothedevelopmentofREDD+inVietnam.Forinstance, Article 5 sets out government support for afforestation and extension exercises, such as meeting the surveying costs in reforestation projects; and providing support for the developmentofseedproductioncentresandnurseries. Targets Toplant2millionhaofproductionforestwithanaverageof250,000haperyear(including thereͲafforestationareaafterharvesting). Vietnam Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories ClimateChangeLegislation 447 Decision177/2007/QͲTTgApprovingtheSchemeonDevelopmentofBiofuelsupto2015, withaVisionto2025 1November2007 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × Driverfor Energysecurityandenvironmentalprotection implementation Summaryofbill ThePolicysetsouttopromotetheproductionanduseofbiofuelsinVietnam,andtoprovidea legal and financial framework attractive and conducive to investment in the sector. This includes,interalia,favourabletaxmechanisms;concessionalloansand(unspecified)landuse rightstoinvestorsinbiofuelproduction.Between2007and2015,biofuelsareclassifiedasa eligibleforspecialinvestmentincentives,includingtaxexemptionorreductionunderDecree No.24/2007/NDͲCP. TheDecisionalsoencouragesresearchanddevelopmentinthefieldandthe“mastery”and developmentoftherelevanttechnologieswithinVietnam.Specificactivitiestoachievethis includetechnologytransferandsendingscientificandtechnologicalpersonneltocountries withadevelopedbiofuelproductionindustryforprofessionaltrainingof6–12months. ThefinalelementsoftheDecisionrefertotheinstitutionalissuesandassignsresponsibilities forspecifictasksinvolvedinimplementationandorganisationtoMinistries. Targets By2010developvariousmodelsoftrialproduction,specifically100,000tonnesofE5and 50,000tonnesofB5.By2015theoutputofethanolandvegetableoilswillreach250,000 tonnes.Thevisionto2025isforVietnamtohaveachievedadvancedleveltechnologyinthe sectorandforethanolandvegetableoutputtoreach1.8milliontonnes,c.5%ofVietnam’s gasolineandoildemand(unspecifiedwhethercurrentdemandorprojectedlevelofdemand). Nameoflaw Dateofentry intoforce Categories NationalTargetProgramonEfficientUseandSavingEnergy(EUSE),approvedbyDecision 79/2006/QͲTTg 2006 Carbon Energy Energy Pricing Supply Demand × Driverfor Energyefficiency implementation × REDD+ Transportation Adaptation Researchand Institutions/ and development Administrative LULUCF arrangements × × 448 ClimateChangeLegislation Vietnam Summaryofbill Sets out to approve the national programme on Energy Efficiency and Conservation for 2006–2015. TheProgrammeitselfhasaseriesofgroupsofdetailedprogrammes.Thegroupsare: x Intensification of the state administration of energy efficiency and conservation, andorganisingstatecontrolsystems x Awarenessraisingofenergyefficiency(propagandaetc.) x Developingandpopularisinghighefficiencyandenergysavingproducts x EnergyefficiencyandconservationinIndustry x Energyconservationandefficiencyinbuilding x Energyconservationandefficiencyintransportation Targets ThetargetsoftheProgramare: x Saving3–5%ofthetotalnationalenergyconsumptionintheperiod2006–2010 x Saving5–8%ofthetotalnationalenergyconsumptionintheperiod2011–2015 x Establishing a model of efficient use and conservation of energy and applying this to 40% of enterprises in period 2006–2010, moving to 100% enterprises in 2011–2015 x ApplyingcompulsorycontrolofEnergyEfficiencyandConservationinconstruction to100%ofbuildingsbuiltfrom2006 x PopularisinghighͲefficiencyequipmentandreducingenergyintensityofproduction x Minimisingfuelconsumptioninequipment(presumablyindustrialplant) InformationSources ClimateChangeLegislation 449 5 InformationSources Thefollowingsourceswereusedwhencompilingthecountryfactboxes: UNFCCC,2009.CopehagenAccord.DraftdecisionͲ/CP.15,FifteenthSessionoftheConferenceof theParties,Copenhagen,December2009[URL: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/l07.pdf].Accessed15December2012. 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