Download GOVERNMENT POLICY ON MITIGATION ACTIVITY OF METHANE

GOVERNMENT POLICY ON MITIGATION ACTIVITY OF
METHANE FROM LIVESTOCK IN INDONESIA
(Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Kegiatan Mitigasi Metana
dari Peternakan di Indonesia)
Haryono
Indonesian Agency of Agricultural Research and Development
Jl. Ragunan 29, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta Selatan 12540, Indonesia
[email protected]
ABSTRAK
Program swasembada daging sapi nasional pada tahun 2014
berdampak pada peningkatan populasi sapi potong 47,8% dalam waktu
11 tahun atau 4,3%/tahun. Sehingga diasumsikan terjadi peningkatkan
emisi gas metana dari peternakan, meskipun sampai saat ini kontribusi
dari peternakan hanya 1,275% dari emisi peternakan di dunia. Teknologi
mitigasi gas metana dari peternakan dengan menggunakan bahan lokal
sudah banyak ditemukan. Dua strategi pemerintah untuk meningkatkan
kegiatan mitigasi pada sapi potong yaitu penerapan program integrasi
ternak-tanaman dan peningkatan penggunaan dan kualitas bahan pakan
lokal. Sebuah model dinamik awal telah dibuat untuk memprediksi emisi
gas metana sampai tahun 2020. Penerapan teknologi mitigasi pada sapi
potong menurunkan produksi gas metana sebesar 17% dari produksi
normal 40% pada tahun 2020, apabila teknologi mitigasi diterapkan pada
sapi potong. Pemerintah akan mendukung program-program yang
berkaitan dengan (a) diseminasi teknologi untuk inventori data karbon;
(b) implementasi teknologi mitigasi untuk menurunkan emisi gas rumah
kaca dari peternakan yang spesifik untuk tiap wilayah di Indonesia; (c)
program training untuk petugas di bidang peternakan dan peternak; (d)
pembentukan kerjasama di antara wilayah di Indonesia maupun
kerjasama dengan internasional; (e) pemerintah menyediakan sistem
pendanaan untuk pengembangan atau produksi pakan aditif atau
suplemen atau vaksin yang dapat menurunkan emisi gas metana dari
peternakan.
Kata Kunci: Kebijakan, Metana, Mitigasi, Model Dinamik
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Data Inventory and Mitigation on Carbon and Nitrogen
ABSTRACT
Self-sufficient program of beef meat on year 2014 has a consequence
in increasing population that recorded being 47.8% during the 11 year or
4.3%/year. Thus would also increase total emission from livestock,
althought the existing livestock emission is only 1.275% of total global
livestock emission. Technologies to mitigate methane emission from
livestock by using local sources are available. Government are proposing
two strategies to improve mitigation activities in beef cattle through
implementation of crop-livestock system and improving local feed quality
and utilisation. A preliminary dynamic model has been developed on the
methane production, when mitigation technologies are applied on beef
cattle. Application of mitigation technologies could reduce methane
emission from beef cattle on year 2020 by 17% of normal condition
(40%). Government would support programs and activities related to: (a)
dissemination technologies for carbon data inventory; (b) implementing
the mitigation technologies for reducing GHG emission from livestock
that specific for each region in Indonesia; (c) training program for
“extension workers” and farmer groups; (d) networking among the
national or international; and (e) government funding scheme who
develope or produce the feed additive or supplement or vaccine that can
reduce methane emission from livestock.
Key Words: Policy, Methane, Mitigation, Dynamic Model
INTRODUCTION
Agricultural sector will face on some biophysics problems such
as climate change due to the global warming as GHG increased.
These would have an effect on physical and biological changes for
instance increasing in temperature, sea water salinity, species
distribution, wind and respiration patterns. In general, agriculture
has complex linkage with climate change. Agricultural sector has
an important role in producing food to supply for livelihood in
Indonesia. In year 2011, agricultural production in Indonesia
shares around 12% of the total GDP and livestock production
shares around 1.7% of national GDP. Supporting the program of
self-sufficient on beef meat consumption in year 2014, some
activities have been developed to increase the population of beef
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Government Policy on Mitigation Activity
cattle. The impact of this program is an increasing in beef cattle
population. The population is increased by 47.8% during the 11
year or in average of 4.3% per year, since 2002 to 2012. In year
2012, the beef cattle population is 16.034.000 head. Million of
farmers are involves in agricultural sectors as their job. Most of the
farmers are in small-scale production with applies the traditional
way. Many of them are poor thus would face constraints.
Position of agricultural sector against climate change can as a
victim, as one of contributor to the problem and also can supports
the solution for the problem. Subsector food crop is very
vulnerable and as victims that will experience the most serious
impact. The most contributors to the GHG emissions are wetland,
peat and livestock. While plantation subsector might give a
solution for the problem through an excellent ecological function to
absorb CO2. Thus it has strategic role in mitigation to reduce the
contribution to the climate change as well as also has potential
role in carbon trading.
Agricultural sector also would suffering from climate change
both as victim and vulnerable. Although it also act as contributor to
climate change and Green House Gases (GHG). Total emission
from livestock in Indonesia is only 0.212% of total emission in
global, or 1.275% of total emission from global livestock. Although
the contribution of methane from livestock is very small, increasing
livestock population in Indonesia might increase methane
significantly. However, some technologies might be applied to
reduce the increasing in methane emission from livestock.
Increasing in the population of beef cattle in supporting beef selfsufficient program would increase the total CH4 emission from
livestock. Data on inventory in year 2012 showed that total CH4
emission from livestock is counted for about 1.06 million tones
/year. Ruminant animal produced about 0.995 million tones/year
or about 93.99% of total methane produced from livestock. Beef
cattle contribute for about 69.41% of methane produced from
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Data Inventory and Mitigation on Carbon and Nitrogen
ruminant animals or for about 58.84% from total methane emitted
from livestock (Widiawati 2013).
Adaptation program to the climate change would become a
priority for agricultural sector. The program proposed for livestock
sector must responsive for small-scale farmer. One of program
might be applied in Indonesia are selection of local animal breed
and local feed sources that have the best adaptation response to
the climate change. Other program might be applied is mitigation.
Potential contributions of agricultural sector in mitigation climate
change are through sink and sequestration.
GOVERNMENT POLICY ON METHANE EMISSION FROM
LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES
In general, government will focus on two strategies in facing
the effect of GHG on livestock. The first general strategy is
through adaptation and mitigation. Adaptation program would
focus on how to encounter the impact of climate change and
variability on the livestock. The adaptation program will be
selected based on the livestock responses to the climate change.
Mitigation program selection would also depend on the livestock
responses to the climate change.
In the second general strategy, government will have three
steps. First step is a prioritizing adaptation action program to
maintain food security. Second step is an action program in
mitigation that support national commitment in reducing GHG
emission by 26-41%, through the action that environmental
friendly and also low emission technologies. The mitigation efforts
must in the context of the four agriculture development goals
particularly for food security.
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Government Policy on Mitigation Activity
Climate change and variability
Mitigation
Impacts
Adaptation
Response
Figure 1. General strategy 1 for livestock system in facing the effect of
climate change
There are two main on going programs of reducing methane
produced from livestock. The first program is implementation of
crop-livestock system and the second program is improving feed
quality using local resources. Implementing of crop-livestock
programs are undertaking in more than 11 provinces in Indonesia.
Most of the integrating system implemented are between (a) rice
and beef cattle; (b) palm oil and beef cattle; and (c) cacao and
beef cattle. In palm oil plantation integrated with cattle, the plant
by-products are chopped to improve the quality of materials.
Some biogas digester also built, where the gas produced is used
as energy source for the chopper. The biogas wastes are used as
fertilizer for the palm oil plant.
MITIGATION OF METHANE EMISSION FROM BEEF CATTLE
(DYNAMIC MODEL)
Many technologies for mitigation methane gas from livestock
are available. They are categorized into three groups: (a) feed
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Data Inventory and Mitigation on Carbon and Nitrogen
processing; (b) feed supplementation, and (c) feed additives. Three
feed processing that can increase the quality of feed that also
decrease methane production in the rumen are: (a) biological
processing such as fermentation and silage; (b) chemical
processing such as ammoniation by using urea or NaOH; and (c)
physical processing that reduce particle of feed such as grinding
and chopping.
Feed supplementation is aimed to increase the nutrients and
quality of the diet thus increase feed digestibility. Methane emitted
during feed fermentation in the rumen is influenced by the
digestibility of the feed. Higher digested feed lower methane
producer in the rumen. Feed that can be used as feed supplement
are high protein source feed such as leguminous leaves, cassava
leaves and concentrate. Concentrate might be made from
industrial by-product such as palm kernel cake, rice hulls, tofu
industry waste, soybean meal, soysauce industry waste. These
types of high quality feeds are supplemented into low quality basal
feed such as grass, fiber sources from plantation and agricultural
by product such as rice straw, corn leaves.
Feed additives are offered in small amount (<2%) into the
ration but must make significant positive changes of animal’s
productivity. Some feed additives that can reduce methane emitted
from rumen fermentation are probiotics (A. notera and A. woodi);
secondary compounds (tannin and saponin), combination of the
two (complete rumen modifier). Tannin and saponin can be found
in leguminouse trees such as gamal (Gliricidia sepium), kaliandra
(Calliandra callothyrsus), lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) and
Accasia. While saponin can be found in lerak (Sapindus rarak)
and kembang sepatu (Hibiscus sp.) (i.e.: Jayanegara et al. 2010;
Thalib et al. 2010; Thalib and Widiawati 2008).
Preliminary study that compared the methane produced in the
rumen of two different breed (local and import breed) that fed
similar diet indicated that there are differences of methane
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Government Policy on Mitigation Activity
production between the two breed (Purnomoadi 2013). However,
more studies must be undertaken related to this topic.
A preliminary dynamic model has been developed on the
methane production from beef cattle, when those technologies are
applied (Figure 2 and 3).
PO PUL ASI
T E RNA K
+
+
+
PA KAN
ENT ERIC
FERM ENT AT IO N
FES ES
+
+
+
PA KAN
HIJAUAN
+
+
PA KAN
ADIT IF
PA KAN
SUPL EM E N
+
M ANAJEM EN
FES ES
-
+
-
HIJAUAN
SE RAT
-
HIJAUAN
L EG UM E
+
+
-
+
M ET HANE
T A NAM A N
+
SL URRY
DA N RE SIDU
Figure 2. Causal loop methane production diagram from ruminant animals
CH 4_feses_anak_dikelola
Bobot_ternak
CH 4_feses_anak
Populasi_historis
CH 4_feses_anak_tdk_dikelola
CH 4_dewasa_kelola
Bobot_sapi_dewasa
Struktur_populasi
Populasi_sapi
Feses_anak_sapi
CH 4_Feses_anakdigembala
CH 4_feses_dewasa
Rate_4
CH 4_dewasa_tdk_dikelola
Feses_sapi_dewasa
Sapi_Muda
Penambahan_populasi
Feses_sapi_muda
Sapi_dewasa
CH 4_dewasa_gembala
Sapi_anak
Bobot_sapi_muda
Bobot_ternak
konsumsi_pakan_muda
Konsumsi_pakan_anak
Bobot_sapi_dewasa
konsumsi_pakan_dewasa
CH 4_feses_TOTAL
Bobot_sapi_muda
CH 4_feses_muda_tdk_dikelola
CH 4_Feses_muda_gembala
JP_Konsentrat_1
CH 4_EF_JP
RAM_JP_konsentrat
CH 4_feses_muda_kelola
CH 4_Anak_JPK
CH 4_muda_JPK
CH 4_dewasa_JPK
Total_C H4_JPK
CH 4_fese_muda
JP_Konsentrat
RB_Konsentrat_1
CH 4_EF_RBK
CH 4_muda_RBK
CH 4_dewasa_RBK
Total_C H4_RBK
CH 4_anak_RBK
RAM_RBK
RB_Konsentrat
Tanin_1
CH 4_EF_Tanin
RAM_Tanin
CH 4_anak_Tanin
CH 4_muda_Tanin
CH 4_dewasa_Tanin
Total_C H4_Tanin
Tanin
Saponin_1
RAM_Saponin
CH 4_EF_Saponin
CH 4_anak_Saponin
CH 4_muda_Saponin
CH 4_dewasa_JP_K75
Total_C H4_Saponin
Saponin
Figure 3. Structure of dynamic model of methane produced on beef cattle
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Data Inventory and Mitigation on Carbon and Nitrogen
Estimation on the reduction of methane emission from beef
cattle if the mitigation technologies are applied started from 2013
is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Estimation on the reduction of CH4 emission from beef cattle
on year 2020 when the mitigation technologies are applied
Application of mitigation technologies such as tannin and feed
supplement by using concentrate estimated could reduce the
methane emission from beef cattle on the year 2020. In the
normal condition, increasing the number of beef cattle up to 88%
on year 2020 would be followed by increasing in the methane
emission by 40%. Implementing technology supplementation by
using concentrate on low quality feed such as rice straw in only
reduce the methane production by 2%. While if the technologies of
mitigation are applied such as using tannin or supplementation of
grass diets both good quality and low quality grass (native grass)
by concentrate, the methane emitted from livestock on year 2020
will only increase by 23%.There will be reduction for about 17%
from the normal condition.
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Government Policy on Mitigation Activity
CONCLUSION
Final conclusions for the paper are the government will support
the program and activities related to:
1. Dissemination technologies for carbon data inventory
2. Many mitigation technologies for reducing GHG emission from
livestock development are available thus need to be
implemented
3. Training program for “extension workers” and farmer groups
about the mitigation technology and its effect on animal
production and environmental pollution are required
4. Application of technologies for methane mitigation from
livestock that specific for each region in Indonesia
5. Networking among the National and local stakeholders
including Research Institute, University, local government,
AIAT, Non Government Institution
6. Government funding scheme for farmers to develop or
produce the feed additive or supplement or vaccine that can
reduce methane emission from livestock
7. Networking with international institution.
REFERENCES
Jayanegara A, Goel G, Makkar HPS, Becker K. 2010. Reduction in
methane emissions from ruminants by plant secondary metabolites:
effects of polyphenols and saponins. In: Odongo NE, Garcia M,
Viljoen GJ, Editors. Sustainable Improvement of Animal Production
and Health. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,
Rome. p. 151–157.
Purnomoadi A. 2013. Pakan Lokal, Derajat Konversi Metana (Methane
Conversion Rate) dan Produktivitas Ternak Potong di Indonesia.
Dalam: Potensi bahan pakan lokal untuk menurunkan produksi gas
metana ternak ruminansia. Badan Litbang Pertanian. p. 15-27.
Thalib A. 2004. In vitro study of effectiveness of saponin from Sapindus
rarak fruit as methanogenesis inhibitor on ruminal digestion system.
JITV 9:164-171.
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Data Inventory and Mitigation on Carbon and Nitrogen
Thalib A and Widiawati Y. 2008. Effect of Acetoanaerobiumnoterae
bacteria addition in the diet on methane production and performance
of sheep. JITV (13): 273-278.
Thalib A, Widiawati Y, Haryanto B. 2010. Penggunaan complete rumen
modifier (CRM) pada ternak domba yang diberi hijauan pakan
berserat tinggi. JITV 15(2):97-104.
Widiawati Y. 2013. Current and Future Mitigaion Activities on Methane
Emission from Ruminant in Indonesia. Paper in International
Workshop on Inventory Data and Mitigation of Carbon and Nitrogen
th
Cycling From Livestock in Indonesia. Jakarta, 24 April 2013.
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