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Ecology Review Packet Living Environment Name_________________________ Date_________________ Food Web HW: Ecology Questions ___________________________ Due: ____________________ Words you should know: Population, heterotroph, stability, herbivore, carbon dioxide, habitat, parasite, food web, ecosystem, species, carnivores, oxygen, bacteria, community, nutrients, niche, producer, recycle, energy pyramid, predator, prey, consumer, competition, biodiversity, abiotic, biotic , decomposer, carrying capacity, autotrophic, energy, succession, omnivore, interdependence, tropical rain forest, photosynthesis, limiting factors. Ecology Review Sheet A. Organism ---> Population --> Community ---> Ecosystem Population is all the organisms of one species in an area. Community is all the living things in an area. Ecosystem is all of the living and non living things in an area and how they interact. Biotic: living things, Abiotic: non-living things Niche: the role an organism plays in its environment. It includes such things as where the organism is in the food web, its trophic level, climate the organism prefers, time of day organism feeds, time of year organism reproduces. B. Types of feeders: Autotrophs (Producers): Make their own food Heterotrophs (Consumers): Can not make their own food, need to consume it Types of heterotrophs: herbivores- plant eaters Omnivores- plant and meat eaters Carnivores- meat eaters C. Food chains/webs/pyramids 1. Trophic Levels: assigned to each organism when following the movement of energy through an ecosystem. 1st trophic level = producer, 2nd trophic level= primary consumer, 3rd trophic level= secondary consumer 2. Food Chain: relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers. Arrows follow energy transfer 3. Food web: All of the food chains in an area. a. In order to be stable a food web needs producers, consumers, and decomposers. 4. Energy pyramid: shows energy transfer as you go up trophic levels. As you move up the pyramid the amount of energy and the amount of biomass decreases. 5. The sun is the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem. D. Symbiosis- a close long term association between 2 or more species. There are 3 types 1. Parasitism (+, -): Ex: tape worm in a dog 2. Mutualism (+, +): Ex: birds that eat the scraps off food out of alligators mouths 3. Commensalism(+, 0): Ex: barnacles live on the sides of whales, does not affect the whale E. Population Biology 1. Under ideal conditions; unlimited food, absence of disease, lack of predators --> populations would increase indefinitely. In the real world this is not the case…. Every area has a carrying capacity or number of organisms of one species that an environment can support. 2. Carrying Capacity is determined by Carrying capacity limiting factors… things such as predator/prey relationships, parasitism, population disease, competition between 2 different species, competition between the same species, space, light, mineral availability, available water, energy, time oxygen. F. Recycling Materials 1. Decomposers are extremely important because they break down dead organisms and return the nutrients to the soil to be used. 2. Matter that is cycled includes carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and also water. If this matter was not cycled we would run out very quickly and not be able to create new life. G. Ecological Succession 1. Ecosystems evolve and change until they become stable. 2. Pioneer organisms are the first organisms to return after destruction. 3. Climax Community is the stable community that eventually returns after time. Each area has a different climax community. In NY it is oak and hickory trees while in VA it is beech and maple trees. 4. Each community starting with pioneer organisms, modify the environment making it less favorable for itself and more favorable for other species. H. Stability 1. Stability is determined by biodiversity 2. Increasing biodiversity increases stability. If one organism is wiped out and the area is very biodiverse chances are there will be another organism there to fill its niche. 3. Ex: lose rabbit --> elk and other herbivores can eat shrubs that the rabbit was eating and snake can eat mice and other small animals instead of rabbit… if the area is high in biodiversity. Ecology Review Questions: 1. The diagram below illustrates the relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. Raccoons Ducks Carnivorous fish Minnows 5. Which sequence best presents the flow of energy in the cartoon below? Crayfish Algae and floating plants In addition to sunlight, which factor would need to be added to make this a stable ecosystem? (1) predators (3) decomposers (2) prey (4) herbivores 2. Which relationship best describes the interactions between lettuce and a rabbit? (1) predator – prey (2) producer – consumer (3) parasite – host (4) decomposer – scavenger 3. Which statement best describes a characteristic of an ecosystem? (1) It must have producers and consumers but not decomposers. (2) It is stable because it has consumers to recycle energy (3) It always has two or more different autotrophs filling the same niche. (4) It must have organisms that carry out autotrophic nutrition. 4. Which type of model provides the most complete representation of the feeding relationships within a community? (1) a material cycle (2) a predator – prey association (3) a food chain (4) a food web (1) prey predator (2) host parasite (3) producer herbivore (4) autotroph carnivore 6. Decomposers are important in the environment because they? (1) convert large molecules into simpler molecules that can then be recycled. (2) release heat from large molecules so that the heat can be recycled through the ecosystem (3) can take in carbon dioxide and convert it into oxygen (4) convert molecules of dead organisms into permanent biotic parts of an ecosystem 7. Which statement illustrates a biotic resource interacting with an abiotic resource? (1) A rock moves during an earthquake (2) A sea turtle transports a pilot fish to food (3) A plant absorbs sunlight, which is used for photosynthesis. (4) A wind causes waves to form on a lake. 10. Cattail plants in freshwater swamps in New York State are being replaced by purple loosestrife plants. The two species have very similar environmental requirements. This observation best illustrates (1) variations within a species (2) dynamic equilibrium (3) random recombination (4) competition between species 8. Decomposition and decay of organic matter are accomplished by the action of (1) green plants (2) bacteria and fungi (3) viruses and algae (4) scavengers 9. Areas with many different niches will most likely have (1) large numbers of organisms that will become extinct (2) no organisms that will become extinct. (3) little diversity among the organisms (4) great diversity among the organisms 11. In heterotrophs, energy for the life processes comes from the chemical change stored in the bonds of (1) water molecules (2) oxygen molecules (3) organic compounds (4) inorganic compounds 12. The diagram below represents a food web. Select and record the name of one species in the food web, and explain how its removal could affect one of the other species in the food web. (1) _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 13. A food web is more stable than a food chain because a food web (1) transfers all of the producer energy to herbivores (2) reduces the number of niches in the ecosystem (3) includes alternative pathways for energy flow (4) includes more consumers than producers. 14. A partial food web is represented in the diagram below. X Letter X most likely represents 1. autotrophs 3. decomposers 2. carnivores 4. parasites 15. In a stable long-existing community the establishment of a single species per niche is most directly the result of 1. parasitism 3. competition 2. interbreeding 4. overproduction 16. Vultures, which are classified as scavengers, are an important part of an ecosystem because they 1. hunt herbivores, limiting their populations in an ecosystem 2. feed on dead animals, which aids in the recycling of environmental materials 3. cause the decay of dead organisms, which releases usable energy to herbivores and carnivores 4. are the first level in food webs and make energy available to all the other organisms in the web. 17. Which ecological term includes everything represented in the illustration below? 1. ecosystem 2. community 3. population 4. species 18. Identify one abiotic factor that would directly affect the survival of organism A shown in the diagram below. (1) A _______________________________________________ 19. In a forest community, a shelf fungus and a slug live on the side of a decaying tree trunk. The fungus digests and absorbs materials from the tree, while the slug eats algae growing on the outside of the trunk. These organisms do not compete with one another because they occupy 1. the same habitat, but different niches 2. the same niche, but different habitats 3. the same niche and the same habitat 4. different habitats and different niches 20. A pond ecosystem is represented in the diagram below. Energy for this ecosystem originally comes from 1. water 3. sunlight 2. consumers 4. plants 21. The graph below shows the growth of two populations of paramecium in the same culture dish for 14 days. Which ecological concept is best represented by the graph? 1. recycling 3. competition 2. equilibrium 4. decomposition Base your answers to questions 22 and 23 on the diagram of a food web below and on your knowledge of biology. 22. What is the original source of energy for this food web? 1. the chemical bonds in sugar molecules 2. enzymatic reactions 3. the sun 4. chemical reactions of bacteria 23. Which organisms are not shown in this diagram but are essential to a balanced ecosystem? 1. heterotrophs 2. autotrophs 3. producers 4. decomposers 24. A food pyramid representing relationships in a pond community is shown below. 26. The diagram below represents an energy pyramid. D C D B C A B A The energy of the Sun is made available to the pond community through the activities of the organisms at level 1. A 3. C 2. B 4. D 25. Birds Large Fish Small Fish Plants Which statement best describes what happens in this energy pyramid? 1. More organisms die at higher levels than at lower levels, resulting in less mass at higher levels. 2. Energy is lost to the environment at each level, so less mass can be supported at each higher level. 3. When organisms die at higher levels, their remains sink to lower levels, increasing the mass of lower levels. 4. Organisms decay at each level, and thus less mass can be supported at succeeding higher levels. Which organisms would most likely be found at level A? 1. birds 3. mammals 2. worms 4. algae 27. Organisms that eat cows obtain less energy from the cows than the cows obtain from the plants they eat because the cows 1. pass on most of the energy to their offspring 2. convert solar energy to food 3. store all their energy in milk 4. use energy for their own metabolism 28. In an ecosystem, which component is not recycled? 1. water 3. oxygen 2. energy 4. carbon 29. In an ecosystem, nutrients would be recycled if they were transferred directly from herbivores to carnivores to 1. hosts 3. decomposers 2. prey 4. autotrophs 30. Which statement best describes what happens to energy and molecules in a stable ecosystem? 1. Both energy and molecules are recycled in an ecosystem 2. Neither energy nor molecules are recycled in an ecosystem. 3. Energy is recycled and molecules are continuously added to the ecosystem 4. Energy is continuously added to the ecosystem and molecules are recyled 31. In an ecosystem, what happens to the atoms of certain chemical elements such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen? 1. They move into and out of living systems 2. They are never found in living systems 3. They move out of living systems and never return 4. They move into living systems and remain there Base your answers to questions 32 though 35 on the energy pyramid below and on your knowledge of biology. Level D Level C Level B Level A 32. Energy from nutrients is transferred to ATP in 1. Level A, only 3. Levels B, C, and D, only 2. Levels B and C, only 4. Levels A, B, C, and D 33. The greatest amount of available energy is transferred from level a. A to level B 3. B to level A b. A to level C 4. D to level A 34. Which energy levels could contain carnivores? a. A and B 3. C and D b. B and C 4. D and A 35. In a community where grass, cats, insects and mice are found, which of these organisms would fill level A? (1) _____________________________________________________________ 36. One biotic factor that limits the carrying capacity of any habitat is the 1. availability of water 2. level of atmospheric oxygen 3. activity of decomposers 4. amount of soil erosion 37. An environment can support only as many organisms as the available energy, minerals, and oxygen will allow. Which term is best described by this statement? 1. biological feedback 2. carrying capacity 3. homeostatic control 4. biological diversity 38. Monocystis is an organism that feeds on the sperm cells of earthworms. The activities of Monocystis eventually causes the infected earthworm to become sterile. The relationship between the earthworm and Monocystis is classified as (1) Host – parasite (2) Predator – prey (3) Producer – consumer (4) Scavenger – decomposer 39. Increased efforts to conserve areas such as rainforests are necessary in order to (1) protect biodiversity (2) promote extinction of species (3) exploit finite resources (4) increase industrialization 40. An ecosystem will most likely remain stable if (1) it has more predators than prey (2) it has a high level of biodiversity (3) biotic factors decrease (4) finite resources decrease 41. The size of a mouse population in a natural ecosystem tends to remain relatively constant due to 1. the carrying capacity of the environment 2. the lack of natural predators 3. cycling of energy 4. increased numbers of decomposers 42. The carrying capacity of a given environment is least dependent upon 1. recycling of materials 2. the available energy 3. the availability of food and water 4. daily temperature fluctuations 43. The chart below shows the environmental functions that some organisms perform in a stable ecosystem. Environmental Performed By Functions Pollination Bees, bats Biodegradation Microorganisms Soil aeration Earthworms Recycling of atoms Soil bacteria CO2 – O2 exchange Plants Water storage Plants How would a decrease in the number of organisms that perform these functions most likely affect the ecosystem? (1) the interactions between other organisms would stop immediately (2) the functions carried out by these organisms would no longer be necessary (3) the ecosystem would remain stable (4) the ecosystem would become less stable 44. Which condition would cause an ecosystem to become unstable? (1) only heterotrophic organisms remain after a change in the environment. (2) a slight increase in the number of heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms occurs (3) a variety of nonliving factors are used by the living factors (4) biotic and abiotic resources interact Base your answer to question 45 on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology. 45. If the environment were to change dramatically or a new type of plant disease were to break out, which plant type would most likely survive? (1) wild wheat (3) wild corn (2) domestic wheat (4) domestic corn 46. The widest variety of genetic material that can be used by humans for future agricultural or medical research would most likely be found in (1) a large field of genetically engineered crop (2) an ecosystem having significant biodiversity (3) a forest that is planted and maintained by a forest service (4) areas that contain only one or two species. 47. In an ecosystem, the presence of many different species is critical for the survival of some forms of life when (1) ecosystems remain stable over long periods of time (2) significant changes occur in the ecosystem (3) natural selection does not occur (4) the finite resources of Earth increase 48. Which ecosystem has a better chance of surviving when environmental conditions change over a long period of time? (1) one with a great deal of genetic diversity (2) one with plants and animals but no bacteria (3) one with animals and bacteria but no plants (4) one with little or no genetic diversity 49. What would most likely occur after an ecosystem is disrupted by fire? (1) the ecosystem would eventually return to its original state (2) the ecosystem would return to its previous state immediately (3) the ecosystem would evolve into a new ecosystem that is totally different from the original (4) the ecosystem would become an ever-changing environment with no stability. 50. Compared to a natural forest, the wheat field of a farmer lacks (1) heterotrophs (2) significant biodiversity (3) autotrophs (4) stored energy 51. For many decades, certain areas of New York State have remained as hardwood forests containing predominantly oak and hickory trees. These forested areas will most likely (1) remain indefinitely and not affected by environmental influences (2) reach maturity and change in the near future (3) be destroyed by environmental changes and never return to their present forms (4) continue in their present forms unless affected by environmental factors 52. What will most likely result after a fire or other natural disaster damages an ecosystem in a certain area? (1) The area will remain uninhabited for an indefinite number of centuries (2) a stable ecosystem will be reestablished after one year (3) an ecosystem similar to the original one will eventually be re-established if the climate is stable (4) the stable ecosystem that becomes re-established in the area will be different from the original 53. A new island formed by volcanic action may eventually come populated with biotic communities as a result of (1) a decrease in the amount of organic material present (2) decreased levels of carbon dioxide in the area (3) the lack of abiotic factors in the area (4) the process of ecological succession 54. Which statement concerning ecosystems is correct? (1) Stable ecosystems that are changed by natural disaster will slowly recover and may again become stable if left alone for a long period of time (2) Competition does not influence the number of organisms that live in ecosystems (3) Climatic change is the principal cause of habitat destruction in ecosystems in the last fifty years (4) Stable ecosystems, once changed by natural disaster, will never recover and become stable again, even if left alone for a long period of time. 55. Events that occur in four different ecosystems are shown in the chart below. Ecosystem A Events A severe ice storm occurs during the winter A damaging trees and shrubs. No ice storms occur for the next 20 years A severe drought causes most of the leaves to B fall from the trees during a single summer. There are no serious droughts for the next 20 years An island with a dense shrub population C becomes submerged for 3 years. When the river water lowers, the island does not become submerged for the next 20 years. A fire burns through a large grassy area. D Fires do not occur in the area for the next 20 years. Which ecosystem would most likely require the most time for ecological succession to restore it to its original state? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 56. The diagram below shows changes that might occur over time after a fire in a forest area. Which statement is most closely related to the events shown in the diagram? (1) The lack of animals in an altered ecosystem speeds natural disasters (2) Abrupt changes in an ecosystem only result from human activities. (3) Stable ecosystems never become established after a natural disaster (4) An abrupt environmental change can cause a long-term gradual change in an ecosystem