* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Roman Empire Brings Change
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman emperor wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Illyricum (Roman province) wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican currency wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Rome (TV series) wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Julius Caesar (play) wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Cleopatra (1963 film) wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Constitution of the Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Senatus consultum ultimum wikipedia , lookup
Roman Empire Brings Change Chapter 6 section 2 Think about it…. • • • • • • • • • • • • What was the real reason Rome developed where it did? Rich soil Who were the Etruscans? Native’s who influenced architecture What type of government did Rome have? Republic Who headed Rome’s government? 2 consuls How long was the term for a consul? For senate? 1 year, and lifetime Who did Rome fight in the Punic Wars? Carthage • Rome grew rapidly – Political changes – Economic changes – Social changes • The republic government was unable to deal with the problems caused by these changes. • Small farmers found it difficult to repair the damage caused by Hannibal’s invasion. • They sold their lands to wealthy landowners. • Many of these farmers, a large number of whom were returning soldiers, became homeless and jobless. • They worked as seasonal migrant laborers. • The landless and unskilled in the cities found few jobs. • They joined the ranks of the urban poor, a group that totaled about ¼ of Roman Society. • While wealthy Romans became corrupted by money and luxury, discontent arose among the slaves. • Resentment also grew among the poor. • Class tensions planted the seeds of the republic’s collapse. Latifundias • Rich landowners lived on huge estates called, Latifundias. • Latifundias were like large plantations. • Slaves worked on these Latifundias. • Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to help Rome’s poor. • As tribunes, they proposed reforms. – Limiting size of estates – Giving land to the poor They presented their ideas to the Roman Senate Bill met opposition • Some senators felt threatened by the bill. • The majority supported it, but the bill was overturned by Octavius. • Tiberius proposed that Octavius be thrown out. • Octavius was thrown out, and the bill passed • Tiberius made many enemies. Tiberius’ Death 133 B.C. • While giving a speech, a group of enraged senators led by his cousin, Nasica Scipio (son of General Scipio of the Punic Wars) tackled Tiberius and clubbed him to death. – Nasica means ‘pointed nose’ • One morning Scipio was found dead in his bed, believed to have been murdered by Tiberius’ supporters. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8SaB7O2J RM • Gaius Gracchus returned to Rome to take the place of his brother. • Being now some thirty years of age, nine years after his brother's murder, Gaius was elected to the tribune in 123 BC. Gaius pushes more reforms for lower classes • Awarded right to collect taxes due from the newly created province of Asia. • Huge expenditure on public works – Roads – Harbors • Gaius' most visionary piece of legislation, however, was too far ahead of its time and failed. • He wanted to grant all Latins full Roman citizenship and to bestow upon all Italians the rights so far enjoyed by the Latins. – trade – marriage with Romans • Gaius Gracchus' supporters held an angry mass demonstration. • Some of them brought weapons. • The consul Lucius Opimius (Gracchus biggest rival) proceeded to Aventine Hill to restore order. • He saw Gracchus’ supporters with their weapons drawn. • This was the excuse he needed to openly attack Gracchus. • He ordered the militia to attack. • What followed was a massacre. Death of Gaius 121 B.C. • Gaius, realizing the situation hopeless ordered his personal slave to stab him to death. • Following the massacre another 3,000 of Gracchus' supporters were arrested, taken to jail and strangled. • Tiberius and his brother Gaius Gracchus were known for their struggle for the lower classes of Rome. Changes in the military • Changes in the army had led to the rise of politically powerful military leaders. • Generals began recruiting soldiers from landless poor by promising them land. • The soldiers fought for pay and owed allegiance only to their commander. • They replaced the citizen-soldiers whose loyalty had been to the republic. • It now was possible for a politician supported by his own troops to take over by force. Generals try to take over • Two such Generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. • Supporters fought a bloody Civil War that lasted 6 years. • The war ended with Sulla being named dictator. • Rivalries between generals continued to threaten the republic. • Eventually, an ambitions and daring Julius Caesar emerged to bring order to Rome. Gaius Marius Lucius Cornelius Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla Julius Caesar • In 60 BC, Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general. • With their help, Caesar was elected consul in 59 B.C. • For the next 10 years, these men dominated Rome as the Triumvirate, a group of three leaders. Crassus and Pompey Caesar • Caesar was a strong leader and a genius at military strategy. • As tradition, he served only 1 year as consul. • He then appointed himself the governor of Gaul (now France) • Caesar led a successful campaign to take over all of Gaul. • Because he shared fully in the hardships of war, he won his men’s loyalty and devotion. Ancient Gaul Gaul was France and part of the Roman Empire Caesar’s Popularity Grows • Caesar’s success in Gaul made him very popular with the people of Rome. • Pompey, who had become Caesar’s rival feared his ambition. • In 50 B.C., the senate, at Pompey’s urgings ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return home. • Caesar’s next moves led to Civil War. • He defied the Senate’s order • On the night of January 10, 49 B.C., he took his army across the Rubicon River in Italy, the south limit of the area he commanded. • He marched his army swiftly toward Rome, and Pompey fled. • Caesar’s troops defeated Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt. • In 46 B.C., he was named dictator for life. Rubicon River • Caesar governed as an absolute ruler, one who has total power. • He made sweeping changes. – Granted Roman citizenship to many people. – He expanded the Senate – Helped the poor • created jobs • especially through the construction of new public buildings. • He started colonies where the landless could own land and increased pay for soldiers. • Many nobles and senators were troubled by Caesar’s growing power, success, and popularity. • A number of important senators, led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, plotted his assassination. • On March 15, 44 B.C. they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber. Marcus Brutus Gaius Cassius Et tu Brute? • As Caesar prepared to go speak to the Senate, his wife, Calpurnia begged him not to go. • She had a dream that she had seen him die in her arms from stab wounds. • He also had been warned of danger by a fortune teller. • When Caesar arrived at the chamber, he sat in his chair. Soon the plotters encircled him, took knives hidden in their togas, and stabbed him 23 times. • They were led by Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus. Caesar’s last words were “Et tu Brute?” (You, too Brutus?) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FvgP5hO99o Murder of Julius Caesar Artwork depicting Calpurnia begging her husband not to go • After Caesar’s death, a Civil War broke out again and destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic. • Caesar’s 18 yr old grand-nephew, Octavian, joined forces with general Mark Antony and a powerful politician named Lepidus. • In 43 B.C., they ruled Rome for 10 years as the Second Triumvirate. • They avenged Caesar’s murder by purging the senate. • Cicero was killed. Cicero was Rome’s greatest public speaker. • http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/21/nPYuxReh7fM Mark Antony Octavius Lepidus Cicero • The second triumvirate ended in jealousy and violence. • Octavian forced Lepidus to retire. • He and Mark Antony became rivals. • While leading troops against Rome’s enemies in Anatolia, Mark Antony met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt. • He fell in love with her and followed her to Egypt. • http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/33/rVE7R qQwyi0 Queen Cleopatra • Cleopatra knew 9 languages and was skilled in Mathematics. • Rumored that she had an affair with Julius Caesar but also helped plot his death. http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/33/rVE7RqQwyi0 • Octavian accused Antony of plotting to rule Rome and Egypt, and another civil war erupted. • Octavian defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C. • Later, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Mark Antony and Cleopatra die • Octavian went to war against Mark Antony because he was angry about the land. • As a military strategy, someone told Mark Antony that Cleopatra was dead. • He was so distraught that he fell on his own sword and died. • When Cleopatra heard Mark Antony was dead, she was so distraught that she took an asp (a poisonous snake) and let it strike her chest. • She excused all her servants and dressed in royal robes before doing so. http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=3JbcDyupYXo • Octavian became the unchallenged ruler of Rome. • Eventually, he accepted the title of Augustus, or “exalted one”. • He also kept the title imperator, “supreme military commander”, a term from which emperor is derived. • Rome was now an empire ruled by one man. Pax Romana “Roman Peace” • For 207 years, peace reigned throughout the empire. • It was a period of peace and prosperity. • The Roman Empire was as its greatest – 3 million square miles. – Population 60-80 million – Population in Rome was 1 million – It included many provinces, which were people of many languages, cultures, and customs. Roman Empire at its greatest Economy • Most important industry • 90% of the people were engaged in farming. • Trade became easier due to the establishment of the ‘denarius’. – It was a common coin that could be used throughout the Roman empire. Trade • Roads connected far places, like Persia and Russia. • Used the Silk Road for trade with China. Silk Road Trading Routes Spread of Roman Culture • The Roman army came from many provinces. • When they were discharged from the military, the went home and spread Roman culture. Augustus • • • • Rome’s ablest emperor Stablized the frontier Glorified Rome with splendid public buildings Set up a civil service – Monitor grain supply – Collect taxes – Postal system Augustus • Most powerful ruler of the mightiest empire of the ancient world. • He lived a simple life. • His home was modest by Roman standards. • His favorite meal consisted of coarse bread, a few sardines, and a piece of cheese – the usual food of a common laborer. • Religious and family oriented • Remembered for his strict moral code. • His only daughter was Julia • Exiled her from Rome for not being faithful in her marriage. • As he neared death, he gathered his family including his wife of 52 years, Livia by his bedside. He asked them if he had done well in life. When they replied that he had, Augustus said, “Since well I’ve played my part, then, gentle people, pray applaud, and send me with your thanks on my way.” Augustus died 14 A.D. • Senate named his son, Tiberius, as his successor. • Even though some of the following rulers were crazy and unstable (Caligula and Nero), the government set up by Augustus proved to be stable. Emperors and Succession • Rome’s peace and prosperity depended on an orderly transfer of power. • Rome had no written laws for selecting a new emperor. • Crisis or Civil War was always a possibility when an emperor died. 5 Good Emperors • Solved the problem of succession. • Each emperor chose a respected leader to take his place. • The person had to have the respect of both the army and the people. • The reign of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the 5, ended in 180 A.D. • His death marked the beginning of the empire’s decline and the end of the Pax Romana.