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ROME The Republic The Empire The Origins of Rome The Myth Romulus and Remus The Origins of Rome • Indo-Europeans settled in Italy in 1000 B.C. • Latin's shepherds • Greek colonies in Italy • Etruscans settlements • Founded on “the seven hills” of Rome Geography • Italian peninsula • Midway between the Alps and Sicily • Tiber River • Fertile Land • Wooded Areas • Strategic area for military Religions • Polythestic • Many early gods had no names but charged with taking care of daily things • Took signs from nature Social Organization Family • Pater Familias – Father is leader of the family • Arrange Marriages • Determine Work Duty • Punish • Sell into slavery • Execution Social Organization Family • Women – Ran daily household duties – Could not own property or testify in court – No right to vote Social Organization Classes • Patricians - upper class – Wealthy landowners who held most of the power. • Plebeians- lower class – Common farmers, artisans and merchants – Made up the majority of the population Government - Republic • Best features of – Monarchy – Aristocracy – Democracy Created a unique form of government ruled by representatives Government. • Monarchyconsuls • AristocracySenate • DemocracyElection of Senators • Dictatorshipcrisis times Government - Republic • Consuls – Two Consuls – Commanded Army – Directed Government – Limited power by Senate – One Year Term – Power of Veto (Overrule) Government - Republic • Senate –Aristocrats –300 members chosen from Roman upper class –Created foreign and domestic policies Government - Republic • Assembly – Elected tribunes – Made laws for commoners • Dictator – Single leader elected in times of crisis. Had absolute power. – Only in power for six months The plebeians made progress toward equality. • Tribunes of the “Plebs’ – 10 elected officials to represent the plebeians in the Senate – Were granted veto power • Twelve tables-codified the laws • Citizens’ Assemblies – More democratic form of government – All adult, Roman males could attend and vote Rights of Plebs • Due process in criminal proceedings Punic Wars • Between Carthage and Rome • Three separate wars • 1st war -Rome built a navy • 2nd war-Hannibal crossed the Alps with elephants • 3rd war- Rome destroys Carthage Rome was hurt by the Punic Wars • • • • • Many, many deaths Farms destroyed which led to proletariat Rich corrupted by power Slavery widespread Political arguments settled by bloodshed First Triumvirate • Julius Caesar • Pompey • Crassus First Triumvirate • Dominated Rome for 10 years • When Crassus dies Pompey Caesar become rivals • Caesar was becoming famous winning victories in Gaul • Senate ordered Caesar to return to Rome, they were afraid of his growing power • Caesar returns and takes control of Rome First Consul Caesar • 44 B.C. Caesar appointed dictator and tried to reform the government. • Granted citizenship to the provinces outside of Italy • Senate enlarged to 900 men • Landowners had to use free laborers for 1/3 of their work force • Public works program • Used colonies in Spain, France, etc. to provide land for landless poor • Designed a new,accurate calendar Caesar’s Death • Conspiracy by Roman Senators • Brutus and Cassius helped assassinate him • They killed Caesar for his ambition and disregard for the Roman Constitution • The senators thought they had saved the Roman Republic but it was already dead Second Triumvirate • • • • • Octavian Mark Anthony Lepidus Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Nephew Octavian fights and defeats Mark Antony & Cleopatra • Takes title Augustus 27 B.C. Now Rome is an empire not a republic. • The Senate and the Assembly continued to meet • Augustus Caesar (First Emperor) continued to address the Senate • Senate played along • Octavian ruled as a dictator for 41 years Succession never solved in Rome • It was never determined how the next emperor would be decided in Rome when the current emperor died. • After the death of the emperor, Rome generally went into a time of violence as different factions tried to make their leader emperor. Toward the end of the republic a new religion was born. • Jesus taught through – Parables (stories with a lesson embedded in them) – Disciples ( his chosen 12 men who spread his word after his death) Many of the Christian teachings collided with the Roman ideas. • Religious ceremonies - Christians did not attend pagan ceremonies. • Fighting - Christians would not fight. • Worshipping the emperor - Christians only worshipped God and Jesus. Consequently the Romans persecuted the Christians. Time of Crisis “Crisis of the Third Century” • Economic Problems - three sources of prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms) • Military Problems - Goths over ran legions, soldiers fought for money not patriotism • Political Decay - officials were no longer loyal to Rome Barbarians Invasions • Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Burgundians, Lombards, Vandals Visogoths outside of Rome (Alaric) Many historians have theories explaining why Rome fell... • • • • Political Social Economic Military Immediate cause of the fall of Rome was... • Pressure from Huns and invasions from the German tribes • The Hun threatened not only the Roman Empire, but all Germanic tribes as well – Attila sacked 70 cities in Rome – Attila met with Leo I (the pope) and stopped short of destroying Rome completely Fall of Rome Conquest by barbarians led to the sack of Rome.