Download ROME - Duluth High School

ROME
The Republic
The Empire
The Origins of Rome
The Myth
Romulus
and
Remus
The Origins of Rome
• Indo-Europeans
settled in Italy in 1000
B.C.
• Latin's shepherds
• Greek colonies in Italy
• Etruscans settlements
• Founded on “the seven
hills” of Rome
Geography
• Italian peninsula
• Midway between
the Alps and Sicily
• Tiber River
• Fertile Land
• Wooded Areas
• Strategic area for
military
Religions
• Polythestic
• Many early gods had
no names but
charged with taking
care of daily things
• Took signs from
nature
Social Organization
Family
• Pater Familias
– Father is leader of the family
• Arrange Marriages
• Determine Work Duty
• Punish
• Sell into slavery
• Execution
Social Organization
Family
• Women
– Ran daily household duties
– Could not own property or testify in
court
– No right to vote
Social Organization
Classes
• Patricians - upper class
– Wealthy landowners who held most of
the power.
• Plebeians- lower class
– Common farmers, artisans and merchants
– Made up the majority of the population
Government - Republic
• Best features of
– Monarchy
– Aristocracy
– Democracy
Created a unique form of government
ruled by representatives
Government.
• Monarchyconsuls
• AristocracySenate
• DemocracyElection of
Senators
• Dictatorshipcrisis times
Government - Republic
• Consuls
– Two Consuls
– Commanded Army
– Directed Government
– Limited power by Senate
– One Year Term
– Power of Veto (Overrule)
Government - Republic
• Senate
–Aristocrats
–300 members chosen from
Roman upper class
–Created foreign and domestic
policies
Government - Republic
• Assembly
– Elected tribunes
– Made laws for commoners
• Dictator
– Single leader elected in times of
crisis. Had absolute power.
– Only in power for six months
The plebeians made progress
toward equality.
• Tribunes of the “Plebs’
– 10 elected officials to represent the plebeians in
the Senate
– Were granted veto power
• Twelve tables-codified the laws
• Citizens’ Assemblies
– More democratic form of government
– All adult, Roman males could attend and vote
Rights of Plebs
• Due process in criminal proceedings
Punic Wars
• Between Carthage and
Rome
• Three separate wars
• 1st war -Rome built a
navy
• 2nd war-Hannibal crossed
the Alps with elephants
• 3rd war- Rome destroys
Carthage
Rome was hurt by the Punic Wars
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Many, many deaths
Farms destroyed which led to proletariat
Rich corrupted by power
Slavery widespread
Political arguments settled by bloodshed
First Triumvirate
• Julius Caesar
• Pompey
• Crassus
First Triumvirate
• Dominated Rome for 10 years
• When Crassus dies Pompey Caesar
become rivals
• Caesar was becoming famous
winning victories in Gaul
• Senate ordered Caesar to return to
Rome, they were afraid of his
growing power
• Caesar returns and takes control of
Rome
First Consul Caesar
• 44 B.C. Caesar appointed dictator and tried to reform the
government.
• Granted citizenship to the provinces outside of Italy
• Senate enlarged to 900 men
• Landowners had to use free laborers for 1/3 of their work
force
• Public works program
• Used colonies in Spain, France, etc. to provide land for
landless poor
• Designed a new,accurate calendar
Caesar’s Death
• Conspiracy by Roman Senators
• Brutus and Cassius helped assassinate him
• They killed Caesar for his ambition and
disregard for the Roman Constitution
• The senators thought they had saved the
Roman Republic but it was already dead
Second Triumvirate
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Octavian
Mark Anthony
Lepidus
Civil conflict follows death of Caesar
Nephew Octavian fights and defeats Mark
Antony & Cleopatra
• Takes title Augustus 27 B.C.
Now Rome is an empire not a
republic.
• The Senate and the Assembly continued to
meet
• Augustus Caesar (First Emperor) continued
to address the Senate
• Senate played along
• Octavian ruled as a
dictator for 41 years
Succession never solved in Rome
• It was never determined how the next
emperor would be decided in Rome when
the current emperor died.
• After the death of the emperor, Rome
generally went into a time of violence as
different factions tried to make their leader
emperor.
Toward the end of the republic a
new religion was born.
• Jesus taught through
– Parables (stories with a lesson embedded in
them)
– Disciples ( his chosen 12 men who spread his
word after his death)
Many of the Christian teachings
collided with the Roman ideas.
• Religious ceremonies - Christians did not
attend pagan ceremonies.
• Fighting - Christians would not fight.
• Worshipping the emperor - Christians only
worshipped God and Jesus.
Consequently the Romans
persecuted the Christians.
Time of Crisis
“Crisis of the Third Century”
• Economic Problems - three sources of
prosperity ended (trade, plunder, farms)
• Military Problems - Goths over ran legions,
soldiers fought for money not patriotism
• Political Decay - officials were no longer
loyal to Rome
Barbarians Invasions
• Ostrogoths, Visigoths,
Franks, Angles,
Saxons, Burgundians,
Lombards, Vandals
Visogoths outside of Rome
(Alaric)
Many historians have theories
explaining why Rome fell...
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Political
Social
Economic
Military
Immediate cause of the fall of
Rome was...
• Pressure from Huns and invasions from the
German tribes
• The Hun threatened not only the Roman
Empire, but all Germanic tribes as well
– Attila sacked 70 cities in Rome
– Attila met with Leo I (the pope) and stopped
short of destroying Rome completely
Fall of Rome
Conquest by barbarians
led to the sack of Rome.