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“successor” to Greece “carrier” of Greek civilization political model for later Europe measure of success for nations and individuals model for later monarchies model for later, mixed constitutions Great Britain, U.S., etc. model for most European legal systems model for the concept of citizenship The Regal Age: ca. 779-509 B.C. The Republic: 509-27 B.C. The Empire: 27 B.C.-1453 A.D. Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D. Later Empire: 325 A.D.-1453 A.D. Italy Tiber River between Etruscan and Greek cities part of the Latin League Indo-European entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C. settled south of the Tiber primitive institutions Seven kings Romulus historical kings? the Etruscan kings the last three revolution patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-98%) constitutional government influenced by Athens? the constitution of Cleisthenes? 2 consuls 2 praetors aediles quaestors dictator the assemblies the elective offices patron-client relationships The Twelve Tables struggle for political participation plebeian institutions: the tribunes the secessions the compromises no political violence until 133 B.C. conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War” gradual expansion for a century the Latin League extension of citizenship Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies continuous expansion Celts, Samnites, etc. Etruscans Greeks Carthage ??? three Punic Wars 254, 220, 146 B.C. control of Western Mediterranean the Hellenistic Monarchies the Greek Federal Leagues lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot Romans get tired of it control of most of the Med. basin by 100 B.C. but still essentially a city-state rustic Italian cults overlay of Greek religion Etruscan influences Romans as “pack rats” best we don’t even talk about that great skill engineers and architects roads, cities concrete copied from Greek models interests in rhetoric, law, and satire Stoic and Epicurean philosophy introduction of violence into domestic politics competition for status and recognition civil war Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Marius and Sulla Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar First Triumvirate Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian Caesar Second Triumvirate Gaius Marius Gaius Julius Caesar Cicero Octavian Augustus Octavian as pontifex maximus Marc Antony unification of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe extended citizenship empire-wide commerce Roman law tolerance for local autonomy Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero reduction of political competition end to expansion reduction in the army further extension of citizenship Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.) Vespasian Titus Domitian Edward Gibbon the height of the Empire the culmination of the pax Romana succession by adoption of the most competent Nerva Trajan Hadrian strong military leader excellent administrator Hellenophile Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius the embodiment of the philosopher king Jesus of Nazareth teacher, prophet, revolutionary the Jesus Movement Paul of Tarsus cultural mixture: Jewish and Greek founder of Christianity disappearance of Jewish followers: 70 A.D. growth of the Pauline church the poor, women, children, slaves no success among men, the educated, etc. benefits of Roman infrastructure and the pax Romana the First Jewish War “eastern religion” corrupted the mos maiorum that is, “traditional family values” rumors of orgies and cannibalism Second Jewish War Trajan’s Rescript End of the practice of adoption The Severian Emperors the army as a social class abandonment of the Augustan constitution collapse of the senate and other organs of state collapse of the civil adminstration collapse of society collapse of the economy breakdown of social classes collapse of trade and coinage barbarian invasions civil wars Thirty emperors The Danubian emperors (soldiers) Aurelian - restituor orbis Decius - persecutions of those who corrupt traditional family values Diocletian The Tetrarchy The Annona The Edict of Maximum Prices The “new provinces” The “eastern frontiers” The “new capitals” The “persecutions” Edict of Toleration, 311 The divided empire, united The Battle of the Milvian Bridge The “conversion of Constantine” The Edict of Milan - 314 The First Ecumenical Council The New Capital Constantinople The Geography of Rome Italy in 750 BCE Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. The Roman Forum Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus Carthaginian Empire Hannibal’s Route Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor The First Roman Dynasty Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE The Rise of Christianity St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System The Empire in Crisis: 3c Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch