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“successor” to Greece
“carrier” of Greek civilization
political model for later Europe
measure of success for nations and individuals
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model for later monarchies
model for later, mixed constitutions
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Great Britain, U.S., etc.
model for most European legal systems
model for the concept of citizenship
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The Regal Age: ca. 779-509 B.C.
The Republic: 509-27 B.C.
The Empire: 27 B.C.-1453 A.D.
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Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D.
Later Empire: 325 A.D.-1453 A.D.
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Italy
Tiber River
between Etruscan and Greek cities
part of the Latin League
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Indo-European
entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C.
settled south of the Tiber
primitive institutions
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Seven kings
Romulus
historical kings?
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the Etruscan kings
the last three
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revolution
patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-98%)
constitutional government
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influenced by Athens?
the constitution of Cleisthenes?
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2 consuls
2 praetors
aediles
quaestors
dictator
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the assemblies
the elective offices
patron-client relationships
The Twelve Tables
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struggle for political participation
plebeian institutions: the tribunes
the secessions
the compromises
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no political violence until 133 B.C.
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conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War”
gradual expansion for a century
the Latin League
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extension of citizenship
Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies
continuous expansion
Celts, Samnites, etc.
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Etruscans
Greeks
Carthage ???
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three Punic Wars
254, 220, 146 B.C.
control of Western Mediterranean
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the Hellenistic Monarchies
the Greek Federal Leagues
lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot
Romans get tired of it
control of most of the Med. basin by 100 B.C.
but still essentially a city-state
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rustic Italian cults
overlay of Greek religion
Etruscan influences
Romans as “pack rats”
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best we don’t even talk about that
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great skill
engineers and architects
roads, cities
concrete
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copied from Greek models
interests in rhetoric, law, and satire
Stoic and Epicurean philosophy
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introduction of violence into domestic politics
competition for status and recognition
civil war
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Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Marius and Sulla
Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus, Julius
Caesar
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First Triumvirate
Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian
Caesar
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Second Triumvirate
Gaius Marius
Gaius Julius
Caesar
Cicero
Octavian Augustus
Octavian as
pontifex maximus
Marc Antony
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unification of the Mediterranean basin and
western Europe
extended citizenship
empire-wide commerce
Roman law
tolerance for local autonomy
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Augustus
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
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reduction of political competition
end to expansion
reduction in the army
further extension of citizenship
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Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.)
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian
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Edward Gibbon
the height of the Empire
the culmination of the pax Romana
succession by adoption of the most competent
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Nerva
Trajan
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Hadrian
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strong military leader
excellent administrator
Hellenophile
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius
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the embodiment of the philosopher king
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Jesus of Nazareth
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teacher, prophet, revolutionary
the Jesus Movement
Paul of Tarsus
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cultural mixture: Jewish and Greek
founder of Christianity
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disappearance of Jewish followers: 70 A.D.
growth of the Pauline church
the poor, women, children, slaves
no success among men, the educated, etc.
benefits of Roman infrastructure and the pax
Romana
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the First Jewish War
“eastern religion”
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corrupted the mos maiorum
that is, “traditional family values”
rumors of orgies and cannibalism
Second Jewish War
Trajan’s Rescript
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End of the practice of adoption
The Severian Emperors
the army as a social class
 abandonment of the Augustan constitution
 collapse of the senate and other organs of state
 collapse of the civil adminstration
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collapse of society
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collapse of the economy
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breakdown of social classes
collapse of trade and coinage
barbarian invasions
civil wars
Thirty emperors
 The Danubian emperors (soldiers)
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Aurelian - restituor orbis
Decius - persecutions of those who corrupt
traditional family values
Diocletian
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The Tetrarchy
The Annona
The Edict of Maximum Prices
The “new provinces”
The “eastern frontiers”
The “new capitals”
The “persecutions”
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Edict of Toleration, 311
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The divided empire, united
The Battle of the Milvian Bridge
The “conversion of Constantine”
The Edict of Milan - 314
The First Ecumenical Council
The New Capital
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Constantinople
The Geography of Rome
Italy in 750 BCE
Influence of the Etruscans
 Writing
 Religion
 The Arch
The Mythical Founding of
Rome:
Romulus & Remus
Republican Government
2 Consuls
(Rulers of Rome)
Senate
(Representative body for patricians)
Tribal Assembly
(Representative body for plebeians)
The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE
 Providing political and social
rights for the plebeians.
The Roman Forum
Rome’s Early Road System
Roman Roads:
The Appian Way
Roman Aqueducts
The Roman Colosseum
The Colosseum Interior
Circus Maximus
Carthaginian Empire
Hannibal’s Route
Reform Leaders
 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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the poor should be given grain
and small plots of free land.
Military Reformer
 Gaius Marius
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recruited an army from the poor
and homeless.
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professional standing army.
Civil War & Dictators
Julius Caesar
Pompey
Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC
The Die is Cast!
The First Triumvirate
 Julius Caesar
 Marcus Licinius Crassus
 Gaius Magnus Pompey
Beware the Ides of March!
44 BCE
The Second Triumvirate
 Octavian Augustus
 Marc Antony
 Marcus Lepidus
Octavian Augustus:
Rome’s First Emperor
The First Roman
Dynasty
Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE
The Greatest Extent of the
Roman Empire – 14 CE
The Rise of Christianity
St. Paul:
Apostle to the Gentiles
The Spread of Christianity
Imperial Roman Road System
The Empire in Crisis: 3c
Diocletian Splits the
Empire in Two: 294 CE
Constantine: 312 - 337
Constantinople: “The 2nd
Rome” (Founded in 330)
Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c
Attila the Hun:
“The Scourge of God”
Byzantium:
The Eastern Roman Empire
The Byzantine Empire
During the Reign of Justinian
The Byzantine Emperor
Justinian
The Legacy of Rome
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Republic Government
Roman Law
Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
• Aqueducts
• Sewage systems
• Dams
• Cement
• Arch