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CHAPTER 5 ANCIENT ROME & THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY 37 * TWO GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE GROWTH OF ROME 1. Central location 2. Lack of geographic barrier THE ROMAN REPUBLIC In 509 B.C. the Romans drove out their Etruscan king *Set up a republic - gov’t by the people with elected leader Patrician (ruling/wealthy class) Senate had 300 members Senate elected 2 Consuls as the executive branch. In event of war a dictator was elected and granted power for six months THE ROMAN REPUBLIC In 450 BC Plebeians (merchants & farmers) demanded more power… Eventually they could elect their own officials called Tribunes. Also known as the Plebeian tribunate *Had the power of veto (Latin for "I forbid") over elections & laws THE ROMAN REPUBLIC *Law of 12 Tables - earliest code of Roman Law. Examples include: A dreadfully deformed child shall be quickly killed. Females should remain in guardianship even when they have attained their majority. A man might gather up fruit that was falling down onto another man's farm. If one is slain while committing theft by night, he is rightly slain. Marriages should not take place between plebeians & patricians. ROME CONQUERS THE MEDITERRANEAN Punic Wars Two long & bloody wars fought between Rome & Carthage over the years 264 BC - 146 BC *General Hannibal led Carthage Over the Swiss Alps w/ elephants Fought Rome for 15 years before being called back to Carthage Took poison before capture Carthage destroyed and survivors sold in slavery ROME CONQUERS THE MEDITERRANEAN By 133 B.C. Roman territory extended from Spain to Egypt *Called the Mediterranean… Mare Nostrum – Latin for “Our Sea” SUMMARY Summarize your notes using at least four sentences FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE * Growing inequality & unrest: New class of wealthy Romans who bought huge estates and used slaves to work them This forced small farmers into bankruptcy Angry mobs rioted A Roman could tell how important or wealthy a person was from their toga JULIUS CAESAR 100 - 44 BC Forced the Senate to make him dictator *Made many reforms in Rome: Public works Gave land to the poor Gave Roman citizenship more people Introduced the Julian calendar (this is what we use today…think July for Julian) *Ides of March 15th in 44 BC Caesar was stabbed to death on the steps of the Senate. After this, Rome fell into civil war. Again. THE END OF THE REPUBLIC Marcus Antonius 83-31 BC Caesar’s chief general Cleopatra 69-30 BC The Last Pharaoh Gaius Octavius 63 BC - 14 CE Caesar’s grandnephew AUGUSTUS CAESAR “EXALTED ONE” *Pax Romana = Roman Peace * Augustus Contributions • Created a stable gov’t. • Well trained civil service. • Gov’t jobs went to those with talent . • Allowed cities and provinces a large measure of autocracyself-government PAX ROMANA OPENED UP TRADE *Extended Roman influence and culture along the growing silk road trade network SUMMARY Summarize your notes using at least four sentences ART & ARCHITECTURE *HELLENISTIC CIVILIZATION A BLEND OF GREEK & ROMAN CULTURE Aqueducts and Roads Many of them still used after Rome fell and some even today *THE COLISEUM Tour Over 160 feet high with 80 entrances, the Coliseum could hold upwards of 50,000 spectators. Public events such as gladiator fights, mock naval battles and wild animal hunts were held at the Coliseum. During the staged fights as many as 10,000 people were killed. Fighters were slaves, prisoners or volunteers. Spectators saw persecuted Christians killed by lions. After 404 AD gladiatorial battles were no longer held, but animals such as lions, elephants, snakes and panthers continued to be massacred in the name of sport until the 6th century. *CIRCUS MAXIMUS Racing Chariot Third of a mile long and 150 yards wide, the Circus Maximus allegedly held 250,000 people. Military Chariot SCIENCE *Ptolemy proposed earth was the center of universe which lasted for 1400 years *It was Galen who first introduced the notion of experimentation to medicine. On the Natural Faculties remained the authority on medicine until the sixteenth century ROME’S GREATEST LEGACY… “THE RULE OF LAW” An idea that continues to shape western civilization today… *Common principles • Equal before the law • Presumed innocent • Face accuser and defend • Guilt through evidence • Fair decisions SUMMARY Summarize your notes using at least four sentences THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY Romans conquered Palestine in 63 BC *Jews were tolerated and excused from worshiping Roman gods Jews absorbed Greek influence creating rifts in the religion JESUS…THE FOUNDER OF CHRISTIANITY Called himself the Son of God Said his mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him. Our history comes from the Gospels. Written by four of his followers WAS JESUS DANGEROUS? *Romans considered Jesus a revolutionary. *Jewish priests considered Jesus dangerous to their leadership. They became jealous of the huge crowds that followed him & believed in him. So, they decided to get rid of him and have him killed. He was tried and crucified SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY Jesus told his disciples to spread his word. Those who spread his message are know as Apostles. Greek ideas from Plato and the Stoics moderated the Christian church Paul (St. Paul) was from Asia which many Romans Minor. liked Yet Christians were persecuted and became Martyrs. CHRISTIANITY Christianity becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire *When the empire falls (as ALL empires do)… Theodosius the Great 346-395 The Church preserved, adapted and spread Greco-Roman civilization REFORMING EMPERORS TRIED TO REVERSE THE DECLINE *Diocletian – 284 BC Divided the empire into two parts - East & West Fixed prices *Constantine – 312 BC Granted toleration to Christians Built a new capital in Constantinople *CAUSES FOR ROME’S DOWNFALL Military causes German invasions Lack of discipline among the empire’s soldiers Political causes Authoritarian &corrupt government Division w/in the empire Economic causes Heavy taxation Diminishing wealth Reliance on slave labor Population decline Social causes A decline in moral values A devotion to luxury and self-interest among the upper classes A loss of self-reliance among the masses FOREIGN INVASIONS *Huns Came from Asia Think of Atila the Hun Migrated into Europe through Germany. *Germans Huns pushed the Germans ( known as Visigoths) into Roman territory By 410 the Visigoth General Alaric plundered Rome *Foreign invasions & internal problems brought the “fall” of Rome SUMMARY Summarize your notes using at least four sentences UP NEXT… CIVILIZATIONS OF THE AMERICAS