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Ancient Rome Geography of Italy Italian Peninsula -100 Miles Wide -700 Miles Long 3 Seas Around Italy -Tyrrhenian Sea -Adriatic Sea -Mediterranean Sea Rivers -Po valley: rich farm area; Tiber-food / transportation Looks Like a Soccer Shoe with a ball. Label the map of "The Topography of Ancient Rome" as indicated below: bodies of water [blue ink]: Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Tyrrhenian Sea rivers [blue ink]: Po, Tiber, Rubicon mountains/peaks [brown ink]: Alps, Apennines, Mt. Etna, Mt. Vesuvius islands [green ink]: Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily cities [red ink]: Rome, Ostia, Syracuse, Carthage, Pompeii, Brindisium, Tarentum peoples [purple ink]: Latins, Gauls, Etruscans, Greeks other [black ink]: Magna Graecia Italy Greece Geography Italy is poor in mineral resources and surprisingly devoid of useful harbors. The most stunning difference between Greece and Italy is the larger amount of fertile land. While Greece is poor in fertile land, Italy is wealthy in both land and precipitation. Italy had one other significant difference from Greece: it was easily accessible from Europe to the north. The Greeks lived behind a formidable mountain range; the Alps to the north of Italy were not quite as invulnerable. The Greeks also had a warlike Greek population to the north,, to serve as a buffer between themselves and other Europeans.. Geography of Italy The land is less rugged than Greece, so travel by land was much easier. Travel by sea was more difficult because Italy had few good harbors. This made trade with others living on the peninsula easier than trading with outsiders Natural Resource Plenty of good buildings Stone A good supply of clay was widely used for brocks and pottery Forests provided timber for shipbuilding and wild animals for food. Fertile volcanic soil and a mild climate resulted in profuse harvests of wheat and barley as well as olive trees. Farmland •There was much more arable land in Ancient Rome than in Greece. •The fertile land and mild climate were ideal for farming. •The Ancient Romans didn’t need to import as much, so extensive trade wasn’t necessary. •Rivers carried mineral rich silt that created good farmland. Volcanic ash made the soil rich. (Most of the volcanoes are now extinct.) Origin of the Etruscans •Etruscan civilization is the modern English name given to the culture and way of life of a people of ancient Italy •Between the 900 and 500 BCE they called themselves the Rasenna •The Greeks Called them the Tyrrhenian •The Romans called them the Entrusean •They came from the eastern Mediterranean Etruscan Political System Independent, fortified city-states Had a strong military that dominated all the surrounding peoples By 6c BCE, the Etruscan military had conquered much of the Italian peninsula, including Rome and the island of Corsica. Etruscan Military Bronze Warrior 6c BCE Chariot Etruscan Religion Polytheistic. Believed that the destiny of man was determined by the whims of the gods Reconstruction of an Etruscan Temple Etruscan Cemetery Etruscan Funeral & Tomb Etruscan Tomb Wall & Tomb Fresco Interior of an Etruscan Tomb Etruscan Gold Jewelry Life-Size Statue of an Etruscan Baby in Swaddling Clothes Dance, Dance, Spin ! Double Flutist An Etruscan Banquet Etruscan Wrestlers Etruscan Jars & Vases Etruscan Bronzes Questions Of The Day How Wide was Italy? 100 Miles Wide How Long was Italy? 700 Miles Long 3 Seas Around Italy are : -Tyrrhenian Sea -Adriatic Sea -Mediterranean Sea The Story Of Romulus and Remus Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars and the Vestal Rhea Silvia. when children were unwanted. They were unwanted because Amulius, was fearing that the boys would grow up to overthrow him, had them placed in a trough and thrown into the River Tiber. They were found by a she-wolf, who instead of killing them, looked after them and fed them with her milk. Faustulus, a shepherd, who brought the children to his home. Faustulus and his wife, Acca Larentia, raised the boys as their own Romulus and Remus They decided to build a city near the spot. Romulus slew Remus with a shovel over a dispute about which one of the two brothers had the support of the local deities to rule the new city and give it his name. Romulus win and named the city (ROME) The Fasces The faces was on of the Etruscan tradition adopted by the Romans. -Axe gathered together with wooden rods was a symbol of the authority of the magistrate and was displayed when a magistrate was present. - Before world war II the fasces was adopted as a symbol of fascist party in Italy. Etruscans Influence on Roman life They settled south of the Tiber River where they raised crops and herded sheep, goats, and cattle. -Etruscan influenced roman worlds. -roman life including numerals -fondness for blood sports. -belief in Hades and the underworld gods. -Etruscan political affairs. Romans adopt Etruscan, art, gods, building techniques (including the arch) c. 600 BCE: Etruscans Conquer Rome… •3 groups battle for control of the Italian Peninsula – Latins, Greeks, Etruscans •Etruscans native to northern Italy – skilled metalworkers and engineers •600 BC – an Etruscan became king of Rome – allowed Rome to grow from a collection of hilltop villages to a city that covered 500 square miles Roman Beginnings… Rome started with the Latin Tribe on the Italian Peninsula in the Tiber River Valley around 2000 B.C. Italian Peninsula Powers map Eventually… The Tarquin (Etruscan Family) Dynasty was overthrown. Rome forms its own government. Life of the people( city life ) Rome was the largest city of the roman empire it had almost 1 million people living in the city More the Alexandria in Egypt. It was the second city with (750 000) It was the center of trade and culture. Engineers planned the city with public building, temples. Family life Head of roman household was the father. he had total power over all members of his household. Power to sell his children into slavery. Or have them killed, as long as the father lives. Children Children in ancient Rome enjoyed the same kind of toys and games that the chldren enjoy today. -dolls, carts, hobby hours, and board games. They also had dogs, cats and other pats. In wealthier families, most boys get married when there were just 15,18 Most girls would get married at 13 or 14 years of age. The father picks the husband for her. In poor rural family, children had to work in the fields. Education No public schools. Earliest schooling would be at home until about 10 or 11. They learn how to read, write, and arithmetic, Slaves from Greece thought the children. Until age 14 they studied mainly Latin and Greek grammar and literature. The Roman Republic Republic: Citizens elect representatives to run the government. The Republic An political system in which a country is ruled by law, has representative government, and is democratic in nature. Established in 509 B.C. Gives each “tribe” of Rome Senatus Populus Que Romanus representation in the (The Senate and the People of Rome ) government. Uses two different branches to run the government The Roman Republic Senate Consuls Law Makers 300 Members -Proposed Laws -Lifetime Terms -Nominated Consuls -Consuls appoint vacancies Chief Executive Two Positions -One year terms (to limit their power) -During war time one is chosen to act as dictator The Senate was made up of land owners or Patricians. The common people were known as Plebeians. - Patricians Large landowners Rome’s ruling class Plebeian -smaller landowners -farmers -crafts people -soldiers. Both Patricians and Plebeian were citizens and groups can vote Plebeian Plight for Equal Rights 509B.C. - Republic created: Plebeians are citizens with the right to vote, but they could not hold political office 494B.C. - Formation of the Plebeian Assembly and Tribunes 451B.C. - Twelve Tables created: Ensuring the right to protection of the law for all Roman citizens 287B.C. - Plebeian Assembly evolves into the Popular Assembly with near equal status to the Senate Twelve Tables TABLE I (Civil procedure) TABLE VIII (Torts) TABLE II (Civil procedure) TABLE IX (Constitutional principles) TABLE III (Debt) TABLE X (Funeral regulations) TABLE XI (Marriage) TABLE XII (Crimes) TABLE IV (Parents and children) TABLE V (Inheritance) TABLE VI (Property) TABLE VII (Real Property) Twelve Tables An important step in the political development of any people is the organization and publication of their laws in a way that makes it possible for all persons to know what the law is. About 450 B.C.E., the Romans codified their laws and inscribed them on twelve bronze tables which were set up in the Roman Forum. These Twelve Tables were the basis of all later Roman law, and through it, of the legal system of much of the world today. Statue of Justice in front of the U. S. Supreme Court Building Rome Expands… North - Took over the Etruscans South - Took over the Greeks By 270B.C. Rome ruled all of central and southern Italy Punic Wars Series of three wars over 100 years… Carthage versus Rome First War: 241B.C. - Sicily Carthage controlled part of Sicily, Rome wanted it as a buffer Fought by ships Rome won! Battles BC Hannibal the Annihilator Part 219B.C. - Carthaginian General Hannibal attacks Rome Hannibal Through Iberian Peninsula, through Gaul and over the Alps Losing half of his men Rome attacks North Africa Hannibal returns to Africa to defend Carthage Third Punic War 199B.C. Carthage attacked a Roman ally Rome gets annoyed with Carthage and they destroy the city of Carthage Therefore Rome controls all Carthaginian land North Africa = Roman Province Rome before the wars… Rome after the Punic Wars… Roman Empire Expanding across the Mediterranean brought many changes to Rome… Expansion under the Republic Rome expanded to… 146 B.C. Macedonia and Greece 133 B.C. Asia Minor 100 B.C. Middle East and Egypt End of the Republic Senate became too powerful and the army was doing all the work… Enter: Julius Caesar Popular General Fresh from the Gallic Wars in which Rome took over Gaul 44B.C. formed the First Triumvirate (oligarchy) Overthrew the Senate (weakened it) Gave Roman citizenship to nonRomans Adjusted taxes (taxed rich more than the poor) Julius Caesar Became a dictator All powerful According to the Senate… He was too powerful! Senate assassinates/murders Julius Caesar Augustus Created a peaceful empire (Pax Romana) Concentrated on building the empire from within… Adjusted taxes Public works Lack of corruption Encouraged large Roman families Augustus “the majestic” The Roman Empire is born! Pax Romana (Roman Peace) Roman Trade Causes of the Decline of Rome Rome’s economy declines. Rome faces military upheaval. Roman politics decay. Bigger gap between the rich and poor. Rome splits into East and West Contributing Factors to the Decline of the Western Roman Empire… Economic Inflation Disruption of Trade Military Threats from Northern European tribes Decline of patriotism & loyalty among soldiers Low funds for defense Political Division of the empire Political office seen as a burden, not an honor Social Lack of confidence in the empire Decline in interest of political affairs