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Chapter 6 Discussion and Review Ancient Rome From a Republic to an Empire 509 B.C.E – 476 CE 1 Geography and Rome Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than the Greeks? Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula. Rich soil Mild climate Center of Mediterranean Sea Roman Religion Adopted Greek gods Jupiter is Zeus Mars is Ares Venus is Aphrodite Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE What is republic? All citizens with the right to vote choose their leaders. Is it a democracy? Male citizens could attend, but votes of wealthy class counted more Patricians Vs. Plebeians Patricians (senate) Upper class aristocrats who owned land and controlled the government & the economy Plebeians Farmers, merchants, artisans and traders Who has the power? The Roman Republic: Government See handout… Dictator 1 2 300 men Majority of Population Could rule up to 6 months in times of war The Roman Republic: Government See handout… Consuls 1 2 300 men Majority of Population Preside over senate, generals, 1 yr term The Roman Republic: Government See handout… 1 2 Senate 300 men Majority of Population Served for life, most powerful body The Roman Republic: Government See handout… Dictator Consuls Senate Patricians 1 2 300 men Majority of Population Plebeians and their Rights Little by little, the plebeians, or common people, gained some political power. These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes and met in their own assembly. The tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt harmed plebeians. The Roman Republic: Government See handout… 1 2 300 men Tribunes Plebeians Slaves Majority of Population No power The Rule of Law: Five Basic Principles Written down for all to see People equal under law The accused can face accuser and defend the charge Decisions based on fairness Innocent until proven guilty Guilt must be clearly established Roman Society Men: Absolute power in all areas of society, especially the home! Oldest living male most powerful Women in all classes ran the home, children and slaves. Few legal rights but not shut away like Greek women; went everywhere in public Roman Society Boys & Girls: educated together in early years. girls married by 14; father picked husband! boys educated until the age of 20 What was the fashion of the day? Togas (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers! citizen, matron, magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave Roman Dress Roman Clothing The Republic’s Military • Who could serve in the • • • • military? First only patricians served in the army Senate turned to all citizens including the plebeians to serve! What was the requirement? Must possess land The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE Rome vs. Carthage Fought 3 Punic Wars why? To dominate western Mediterranean trade and islands Results of Punic Wars Rome captures Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor The Mediterranean belongs to Rome Roman Republican Crises What’s wrong with the senate? Greed and self-interest replace good virtues Examples of corruption While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or otherwise took possession of the peasants’ land. What happened to the returning soldiers? Lost land and soldier status because military was only open to men with property What do ambitious generals do? Allow landless men to enter the ranks, their loyalties lay with the generals who rewarded them with land and money. The Rise of Julius Caesar Elected consul in 60 B.C. Accomplishments Conquered territories Gaul, Germanic tribes, & Britain Seen as a military hero Becomes dictator for life in 45 B.C.E Distributed free grain Aligned with the solar year Army veterans given land Colonies Provided jobs established for Course of for poor trade Tiber River Built roads &altered bridges to connect empire Libraries, temples & “All roads lead to Rome” Forum built Roman Empire Established The 500-year republic comes to an end. The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One; the first citizen of Rome. The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C.E Roman Empire Augustus laid the foundation for a stable government that would function well for 200 years. This period was called the Pax Romana. Roman army was reorganized from a offensive to a defensive strategy Was there really 200 years of peace? Augustus’ Reforms 1. Created efficient civil service to enforce the 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. laws. Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of race. Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves. Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair. Set up a postal service and issued unified monetary system of coins. Employed the jobless. The Empire Expands How did the empire maintain control and communication? Good Emperors Marcus Aurelius, last good emperor of the Pax Romana era. Strong sense of duty Philosopher Emperor His son began the reign of bad emperors leading to Rome’s decline. “Third-century crisis” Frequent turnover of rulers (most important), followed by chaos and civil wars, created the political dimension of the crisis. Political weakness in turn encouraged invasion from outside the empire. The economy suffered because of the disruption of commerce and high cost of rewarding the armies. Who is going to come to the rescue? Two Reformers Diocletian Divided the empire into two parts to make it easier to govern Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise of prices Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods Constantine Continued Diocletian’s reforms Converted to Christianity and granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power Divided Roman Empire Roman Achievements Technology Developed concrete Arches Created aqueducts for piped water Built an extensive road system over 50,000 miles Engineering Wonders… Roman Engineering Accomplishments Roman Roads Colosseum & Circus Maximus Colosseum 80 C.E. Held gladiator & animal fights Held 50,000 people Circus Maximus Held chariot races Held 250,000 Bread and Circus Policy 2 The Roman Empire at Its Height Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt. Divided Empire Weaker co-emperor in Rome Best generals serve eastern emperor No western leadership Capital moved to Constantinople Foreign Invasions •A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Hun and Germanic invasions. •476 CE end of the Western Roman empire Roman Success Citizenship In the beginning Citizenship and rights only given to others living in the peninsula By 212 CE, the Romans wisely extended citizenship and its privileges to conquered peoples, incorporating them directly into the growing empire. Military Rome demanded Italian subjects to provide soldiers for the military Inexhaustible reservoir of man power 5 Review: The Decline and Fall of Rome Religious Diversity in the Early Empire As long as people honored Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor, they were allowed to worship other gods as they pleased. After the Romans conquered Judea, they excused the monotheistic Jews from worshiping the Roman gods. Jews and the Roman Empire The Great Revolt, 66-70 C.E in Judea Over 1,000,000 Jews killed Temple grounds destroyed 135 C.E. - Jews banned from Jerusalem the diaspora Rome Distrusts Christians At first Rome is tolerant of the Christians but over time saw them as threat. Why? Rome mistrusted Christians because… refused to honor the Roman gods make sacrifices to the emperor Would not join the military Attend gladiator fights or religious festivals Roman officials persecuted the Christians Many Christians became martyrs Christianity continued to spread Spread of Christianity China’s Flourishing Civilization Qin Dynasty • “Shi Huangdi” (first emperor) wiped out the Zhou and conquered northern China uniting under central government • Enforced legalism How Did Shi Huang di Unite China? 1. He replaced feudal states with military districts governed by loyal officials. 2. He sent spies to report on local officials. 3. He forced noble families to live in his capital so he could monitor them. 4. He jailed, tortured, and killed those who opposed his rule. 5. He had all books of philosophy and literature burned. 6. He standardized weights & measures, coins, laws 7. He connected the various parts of the Great Wall and expanded it. 4,000 miles Shi Huangdi Army Going to the Afterlife with Him! Terra Cotta Soldiers Han Dynasty • The Han dynasty ruled from 207 B.C.E to 220 CE; rivaled Roman empire in power and achievement Emperor Wudi Han Dynasty • Established a civil service examination for public posts • Based on merit • Opportunities for all males. Really? The Han Golden Age MEDICINE 1. Diagnosed diseases. 2. Used herbal remedies and other drugs for treatments. 3. Explored uses of acupuncture. The Han Golden Age TECHNOLOGY 1. 2. 3. 4. Horse collar Watermill Made paper out of wood pulp. Crossbow Han Dynasty The Han portrayed themselves as more benevolent than the Qin and subscribed to a Confucian code of responsibility. Education Allowed the most educated to serve in government post (gentry class) Economy supplied the wealth and taxes to support the Chinese people and the Han government. Public Service All males had to donate 1 month every year to government projects and 2 years in the military. Chinese Family Family The basic Chinese social unit included all previous generations. Confucian influence loyalty, obedience, respect, and honor. Each member of the family had a place in the hierarchy and a proper role to play. Women subordinate the roles of women, who were controlled by their fathers, husbands, or sons. not considered proper for women to participate in public life or business Arranged marriages An old saying… Confucius has a sour look as he tastes the vinegar. Buddha has a bitter look as he tastes the vinegar. Laozi has a smile as he tastes the vinegar.