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Rome From Republic to Empire Geography and People • Italian peninsula which looks like a boot, juts out into the middle of the Mediterranean Sea • Its capitol, Rome, lies in the middle of the Italy peninsula • This central location allowed it to have easy communication, unification and expansion • Many Romans were Greek colonists, which shared Greek Culture Roman Republic • Romans set up a republic after they threw out their totalitarian ruler • the Republic was made up of two branches Senate Made up of Patricians Landholding upper class Tribunes Made up of Plebeians Middle and Lower classes Comparing Greece and Rome • Direct Democracy vs. Republic; both would be used as role models for the United States government • Veto, Senate, Jury, checks on political power to name a few • Roman women played a larger role in Roman society owning businesses, supporting the arts, and political influence Education and Religion • Both girls and boys learned to read and write. • Every class was educated, and Greek philosophers were hired as tutors • Roman religion was a mirror of Greek mythology with the same gods with different names for each god. Roman Legion • Highly skilled soldiers • Fought without pay and with own weapons • Valued loyalty, courage, and respect for authority • Conquered people were treated with justice and allowed to keep their own customs, but had to swear allegiance to Rome and protect it. • Senatus populusque Romanus • Senate and people Rome Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power • Caesar led the legions to defend and expand Rome coming up with the phrase “Veni, vidi, vici” • after he was victorious, the Senate demanded Caesar disband his army and return power to the people. • He refused, and crossed the Rubicon River and declared himself dictator • The Senate planned an assassination and stabbed him to death. Bad & Good Emperors and Pax Romana • Caligula and Nero - Evil and insane, appointing a horse to the council, setting a fire that burned down much of Rome, killed Christians in the colosseum. It was even said that they would have group orgies with animals! • Pax Romana or Roman Peace, was height of Rome with peace throughout, trade and entertainment • Bread & Circus - by giving away free grain and performing public gladiator battles, the emperors kept the masses happy even though times were getting tougher for Romans Art, Architecture, and Engineering • Stressed realism in art • Architecture modeled after greek architecture, but improved upon it. • Used engineering to improve systems of public works • Vesuvius erupts Pompeii! • ash was thrown in the air causing darkness and rain • suffocating and burying its victims Roman Law • Innocent till proven guilty • right to face accuser • clearer then daylight or without a reasonable doubt Signs of Decline • decline of values and use of “centers of learning” • abuse of wine and gambling • reality shows aka gladiators • increase of taxes and debt Constantine and foreign invasion • Divided Rome into two separate empires • grated toleration to christians • Northern germanic people invade (Huns, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and others) • Attila the Hun destroyed much of Rome Causes of the fall of Rome • Hired Mercenaries vs volunteer army • corruption of government officials • High taxes and inflation • decline of patriotism, devotion to duty and citizenship • Rome falls, but will continue with Byzantine Empire and into middle ages. • “Free Fallen” by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers