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The Roman Republic and Empire • Essential Question: How did the government of Rome develop into an empire? Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 2: The Roman Republic and Empire Witness History Audio: Augustus Becomes Emperor Establishing a Republic In 509 B.C., the Romans broke free of Etruscan rule and formed a republic in which the people choose some officials. Various governing bodies regulated Roman life, such as the senate. Plebeians had to fight to gain political power. With the help of citizen-soldiers, Rome came to control most of the Italian peninsula by about 270 B.C Rome=Republic=Representatives 1 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 2: The Roman Republic and Empire From Republic to Empire Rome expanded around the Mediterranean and in the process fought the African city-state of Carthage in the Punic Wars between 246 B.C. and 146 B.C. In the end, Rome destroyed Carthage and gained control of its lands and peoples. In the eastern Mediterranean, Rome regained lands that had been conquered by Alexander the Great. Note Taking Transparency 50B 2 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 2: The Roman Republic and Empire From Republic to Empire continued Political leaders and the senate fought civil wars in Rome, and the empire came to rely on paid soldiers who were loyal to their commanders over the state. Julius Caesar became dictator and was killed in 44 B.C., which brought on more civil wars. Octavian became emperor in 31 B.C. and took the title of Augustus. He created a civil service to enforce laws and imposed a fairer tax system. He ushered in the pax Romana, which was a 200-year period of peace. Geography Interactive: Roman Empire, A.D. 117 3 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 2: The Roman Republic and Empire Roman Law Roman laws united the empire. Civil law and the law of nations were merged to apply to everyone in the empire. The Twelve Tables were the written set of laws. Many Roman principles of law are still practiced today. One of Rome’s greatest legacies to the modern world was the idea that laws should be written down and apply equally to all citizens. Color Transparency 4: The Key Principals of Roman Law Witness History Audio: Cicero, On the Laws 4 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 2: The Roman Republic and Empire Greco-Roman Civilization Roman writers imitated Greek styles but wrote in Latin. Roman historians recorded their civilization’s highs and lows. The Hellenistic philosophy of Stoicism influenced many Roman thinkers. GreccoRoman views of moral duties of individuals stated that man’s duty is to the state. QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency 5 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition Section 2: The Roman Republic and Empire Greco-Roman Religion Romans conquered the lands that used to belong to Greece and essentially absorbed Greek gods into Roman culture by changing their names and making them more militaristic. They were polytheists (belief in more than one god) and were tolerant of other religions so long as those religions were also polytheistic. 5 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition: Section 2 Note Taking Transparency 50A 6 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition: Section 2 Note Taking Transparency 50B 7 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition: Section 2 Color Transparency 4: The Key Principals of Roman Law 8 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition: Section 2 Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2) 9 of 10 Sources of the Democratic Tradition: Section 2 Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2) 10 of 10