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• 12/8 Focus: – Rome grew rapidly, and growth brought political, economic, and social changes. Some leaders attempted reforms, but the republican government was unable to deal with the problems caused by these changes. • Important Terms: – Empire • Do Now: – What was one effect of the Roman victory in the Punic Wars? Ancient Rome Roman Expansion From Republic to Empire Roman Expansion • Rome defeats Carthage in the Punic Wars – Controls the western Mediterranean • conquered Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Anatolia – controls the Eastern Mediterranean Roman Expansion • Rome gave many of the people it conquered citizenship and made them allies – Made it easier to control large empire – increased the size of the army The Emblem of the Roman Army SPQR= the Senate and People of Rome The Roman Military • All landowning men 1746 had to serve in the army during wartime • Roman army organized into legions – Legions divided into centuries led by Centurions – Highly disciplined and a well trained soldiers • The Roman Military • Frequent warfare made the army stronger • War increased the wealth of Rome • rewarded successful generals by giving them power in the government • The highest honor for a general was a "triumph," a grand parade through the streets of Rome. The victorious general, dressed up to look like the supreme god Jupiter, rode in a chariot. Behind him marched the soldiers, carrying the many valuables taken from the enemy and leading the prisoners of war. Expansion Creates Problems • Conquest brings tremendous wealth to Rome –leads to corruption; gov’t leaders become greedy Expansion Creates Problems • The gap between wealthy and poor grows – Soldiers (legionnaires) return to Rome and live in poverty – Senate favors the wealthy and ignores the poor – Tiberius And Gaius Gracchus attempt to reform Rome but are killed by mobs at the urging of senators Expansion Creates Problems • Soldiers in the army began to have loyalty to a particular general rather than Rome – Rome changes requirement of landownership to join army – Lead to increased numbers of poor people in the army hoping to gain riches from spoils of war – Generals begin to develop their own “private” armies which they can use to increase their own power – Generals begin to fight each other for control of government Closure • Why would it be helpful to Rome to give rights to people that it conquered? • Identify one problem created by Roman expansion. • 12/10 Focus: – Governmental and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and creation of new form of government. • Important Terms – Triumvirate, Pax Romana • Do Now: – Why did Rome offer many of the people that it conquered some of the benefits of being Roman citizenship? The First Triumvirate • Three men take over the Republic in 60 BC – Julius Caesar • General who had conquered Gaul – Pompey • General conquered Syria and Asia Minor – Crassus • Wealthy Roman citizen Civil War • Crassus’s dies • Caesar and Pompey fight for control of Rome • Caesar wins civil war and is made dictator for life by the Senate Julius Caesar • Reforms Rome which makes him popular with the public – Improves court system – Gives property to the poor and veterans Julius Caesar • Senators feared his growing power – A group of senators murder Caesar on March 15, 44 BC • Stabbed 23 times • E Tu Brute? Octavian (Augustus Caesar) • Adopted son of Julius Caesar – Shared power with Marc Anthony after Caesar’s murder • Becomes the sole ruler of Rome in 31 BC – defeats Marc Anthony at the Battle of Actium – Senate gives him the title “Augustus” • Meant “respected one”; first citizen. • Becomes the first Emperor of Rome – Had absolute power – Marks the end of the Roman Republic Augustus Caesar • Restores peace to Rome – Start of the Pax Romana • The Roman Peace • Expands the Roman Empire into Western Europe – Spain, northern Gaul, Hungary, Croatia • Augustus Caesar • Massive public works projects – Bridges, roads, aqueducts • Public entertainment – Coliseum, gladiators, and games – Bread and Circuses (fed and entertained people) • Had support of the people – Was worshipped as a god by the people • Dies in 41 AD Pax Romana • “The Roman Peace” • 200 years of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire • Characteristics of the Pax Romana – Stable government – Strong legal system – Widespread Trade due to the extensive road networks in the Empire – Peace • • • Points for Discussion • Identify one factor that contributed to the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire. • Identify one contribution that Augustus made as ruler of Rome. Closure • What was the Pax Romana?