Download Rome - Saint Joseph High School

Rome
BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK
ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…
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Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall?
Is this fall inevitable?
What makes a great leader?
What qualities make a good leader? –
period 10
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Write down at least 5 qualities that
make a good leader
Fair
Mentally Strong
Good at Foreign Affairs
Morals
Tough
Wise
Sociable
Brave
Loyal
Leadership Skills
Compassionate
Fun
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Military Intelligence
Not Earl
Responsible
Strict
Trustworthy
Intelligent
Respectful
Strategic
Courageous
Hard Working
Think “Outside the Box”
Dangerous
Smart
Willing to put People first
Strong
What qualities make a good leader? –
period 7/8
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Write down at least 5 qualities that
make a good leader
Fair
Smart - Intelligent
Caring
Wise – Common Sense
Trustworthy
Tough
Honest
Responsible
Brave
Organized
Keep Control
Open to suggestion
Prudent
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Good Judgment
Strong Religious
Powerful
Equal treatment for all
Aggressive
Reliable
Respected
Well liked
Considerate
Supportive
Courageous
Non-corruptible
Creative
Patriotic
What qualities make a good leader? –
period 5/6
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Write down at least 5
qualities that make a good
leader
Fair
Good judgment
Help People
Brave
Have Respect of People
Solve Problems
Persuasive
Experience
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Smart
Powerful
Protect People
Good in tough situations
Think things out
Doesn’t give up
How to control
Self Respect
Moral
Quick witted
What qualities make a good leader? –
period 3
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Write down at least 5
qualities that make a good
leader
Fair
Knowledge of how city
works
Intelligent
Reliable
Good strategist
Good governing skills
Understands the people
Good at military
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Confident
Convincing
Trustworthy
Experience
Able to make prosperous
Ability to defend
Powerful
Wise
Conflict Resolution
Courageous
Loyal
Unite
What qualities make a good leader? –
period 2
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Write down at least 5
qualities that make a
good leader
Fair
Wise*
Gets stuff done
Need to know what is
best
Get people to follow
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Smart
Courageous
Good Military Leader
Leadership skills
Consistent
The Roman Republic
10-28-08
Beginnings of Rome
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Legend – Rome founded
by Romulus and Remus
– 753B.C.
Sons of Mars (Ares in
Greek)
Abandoned and raised by
a wolf
Rome
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Built on 7 rolling hills at a curve on
the Tiber river
3 Groups influenced the region –
Latins, Greeks and Etruscans
Latins were shepherds who
wandered across Italy settling in
Rome and surrounding area
Greek settlements in south brought
Rome into closer contact with
Greece and Greek culture
Etruscans native to northern Italy
metalworkers and engineers
Rome – merging cultures
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The Etruscans create a
system of writing and
Romans adopt their alphabet
Roman architecture is
influenced by Etruscans
especially the arch
Romans learn grape and olive
growing from Greeks
Borrow religious ideas from
both:
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Take Etruscan rituals
Model gods after Greek gods
The Republic
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After years of rule by kings the Romans agree to never
again be ruled by a king
They decide to form what they call a Republic
What is a Republic?
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Type of government
Power rests with citizens who vote for their leaders
Similar in many ways to the United States
Early Republic
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Different groups struggle for
control
Patricians – wealthy
landowners
Inherited positions by birth
Plebeians – farmers artisans
and merchants
While citizens, barred from
holding most offices
In time they were allowed to
elect own assembly and own
officials called tribunes
Twelve Tables
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Early victory for
Plebeians was to get a
law code passed
With laws unwritten all
law was open to
interpretation
Establish the idea that all
citizens are protected by
law
Government Under Republic
How similar was the Roman
Republic to the United States? - Ex
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ROME
Two consuls elected by
the assembly for one year
Chief executives of the
government and
commander-in-chief of
the army
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UNITED STATES
President elected by the
“people” every four
years
Chief executive of the
government and
commander-in-chief of
the army
Rome vs U.S.A. - Senate
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ROME
300 members
Chosen from aristocracy
for life
Controls foreign and
financial policies
Advises counsuls
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USA
100 Members
Elected by the people for
six year terms
Makes laws
Advises president on
foreign policy
Rome vs U.S.A. - Rep
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Rome
Centuriate Assembly
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All male citizen soldiers
are members for life
Select consuls make laws
Tribal Assembly
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Citizens grouped
according to where they
live elected for life
Elects Tribunes & Makes
laws
USA
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House of Representatives
 435 members
 Elected by people every
two years
 Makes laws, levy’s taxes
Rome vs U.S.A. - courts
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ROME
Praetors
Eight Judges chosen by
Centuriate Assembly
Serve one year terms
2 oversee civil and
criminal courts
Other six govern
provinces
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USA
Supreme Court
Nine justices appointed
by president
For life
Highest Court
Hears civil and criminal
appeal cases
Rome vs U.S.A. - Law
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ROME
Legal Code
The twelve tables – a list
of rules that are the basis
of the Roman legal
system
Citizens – Adult male
landowners
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USA
Legal code
Constitution – basic laws
and founding principles
of the United States
Citizens – all native born
or naturalized persons
The Republic - Dictators
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In times of crisis the republic could appoint a
dictator
A dictator would stay in power for only six
months
Dictators were chosen by consuls and elected by
the Senate
Do you see any potential problems with this
being a law? How could people take advantage?
Roman Army
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All citizens who owned land
were required to serve in the
army
Organized into legions
Legion was 500 foot soldiers
A group of cavalry would
support each legion
Within each legion a group
of 80 men was called a
century
Centuries could act
independently
Rome Conquers the Mediterranean
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After taking Italy, Rome comes into conflict with Carthage
Carthage was an ancient Phoenician city and the largest and
wealthiest in the area
Carthage Empire: Northern Africa Coast, Southern Spain,
Sardinia, Corsica & western Sicily
The First Punic War
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Tensions between Rome and Carthage rise
Beginning in 264 B.C.
Carthage was a huge naval power
Rome a massive land power
First Punic War
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To defeat the Carthaginians Rome built a huge navy
Defeated the Carthaginian navy off the coast of Sicily
Carthage vowed revenge took Spain to make up for loss
of Sicily
Roman ally in Spain revolts against Carthage
Second Punic War
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Great Carthaginian
general Hannibal plan
attack
Hannibal moves across
the Alps with huge army
– including battle
elephants – 216B.C.
Rome decided to take
Hannibal head on
Battle of Cannae
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Rome and Carthage have huge battle
Rome loses almost 40,000 men
Rome does not surrender, instead raises another army
Roman victory
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Rome gradually recovers
Hannibal did not have the supplies or men to
attack cities
Slowly take back Italy
Move into Spain and push Carthage out
Instead of attacking Hannibal in Italy – Rome
invade Carthage in 202B.C.
Rome crushes Carthage – now the dominate
power in the Mediterranean
Third Punic War
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Lasted from 149-146 B.C.
Much smaller than previous two
Resulted in complete destruction of city of Carthage
and taking of all of Carthage Territory
Around same time
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Fighting between Rome
and Hellenistic states of
Macedonia
Four wars between 215
and 148 B.C.
Rome makes Macedonia
a province
Rome now unchallenged
in Mediterranean
Read page 155
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How did Cincinnatus
embody the
characteristics of an ideal
Roman citizen?
How is he a different
dictator than what we
think of dictators today?
Rome Becomes an
Empire
11-3-08
Qualities of an Empire
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Good leader
Laws
Power
Unity
Conquests
Army - Strong
Monarchy
Leadership
Morals
Trade
Civilization
Social Structure
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Beliefs
Organization
Foundation
Work together
Peaceful
Good govt
Environmentally?
Fair
Savage – Enchanting
Growing
Land
Communication
Qualities of an Empire
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Power
People
Strong Gov’t
Army
Social Structure
Land
Intelligent People
Order
Ruler
Culture
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Trade
Language
Control
Economic Structure
Stability
Good gov’t
Death Star?
Techniques
Leader
Qualities of an Empire
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Power
Good leaders
King – Pharaoh
Communication
Laws
Risks
Protection
Army
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Legacy
People
Land
Qualities of an Empire
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Good military
Powerful
Strong ruler
Consistent rule
United rule
Vast
Lots of People
People willing to follow
Gov’t Trustworthy
Cooperation
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Equal ruling
Commitment
Listen to people outside
empire
Large Area
Strong Good Set gov’t
educated ruler
Pride
Impenetrable
Experienced
Economy
Qualities of an Empire
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Army
Government
Strong leader- Emperor
Good society
Happy people
Money
People
Writing system
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Technology
Land
Rules – Laws
Economy
Loyalty
Smiling?
Jobs
Trade
No Corruption
BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK
ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…
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Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall?
Is this fall inevitable?
What makes a great leader?
Problems Arise in Rome
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The Senate in Rome becomes the ruling body of
the government
Remember: that the senate was wealthy
aristocracy and ruled for life
Senate directed the wars
Took control of foreign affairs
Took domestic policy
Took financial policy
Problems within the Senate
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Senate was becoming controlled by a small number of
families
These people represented a small minority of Roman
people
Increase in poor
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As large landowners
grew more powerful
small farmers struggled
Small farmers would lose
their land
These landless poor
would flock to the cities
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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Two brothers come up
with a solution to help
the poor
Called for vote to have
government take back
land from large
landowners and give it
back to poor farmers
Angered at this attempt
to take their lands they
were killed
Changing Army
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Marius – seeing a need to
increase the size of the army
came up with new recruiting
of soldiers
Promised soldiers land in
exchange for service
Now individual generals
could recruit their own
armies
Soldiers would pledge
allegiance to generals not
Rome
Army now made up of lower
class men
Siege of Rome
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Lucius Cornelius Sulla – General commanding
troops in Asia Minor
When council of plebs tried to transfer control
of his armies civil war broke out
Sulla eventually takes Rome
Kills much of his opposition
Restores the Republic 82 B.C.
His example of using an army to seize power
leads to chaos
Collapse of the Republic
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For 50 years Rome was overtaken by civil wars
3 men emerge as victors
Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar
First Triumvirate
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Crassus – the richest man in Rome
Pompey – Great general and leader in Spain
Julius Caesar – Great general also in Spain
Together they ruled outside of Rome
Falls apart
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Crassus dies in battle
The Senate decided that
they wanted Pompey
Asked Caesar to lay
down his command
Caesar refuses
Caesar advances on
Rome – Crossed the
Rubicon
Caesar wins
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Caesar defeated Pompey and
becomes the key figure in
Rome
He becomes dictator 45 B.C.
He gives land to the poor
Increases the senate to 900 –
filling it with his supporters
He is assassinated in 44 B.C.
Second Triumvirate
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New struggle for power
Three men step forward
Octavian – Caesars’ grandnephew
Antony – Caesars’ assistant
Lepidus – commander of Caesars’ cavalry
Two divide Rome
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Octavian takes the East
Antony the West
War breaks out
Antony allies with Egypt
and Cleopatra
Antony is crushed by
Octavian
Antony and Cleopatra
commit suicide
Octavian = Augustus
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Octavian becomes first
Emperor
Restores the senate
Senate gives him the title
of Augustus (meaning
revered one)
Senate also makes him
commander-in-chief of
the army imperator
Augustus
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Maintained a huge standing army
Stabilized the frontiers of Roman empire
However lost many battles in Germany –
learned Rome was not unlimited in power
Sets up government so that he can choose his
successor
The early Empire
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First four emperor’s to succeed Augustus:
Tiberius
 Caligula
 Claudius
 Nero
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Tiberius
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2nd Roman Emperor
Great General
Adopted by Augustus
Served to a very old age
Caligula
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Given power by Tiberius
with Tiberius’ grandson
Gemellus
Had Gemellus executed
Often referred to
himself as a god
Tried to have his horse
given political office
Assassinated
Claudius
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Empire undergoes major
expansion
Did try to please the
Senate – since his claim
to the throne was weak
He was murdered
Nero
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Stepson to Claudius
Killed many people who
were politically his enemies
(even his own mother)
Troops revolted against him
Early persecutor of
Christians
He committed suicide
Nero “fiddled while Rome
burned”
Pax Romana
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Meaning Roman Peace
It was the long period of limited expansion and
relative peace
Emperors of this period were good emperors
Nerva
 Trajan
 Hadrian
 Antoninus Pius
 Marcus Aurelius
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Under 5 Good Emperors
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Power of the Emperor continued to expand
Senate lost more power
Appointed officials took over running the
government
Created programs to help people
Built many public works like aqueducts, roads,
bridges and harbors throughout the provinces
Roman Roads
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Essential to growth of
the empire
They served as military
freeways
Allowed for expanded
trade
In the Twelve Tables it
states that Roads should
be 8ft wide and 16 feet
where curved
Roman Aqueducts
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Built to supply water to
cities and various sites
One of the greatest
engineering feats of
ancient times
Many are still used today
Also used as sewers
Extent of Roman Empire
Spread of Christianity
11-6-08
The Message of Jesus
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Luke 6:27-31
27 ‘But I say to you that listen, Love your enemies, do
good to those who hate you, 28bless those who curse
you, pray for those who abuse you. 29If anyone strikes
you on the cheek, offer the other also; and from anyone
who takes away your coat do not withhold even your
shirt. 30Give to everyone who begs from you; and if
anyone takes away your goods, do not ask for them
again. 31Do to others as you would have them do to
you.
The Message of Jesus
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Matthew 5:3-10 (New International Version)
3Blessed are the poor in spirit,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
4Blessed are those who mourn,
for they will be comforted.
5Blessed are the meek,
for they will inherit the earth.
6Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness,
for they will be filled.
7Blessed are the merciful,
for they will be shown mercy.
8Blessed are the pure in heart,
for they will see God.
9Blessed are the peacemakers,
for they will be called sons of God.
10Blessed are those who are persecuted because of righteousness,
for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
The Message of Jesus
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Matthew 5:39 (New International Version)
39But I tell you, Do not resist an evil person. If
someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to
him the other also.
The Message of Jesus
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Matthew 22: 34-40
The Greatest Commandment
34Hearing that Jesus had silenced the Sadducees, the
Pharisees got together. 35One of them, an expert in the
law, tested him with this question: 36"Teacher, which is
the greatest commandment in the Law?" 37Jesus
replied: " 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart
and with all your soul and with all your mind.'[b] 38This
is the first and greatest commandment. 39And the
second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.'[c]
40All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two
commandments."
The Message of Jesus
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Mark 9: 33-37
Who is Greatest?
33They came to Capernaum. When he was in the house, he
asked them, "What were you arguing about on the road?" 34But
they kept quiet because on the way they had argued about who
was the greatest. 35Sitting down, Jesus called the Twelve and
said, "If anyone wants to be first, he must be the very last, and
the servant of all." 36He took a little child and had him stand
among them. Taking him in his arms, he said to them,
37"Whoever welcomes one of these little children in my name
welcomes me; and whoever welcomes me does not welcome me
but the one who sent me."
The Message of Jesus
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John 3:16 - New International Version
For God so loved the world that he gave his one
and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall
not perish but have eternal life.
Question to discuss
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What would you say is the message of Jesus?
How is the message of Jesus contradictory to
much of the history of Rome?
Why would this message spread?
Spread of Christianity
11-10-08
Beginnings
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Jesus is seen as a
revolutionary
Killed by Romans and
Jews - Crucified
Rose from dead
Movement within
Judaism
Apostles spread the word
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Matthew 22: 15-22 Paying Taxes to Caesar
15Then the Pharisees went out and laid plans to trap him in his words.
16They sent their disciples to him along with the Herodians. "Teacher," they
said, "we know you are a man of integrity and that you teach the way of God
in accordance with the truth. You aren't swayed by men, because you pay no
attention to who they are. 17Tell us then, what is your opinion? Is it right to
pay taxes to Caesar or not?" 18But Jesus, knowing their evil intent, said, "You
hypocrites, why are you trying to trap me? 19Show me the coin used for
paying the tax." They brought him a denarius, 20and he asked them, "Whose
portrait is this? And whose inscription?"
21"Caesar's," they replied.
Then he said to them, "Give to Caesar what is Caesar's, and to God what
is God's."
22When they heard this, they were amazed. So they left him and went away.
Simon Peter
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Apostles are the early leaders of the
Church
Leader of the apostles
Becomes the first Pope
17Jesus replied, "Blessed are you,
Simon son of Jonah, for this was not
revealed to you by man, but by my
Father in heaven. 18And I tell you that
you are Peter and on this rock I will
build my church, and the gates of
Hades will not overcome it. 19I will
give you the keys of the kingdom of
heaven; whatever you bind on earth
will be bound in heaven, and whatever
you loose on earth will be loosed in
heaven." 20Then he warned his
disciples not to tell anyone that he was
the Christ.
Peter
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Peter goes to Rome
Becomes Bishop of
Rome
Eventually is martyred
Crucified upside down
St. Paul
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Born Saul of Tarsus
Never met Jesus
Was a devout Jew
Early persecutor of
Christians
Knocked from his horse
on the road to Damascus
one day and converted
His teachings make up
much of New Testament
St. Paul
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Paul teaches that Jesus is
savior
Son of God sent to earth
to save humanity
Jesus’ death makes up for
all the sin of humans
Wrote many epistles
Went on four missionary
journeys
Journeys of St. Paul
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Paul's first journey as a Christian missionary began when members of the
congregation at Antioch selected Paul and Barnabas to take the gospel to new
places. Setting out from Antioch, they sailed to Cyprus, then ventured to
regions that lie in what today is Turkey.
Journeys of St. Paul
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Paul's second journey took him to western Asia Minor and Greece. Departing
from Antioch, Paul traveled westward through the regions of Cilicia, Phrygia,
and Galatia in what today is the country of Turkey. After arriving at Troas on
the west coast of Asia Minor, he ventured still further westward, bringing the
gospel to Europe.
Journeys of St. Paul

Paul's Third Journey involves a long ministry at Ephesus as well as travels to
cities in Macedonia and Greece. This phase of his ministry would eventually
lead back to Jerusalem where he would be arrested. Following his arrest, he
would spend over two years in jail at Caesarea.
Journeys of St. Paul

Paul's journey to Rome was a sea voyage that began at Caesarea. Traveling late
in the season, the ship ran into stormy weather while seeking shelter on Crete.
After weeks at sea, the ship brought Paul and the others to Malta. After
spending the remainder of the winter there, Paul went north to Rome. There
he awaited a hearing before the emperor.
Roman Persecution
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Initially Romans thought that Christians were a
different sect of Judaism
Romans generally tolerated different religions,
unless religion caused social disorder
Christians seen as harmful because they refused
to worship State gods and Emperors – because
it was thought to be harmful to their own
salvation
Persecutions began during Nero
Christian Martyrs



Nero blamed the Christians for burning Rome
Subjected them to cruel deaths
But, by the end of 2nd century persecutions had
diminished
Growth of the Church

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These persecutions strengthened the church
Caused the church to become organized
And made the followers very committed
By the end of third century Christianity had spread widely
Why did it spread?

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Was personal and offered salvation (eternal life)
Similar to other religions and seemed familiar
Fulfilled the human need to belong
Attractive to all social classes especially the poor
Diocletian


Did the last great
persecution of the
Christians
Admitted that Christians
could not be removed by
force
Constantine

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
The first Christian
Emperor
Exposed to Christian
beliefs as child
Battle of Milvian bridge Labarum
Issued edict of Milan –
proclaiming tolerance of
Christians
Baptized at his death
Official religion of Rome

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
Theodosius the Great
Promoted Nicene
Trinitarianism
Which asserted that
Jesus, the Son, was equal
to the Father, one with
the Father
Tomorrow

Read 175-178 Page 178 #1, 2 & 6
The Fall
11-11-08
BIG QUESTIONS TO THINK
ABOUT FOR THIS UNIT…


Why do empires and civilizations rise and fall?
Is this decline and fall inevitable?
Decline – Political Upheavals

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
From 235-284 who ever had the military would be
emperor
22 Different emperors
Most killed violently
Decline - Invasions


East – Sassanid Persians
North – German tribes pour into
Decline – Economic Problems

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
Plagues, invasions and
constant civil wars
caused a near economic
collapse
Decline in trade
Labor shortage
Farm production
declined
Monetary system began
to show signs of collapse
Decline – Military Problems

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
With invasions armies
were needed
Decline in population –
fewer soldiers
Decline in money – can’t
hire soldiers
Had to rely on hiring
Germans


No loyalty
No understanding
New Beginning

Under Constantine and Diocletian – New State
New Government Structure
 Rigid Economic System
 Rigid Social System
 New State Religion

Diocletian & Constantine

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Divided the kingdom up into four parts
Each had its own ruler
His military power allowed him to claim high
authority
Increased the bureaucracy
Increased army to 500,000 troops
Doing this however cost money
Reforms

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To combat inflation set price ceilings
Set minimum wage
Forced people to stay in designated occupations
Basic jobs become hereditary
Small farmers become indebted to large
landowners
Constantine Moves Capital


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Biggest project of this
time was moving the
capital
Moved to Byzantium –
Greek city
Then renamed
Constantinople
More strategic location
FALL!

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Reforms did little in the long run
Rome remains divided with two different capitals
Invasions increased
Visigoths – 378
Visigoths – 410 sacked Rome
444 Huns unite – 452 attack Rome
Vandals – 455 sacked Rome
476 Fall of Western Roman Empire
Reasons why Rome fell

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Christianity weakened the military virtues
Roman values declined due to foreign influences
Lead poisoning lead to mental decline in
population
Plague wiped out 1/10 of the population
Failed to advance technologically slavery
No workable political system