Download Rome - School District of Grafton

The Pax Romana
Roman Law
Roman Institutions
Roman Tolerance
Roman Attitudes
Roman Military
Roman Peace and Prosperity
Rome & the Roman Empire
at its Peak
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Population: 100,000,000+
31 different ethnic groups
10,000 cities and towns
180,000 miles of paved roads
Rome itself had:
– 11 Public Baths
– 22 Aqueducts
– Coliseum & Circus Maximus
I. The Founding of Rome 900 - 509BC
II. The Roman Republic and the Conflict of the Orders
III. Wars 509 BC. - 287 BC including the Mountain People, the
Senones, the Samnites, and the Greeks of southern Italy - The
Unification of Italy
IV. Expansion outside of Italy - The Punic Wars 264-241BC and 215201BC
V. Dominion in the Mediterranean - Illyria, Macedonia, Greece,
Asia(Turkey), Carthage, and Spain
VI. The Gracchi Brothers, Marius, and Sulla (Liberals vs
Conservatives)
VII. Julius Caesar and the first triumvirate - The fall of the Republic
Three Key Roman Eras:
• Settlement & Founding 1000 BC – 600 BC
• The Monarchial Period
– 600 to 509 BC
• The Republic
– 509 to 44 BC and J. Caesar’s Death
• The Empire
– 44 to 476 AD
Rome: Founding to 509 BC.
Early Settlement
And
The Monarchial Period
Nordic Waves of Settlement
• Palafittes 2000 BC
– Lake/Platform Homes
– Cremation, Stone Tools
• Terramare 1500 BC
– Bronze
• Villanovan 1000 BC
– Iron Age Settlements
Oppidum – main settlements
Vicus/Vici – Chief & Assembly
Pagus/Pagi – small district
There’s No
Place Like
Rome
Etruscan Invaders
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Highly Civilized
Urban
Traders
Manufactures
Partiers
Gladiatorial Contests
Empire Builders
Women’s Rights Activists
Latium is Settled
• 50 Cities
• Villanovan Development
• Cooperative
• Warlike
• Rome
• Latin League Created
Romulus Founds Rome
• Mars & Rhea Silvia
• Numitor &
Amulius
• Brothers
– Romulus
– Remus
• Palatine Hill
• Romulus
• April 21, 753 BC
600 – 509BC
The King
• Chief Priest
– Augurs & Pontifex
– Auspicium (omen)
• Chief Legislator
– Curiate & Senate
• Chief Executive Imperium
– Quaestor
• Picked by the Etruscans
Religion Before the Greek Influence
Conducted by the King – 3 Times Daily
Worship was at the Sacred Hearth – Sustained by the Vestal Virgins
Worship focused on the NUMIA
formless
sexless
multifunctional beings
Institutions in the Monarchial
Period
• Extended Family
– Pater Familias
• Clan Group
• 30 Curias
• 3 Tribes
• 2 Social Classes
– Patricians
– Plebeians
Revolution 509 BC
Romans v Etruscans
The Republic Created
Troubles on the Borders
• Civil War in Latium
• Mountain People:
– Hernici
– Aequi
– Volsci
– Sabines
• Etruscans
Civil War in Latium
• 50 Cities fight each other for dominance
• Questions of Survival
• Saved by a Treaty and Compromise!
War
• Aequi and Volsci
–38 years
• Etruscans
–At Fidenae
–509 BC to 425
BC
& Peace
• Neutrality, Peace, and
Protection given by
Individual Treaty
Negotiation!
– Hernici
– Sabines
 Freedonium
Etruscans
• Graftonia
Italy After 509 BC
 Cedarburgium
Destruction of the Etruscans
• Fidenae Falls!
• Eturia is open to
conquest!!
• Rome takes Veii!!!
• Rome meets the
Senones – Gauls
from the North!!!!!
Reforming-Rebuilding-Creating
• Government
• Military
• Social
• Architecture
• After:
– 509 BC
– 387 BC
Government in the Republic
Legislative Branch
Executive Branch
Social Classes
The Course of Honors:
Consul
Dictator
Maius Imperium
All offices are
one year terms
with 10 years
required
between offices!
Praetor
Aedile
Tribune of Plebeians
Patrician Path
Queastor
Plebeian Path
Military service and Lieutenants Rank
Pent cameral Legislatures
• Curia Assembly
• Centuriate Assembly
• Comitia de Tributa
• Council of Plebeians
• Senate
Code of the 12 Tables
• Written Consistent
Law is DEMANDED!
• The Hortensian Law
• Plebeian Protest!
Plebeian Power
• Reforms in Social
Class
• Reforms in
Government
• Reforms in land
ownership
• Reforms in Credit
Plebs v. Pats
Teachers v. School Board
Military Reforms
• A New Wall
– 387 BC to 410 AD
• The Legion Created
– Chain of Command
– Consul to Centurion
Fighting for Respect
• HAVES Rebel!
• Latin League
Loyalty????
• Yes!
• Camillus Leads
– 387 to 358 BC
• Rome Wins
• Individual Treaties
Written
• Roman Control of the
area around Latium
Troubles in Campania
Campania
Samnites v Oscan
• Area directly south of
Latium
• Peoples of Campania
• Lucanians to the far
south and Oscans to the
north on the border of
southern Latium
• Samnite?????
• Samnites don’t live in
Campania!
The Samnite Wars & The
Unification of Central Italy:
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First Samnite War 343-341 BC
Great Latin War 341-338 BC
Second Samnite War 327-304 BC
Third Samnite War 298-290 BC
– Gellius Egnatius & Sentinum 296 BC
– Via Appia Built
– Individual Treaty Negotiations
Space Shuttle
Determined by
the Whom?
Roadways,
Railway?
The Romans of
Course!
The first all weather
road. Roman Legions
eventually built
180,000 miles of paved
all weather roads.
http://www.history.com/media.do?id=rome_appian_way_broadband&action=clip
http://www.italyguides.it/movie/roma/appia/via_appia.mov
The Samnite Wars & The
Unification of Central Italy:
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First Samnite War 343-341 BC
Great Latin War 341-338 BC
Second Samnite War 327-304 BC
Third Samnite War 298-290 BC
– Gellius Egnatius & Sentinum 296 BC
– Via Appia Built
– Individual Treaty Negotiations
Gauls in the North
Greeks in the South
It’s all Greek to me!
• Roman ally the
Lucanians, attack Thurii
• Thurii claims Roman
protection under
Noninterference Treaty
from 2nd Samnite War
Thurii v Tarentum
• Rome calls off its ally Lucania
• Tarentum and the S. Greeks view this as
a violation of the Noninterference Treaty
• War in the South!
Rome’s at war in the South
Gellius Egnatius was right
Gaul’s attack!
Vadimo 283 BC
Po River City
It’s hard to swim with armor!
Pyrrhus of Epirus:
• Uncle of Alexander the
Great
• Brings 25,000
mercenaries and 20
tanks to Italy
• Creates a southern
coalition against Rome
• Heraclea in 280 BC
– Pyrrhic Victory
The Unification of Italy Po to Toe!
1.
Vadimo on the
Po 283 BC
2.
Beneventum
near the toe
275 BC
Individual Treaty Negotiation
and Creation of Empire
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Cassian Treaty 493 BC
Socii
Annexed
Allies
Friend
Full Citizenship
Half Citizenship
Dediticci
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus
vs
Hannibal
Carthaginian Empire at its Peak!
The First Punic War
Battles and Leaders:
Hamilicar Barca
• Leaders:
– Hiero II of Syracuse
– Hamilcar Barca
– Regulus
– Xanthippus
• Battles:
– Mylae 260 BC
– Economus 256 BC
– Bagradas 255
– Aegates Isle 241 BC
The First Punic War 264 - 241 BC
Troubles in Sicily
&
The Creation of an Empire!
Rome’s on a Roll
• Sardinia
• Corsica
• Southern France
• Saguntum in Spain
• War of the
Mercenaries in
Carthage
• Ebro Agreement with
Hamilcar Barca
226 BC
The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
Hannibal Destroys the Romans!
Hannibal Attacks and Wins Battles!
They are mere shadows of men, half dead with hunger, cold, filth and
... bruised on the rocks and cliffs .... Their weapons are shattered and
broken, their horses are weak and lame.
Hannibal’s Victories 218 – 216 BC
Trasimene
Terbia
Cannae
Saguntum
The Real First World War!
Philip of Macedonia
Hannibal
Hasdrabul
v Scipio
M. Claudius Marcellus
Scipio’s triumph in Rome!
Roman Victory!
207 BC
Metaurus
Philip
Negotiates
204 BC
206 BC
202 BC
Zama
210 BC
Sicily
Expansion into: Illyria,
Macedonia, & Greece
The Second Punic War 218-201 BC
• final Battle of Zama in 202 BC the Romans finally
defeated Hannibal
• Hannibal commits suicide 183 BC
The Third Punic War 149-146 BC
• Rome made a series of escalating demands, ending with the near-impossible
demand that the city be demolished and re-built away from the coast, deeper
into Africa. The Carthaginians refused this last demand and Rome declared the
Third Punic War.
• Scipio Aemilianus besieged the city for three years before he breached the
walls, sacked the city, and burned Carthage to the ground. The surviving
Carthaginians were sold into slavery, and Carthage ceased to exist.
Expansion into
Asia Minor
Expansion into Spain and North Africa
Fighting in 149 BC???
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Macedonia 149-148 BC
Greece 149-146 BC
Carthage 149-146 BC
Spain 154-133 BC
Rome is victorious in all!
Provinces and
Protectorates in the
Mediterranean!
Unemployment & the Rise of the Latifundia
Turmoil in Rome itself:
Patricians, Equites, and Plebeians
Macedonian Wars
• First Macedonian War 214 BC – 204 BC
• Second Macedonian War 200 BC – 196 BC
• Third Macedonian War 171 BC – 168 BC
– Perseus 179 BC kills the “darling of Roman
Society” his brother to become King!
– Pydna 168 BC
• Andriscus & 4th Macedonian War 149 BC
• First Roman Province
Wars Against the Greeks
• Greeks assist Rome in 1st & 2nd Macedonian
Wars, but gain nothing but peace!
• Upset the Aetolian Greeks join with the
Selucids(Mesopotamia) led by Antiochus
III to fight Rome
• Thermopylae 191 BC – Greeks lose
• Apamea 188 BC – Selucids lose
Wars in Spain
• Lusitanians & Celtiberians
resist Rome’s take over after
the Second Punic War!
• 1st Spanish War 197-179 BC
– 50,000 troops
– Roman Corduba
• 2nd Spanish War 154 – 133 BC
– Viriathus & the assassins
• 3rd Punic War 149 – 146 BC
Attalus III of Pergamum 133 BC
• Attalus allies with Rome
during the Second Punic
War 214 BC
• Attalus supported Rome in
all of its Eastern
Campagins!
• Attalus dies 133 BC and
gives his country to Rome
• 129 BC the Province of
Asia created!
Greece Taken
• Civil War in Southern Greece:
Who will control the
Peloponnesus?
• Achaeans v Spartans
• Rome demands peaceful
settlement
• Achaeans refuse: War 149 – 146
BC
• Illyria, Macedonia, and Greece
all Roman protectorates under
jurisdiction of Macedonian
Governor!
Provincial Government
• Governor a former
Consul or Praetor
• Ruled by edict
• 1 year term
• Financial
Administration
• Maintain Peace
• Aided by Legates (Jr.
Senators) & Queastors
• Appeal to Rome itself
 Taxes:
Poll Tax
Land Tax
Taxes in Kind – tithe
 Publicani – tax collectors
Lex Provincia
• 146 BC all laws from the
provinces are codified
into one set of laws
• Attempts made to deal
with conquerored people
on a consistent basis
• Extortion & Extraction
Courts created as Appeals
Courts in Rome for
provincials.
Cimbri and Tuetons
• Ask for permission to settle
in Northern Italy
• Ask to give horses, cattle,
and soldiers to Rome
• Senate refuses to accept
offer – Another failure!
• Wars begin:
– 113 BC – 30,000? killed
– 109 BC – 40,000? killed
– 105 BC – 80,000 killed
Roman Emperors
the good, the bad and the ugly
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Julius Caesar
Octavian
Augustus Caesar
Tiberius
Claudius
Nero
Vespasian
Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius
Commodus
The Gracchi Brothers
Tiberius Gracchus
and
Gaius Gracchus
Social Chaos or Social Reform
• Limits on Land Ownership
– 300 Acre tenant farms
– 60,000 slaves work plantations on Sicily (Revolt
135 – 133 BC)
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Free Land to the Unemployed
Political Rights for Equites – The new rich!
Citizenship to All Italians
Plebeians v Patricians
Senate Control over Roman Affairs
Jugurtha King of Numidia
• Gold is discovered in the
North African Kingdom
of Numidia
• Roman citizens
massacred
• Senate generals bungle
the punishment of
Jugurtha
• Viewed as the Senate
failure
The Rise of Marius
• Roman General
• Creates a volunteer army to fight
Jugurtha
• Wins the Consulships:
– 105 to 100 BC
• Defeats Cimbri in Northern Italy
and Tuetons in Southern France –
101 BC
The Fall of Marius
• Has political
opponents assassinated
in the election of 99
BC.
• This was too much for
even for the Plebeians
• Marius retires until the
Social War 91-88 BC
The Senate and Sulla
• With support of the military and its
leader Sulla, Senate retakes control
of the Roman Empire
• Civil War (The Social War 91 – 88
BC) leads to Italian Civil Rights
– Marius People’s Choice
– Sulla Senates Choice
– A promise of Italian citizenship ends
this conflict, Senate turns on Marius
• Sulla chosen to lead Roman troops
Marius Banished/Escapes to North
Africa
Sulla is sent!
Mithridates of Pontus
Attacks Asia Minor!
Marius leads a revolt
in Rome!
Sulla Governs in Asia Minor 87-83 BC
• Marius takes over Rome
and declares himself
dictator
• Sulla returns to Rome
after victories in Asia
Marius kills off Sulla’s Friends,
Minor
Opposition party members, and
• A Reign of Terror Begins
Senators!
as the Senate is restored
to power by Sulla
• Plebeians stripped of
power
The Senate Struggles to Keep
Power
• Lepidus leads a revolt in Northern
Italy!
• Pompey puts down the revolt
• Sertorius leads a revolt in Spain
• Pompey puts down the revolt
• Spartacus leads a revolt of slaves
in 70 BC
• The Senate is unable to put down
the revolt without Pompey!
Spartacus
• A slave and gladiator
• Led a slave revolt in Italy that
Panics all of Italy
• Senate armies are defeated by
a SLAVE!
• Pompey & Crassus save
Rome
• Spartacus & 5000 of his
followers crucified at quarter
mile intervals from Rome to
Brundisium along Via Appia
Pompey & Crassus
• Run for consulships in
70 BC despite never
having served in
Government!
• Both are elected and
the Senate enters a
period of decline!!
Pirate problems for Rome
• 69 BC Senate bungles
the Pirate raids on the
Italian coast
• Fear promotes appoint
of Pompey as Dictator
with a 3 year term!!
• In 89 days it’s over
Pompey wins!!!
Pompey goes east!
Mithridates of Pontus
Attacks Asia Minor in
a series of conflict
74-66 BC!
Pompey in the East
• By 63 BC defeats
Mithridates
• Annexes Palestine
• Takes over the Selucids
of Mesopotamia
• Returns to Rome to a
hostile Senate: no
triumph, no land for his
veterans
Elections of 59 BC
• Pompey declares as a
candidate for consul
• Julius Caesar governor of
Spain and Marion
Loyalist declares as other
candidate for consul
• Senate declares consuls of
59 commissioners
Power Behind The First
Triumvirate
• Pompey – The Military
• Crassus – The Money
• Caesar – The People
What Each Member Gets:
• Pompey – his triumph, land for his veterans,
and governship of Spain (ruled from Rome)
• Caesar – five year governship of Gaul “the
land of forest and barbarians”
• Crassus – the right to collect taxes in Asia
Minor with a 10% rebate and a chance to
attack the Parthians
Caesar in Gaul
“the land of forests & barbarians”
• Fame
• Fortune
• An Army within
walking distance of
Rome
• An extended
Governorship
• Power
Caesar Conquest of Gaul
• Defeats Ariovistus in 58
BC to take southern Gaul
• Defeats the Belgeans 57
BC to annex central Gaul
• Caesar invades England 55
& 54 BC
• Germanic tribes unite
Caesar is victorious 51 BC
Jealousy in Rome
• Meeting in Luca 56 BC
– 5 more years as governor
– Caesar in Gaul, Pompey in
Spain, & Crassus in Syria
• After victories over the
Gauls and the death of
Crassus, Pompey and Caesar
clash.
• Pompey joins the Senate in a
Civil War begins.
Civil War 49-45 BC
Caesar Victorious
• Ordered home to stand trial
– Caesar returns with his
Gallic Legions
• Pompey & Senate abandon
Rome and flee to Greece
• Pharsalus 48 BC – Pompey
flees to Egypt
• Caesar Vacations in Egypt
• Caesar returns to Rome
master of an Empire!
The Death of Caesar
• Appointed Dictator,
Consul, & Censor - Caesar
appears to many to be an
Emperor!
• March 15, 44 BC
• Killed by his friends
• Killed to prevent one man
rule
• Caesar’s death ends the
Republic his assassins
attempt to save!
http://www.history.com/media.do?id=tdih_mar15_broadband&action=clip
Rome
Brutus & Cassius
• Caesars assassins
attempt to reestablish
the Republic
• Marc Antony pardons
the assassins
• 19 year old Octavian
the adopted son of
Caesar demands
revenge
The Second Triumvirate
• Antony, Octavian, and
Lepidus join forces to
take on Caesar’s
assassins
• Assassins flee East
• Triumvirate solidifies
control of the West
• Philliphi 42 BC
Triumvirate defeats
assassins
Antony & Octavian
• After Philliphi,
Lepidus forced out
• Antony takes the East
• Octavian takes the
West
• Troubles for Octavian:
• Luis Antony attempts
assassination
• Sextus Pompey leads
revolt in Sicily
Brundisium Conference
• Antony to marry
Octavia, Octavian’s
sister
• Each to keep a
segement of the
Empire: Antony east
and Octavian west!
Antony has a Parthian Problem
• Parthians attack
Roman holdings in the
East
• Antony is discouraged
fighting
• Needing a vacation he
goes to Egypt and
meets???
• Cleopatra
Antony – Fool or Romantic
• Falls for Cleopatra
• Divorces Octavia
• Gives Egypt its
independence
• Angers Rome &
Octavian who declare
war
• Actium 31 BC.
The Julio Claudians
• Julius Caesar, Claudius and their
relatives
• Rule Rome from 44 BC – 68 AD.
• Julius to 59 BC - 44 BC
• Octavian/Augustus 44 BC – 14 AD
• Tiberius 14 – 37 AD
• Caligula 37 – 41 AD
• Claudius 41 – 54 AD
• Nero 54 – 69 AD
Augustus & the Principate
• With Antony’s death
Octavian becomes
master of Rome
• Octavian begins the
Principate
• Octavian begins the Pax
Romona
• The Julio-Claudian
Dynasty 45 BC – 69 AD
Augustus
• Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city
of marble.
• Paid Virgil to write the Aneid
• Brought Peace – Tranquility – Security to
Rome and the Empire (31 BC – 14 AD)
• Secured natural defensible borders
• Reduced army from 500,000 to 300,000
Achievement of Augustus
• Peace
• Prosperity
• Natural Defensible
Borders
• Shrinks army from
500,000 to 300,000
• Lives so long only
ruler some people will
know! 44 BC – 14 AD
The 5 Good Emperors
Nervan-Antonian dynasty
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Nerva - first emperor to select his successor by their
capabilities and potential, rather than paternal relations
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Trajan – greatest extent of empire
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Hadrian – world traveler, Hadrian’s Wall (England)
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Antoninus Pius – promoted arts, science, theatre
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Marcus Aurelius – stoic, worked for the people
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Commodus – end of the “good”
- Commodus was a political
and military outsider, as well
as an extreme egotist with
neurotic problems. For this
reason, Marcus Aurelius'
death is often held to have
been the end of the Pax
Romana
Roman Coliseum
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The Colosseum or Coliseum, originally known as the Flavian
Amphitheatre is a giant amphitheatre in the centre of the city of
Rome. Originally capable of seating 45,000-50,000 spectators.
The Colosseum remained in use for nearly 500 years with the last
recorded games being held there as late as the 6th century — well
after the traditional date of the fall of Rome in 476.
As well as the traditional gladiatorial games, many other public
spectacles were held there, such as mock sea battles, animal hunts,
executions, reenactments of famous
battles, and dramas.
Built in 72 AD – 80 AD
Vespasian and Titus
The Forum built in the reign of Trajan and Trajan’s Column!
Tiberius 14 AD – 37 AD
A question of leadership
• Picked by Augustus
• Augustus picks Germanicus to
follow Tiberius
• Germanicus is young, cool and
hip…Tiberius is old and sad
• Germanicus dies while on a
mission to Armenia for
Tiberius
– Many believe Tiberius set him up
– Agrippina makes a big stink!
Tiberius 14 AD – 37 AD
A question of who will lead next?
• With Germanicus dead,
Tiberius’ son Drusus seems to
have the inside
• Sejanus leader of the
Praetorian sees a chance too!
• Sejanus seduces the wife of
Drusus who poisons her
husband for love!
• By 31AD Tiberius has elevated
Sejanus to Consul (#2)
Tiberius 14 AD – 37 AD
A question of who will lead next?
• Dumb moves in History
– Sejanus dumps Drusus wife!
– Tiberius receives an anonymous
letter
• A Reign of Terror is Begun!
• Tiberius nominates two
successors
• Gaius/Caligula gets job by
winning of the support of the
Praetorian Guards.
Caligula Little Boots 37 – 41 AD
• Starts out really well, rules
in the spirit of Augustus
now deified
• Becomes ill and goes just
a little nutty
• Nominated horse to
consulship
• Spends money on foolish
projects and
on….extravagancies
• Praetorians & Senate
move against the whole
family in 41 AD.
Claudius 41 – 54 AD
• Not bad for a guy who
hides behind and curtain
crying
• Not bad for a guy who is
slightly off mentally
• Clever enough to offer a
raise to the military
• Clever enough to create a
bureaucracy to run the
state
Claudius 41 – 54 AD & Flaws
• Had not dated much,
who’d go out with a nut?
• Out one night he met
Messalina on a street
corner, love at first sight!
• Marrying Messalina is a
disgrace and eventually
her behavior causes her to
disappear
• Marries his niece,
Agrippina II
• Adopts Agrippina’s son
Ahenobarbarous…mistake
Nero 54 – 69 AD
• Troubles with Mom
• Losing my mind
• All I Love is the
theater
• Rule of 63 AD
• Trouble and Revolt
Year of the 4 Emperors
• Nero was nuts and had
to go!
• Galba leader of the
Armies of N. Italy
replaces Nero
• Galba goes Nero
• Otho declared Emperor
• Cuts Praetorians pay and
raises taxes and puts the
state in order
Vespacian
• Founder of the Flavian
Dynasty
• Rulers from 69 AD –
96 AD
• Turns power over to
sons Titus and
Domitian
The Flavian Dynasty
• Vespacian dies the
same day Mt.
Vesuvius erupts
• Titus takes over
• Destroys temple in
Jerusalem and invades
Scotland and Wales
• Killed by his brother
Domitian