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Chapter 2: The Fall of Rome Chapter 2 – Section 1: The Roman Empire Vocabulary Augustus citizens aqueducts Augustus (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14 ) ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in AD 14 1st emperor of Rome Set many of the powers that later emperors would have: declare war raise taxes Born Gaius Octavius punish lawbreakers Thurinus, he was adopted by his greatnominate public officials uncle Gaius Julius influence meetings of the Caesar in 44 BC. In 27 BC, the Senate Senate, the elected awarded him the council that had once honorific Augustus ("the Various Names: revered one") ruled Rome • Birth to adoption: Gaius Octavius Thurinus lead religious festivals • Adoption to accession: Gaius Julius Caesar • As Emperor: Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus “I drove the men who slaughtered my father [Julius Caesar] into exile with a legal order, punishing their crime, and afterwards, when they waged war on the state, I conquered them in two battles.” - FROM DEEDS OF THE DIVINE AUGUSTUS Short Movie on Augustus (Time - 8:43) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgbbPY E-Ics Uploaded by Princepsmaximus on Sep 19, 2008 The first emperor Augustus (27 B.C.-14 A.D.) was the most honored and adored man in roman history. The film shows why he came to that power and what he did with it. Laws and Citizenship The Roman empire survived, at least in part, because of its laws. Rome’s laws were written down and kept on public display. Rome’s laws protected the rights of the city’s citizens, the people who could participate in the government. Only citizens could hold offices or vote. Rome and Christianity The Impact of Rome on the World Today Watch video: Time - 2:48 Describe two ways in which the Roman achievements have impacted American culture. Roman Advancements Engineering – Roman engineers built many structures to improve life, such as roads, bridges, and aqueducts. Art – Like the Greeks, Roman artists tried to make their art incredibly realistic. Architecture – the art of designing buildings. Innovated for their strength and size. Philosophy – Roman philosophers, or thinkers, advised people on how they should behave in order to be happy. Chapter 2 – Section 2: Fall of the Western Roman Empire Vocabulary Diocletian Constantine Clovis Attila corruption 1 Fall of the Western Roman Empire Notes for Chapter 2 – Section 2 Make sure to highlight portions of this PowerPoint as we go through it together in class. Rome Before its Fall At its height, the empire included all the land around the Mediterranean Sea. By the end of the 100’s, some emperors had given up some of the land because they feared that the empire had become too large. These emperors were right! 2 Problems In the Empire Barbarians began attacking Rome’s northern and eastern boarders. German communities began moving into the empire to help grow food ignoring the emperors in charge. Disease swept throughout the empire, killing many people. Taxes increased to pay for the defense of the empire against the attacks. 3 Division of the Empire DIOCLETIAN took power and divided the empire in half; he ruling the eastern half and named a co-emperor to rule the west. After Diocletian, CONSTANTINE reunited the empire. He moved the capital city to Constantinople. Power had moved from west (Rome) to east 4 Diocletian (22 December 244 – 2 December 311 ) 51st Roman Emperor from 284 - 305 Convinced that the empire was too big for one person to rule, he divided the empire. He ruling the eastern half and named a co-emperor to rule the west. A Quick Overview of Diocletian's Tetrarchy The Roman "Rule by Four" (Time - 2:21) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cwf8e_RSfw Division of the Empire DIOCLETIAN took power and divided the empire in half; he ruling the eastern half and named a coemperor to rule the west. After Diocletian, CONSTANTINE reunited the empire. He moved the capital city to Constantinople. Power had moved from west (Rome) to east (Constantinople). 4 Constantine (27 February 272 – 22 May 337 ) 57th Roman Emperor from 306 - 337 Reunited the two halves of the Roman Empire. Also moved the empire’s capital to the east into what is now Turkey. This capital was called Constantinople. First Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. Who was Constantine? (Time - 4:05) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1asoxwkTWC0&feature=related 5 Barbarians Invade Rome Hun at top, Goth warrior on bottom In the late 300’s, barbarians begin to invade deep into the empire. The HUNS were a fierce group of barbarian warriors from Central Asia. The GOTHS sacked Rome in 410. The VANDALS invaded Spain. ANGLES, SAXONS, JUTES, and FRANKS invaded Britain and Gaul. Attila (Also known as Attila the Hun - 406 - 453 ) Ruler of the Huns from 434 - 453 Raided Roman territory in the east. Attila the Hun Movie Trailer – 2001 (Time – 1:24) Epic new drama from the BBC/Discovery http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=IUT10dZY5OI “He was a man born into the world to shake the nations, the scourge of all lands, who in some way terrified all mankind by the dreadful rumors abroad concerning him” - Jordanes, from History of the Goths The End of the Western Roman Empire 6 Military leaders began to take away power from weak emperors By the 450’s, military leaders ruled Rome. Military leaders began fighting amongst themselves, and barbarians took advantage, invading Rome again. In 476, a barbarian general took over Rome and made himself emperor of Italy. Clovis (466 - 511 ) King of the Franks 509 - 511 He was the first king of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler. Also was the first Catholic king to rule over Gaul (France). King Clovis (Time - 3:15) The Frankish King Clovis defeated the Roman Empire to give his people a country of their own. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnbTPaVs8F0 Factors in Rome’s Fall Barbarian Invasions considered most significant cause, but there were many others. Empire was too big to govern and defend against attacks. Communication within the empire was difficult due to size. Corruption was too widespread within the government. Many wealthy citizens left Rome, decreasing the population, which made prices increase (inflation) and taxes increase for those left. Rome no longer was the city it once was. 7 True or False Review 8 If the answer is False, write in the correct answer. 1. The Roman Empire included all the land around the Mediterranean Sea. ______ 2. Diocletian divided the Roman empire in half. ______ 3. Caesar moved the capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople. ______ 4. The Huns were barbarians from Central Asia. ______ 5. Military leaders too power away from the emperors. ______ 6. Size was a factor in Rome’s fall. ______ 7. Corruption in the Roman government was a factor in the fall. ______ Chapter 2 – Section 3 – The Byzantine Empire Vocabulary Justinian Theodora Byzantine Empire mosaics Justinian (11 May 483 – 14 November 565 ) Commonly known as Justinian the Great. He ruled the Eastern Roman Empire as emperor from 527 to 565. Justinian sought to revive the Empire’s greatness and re-conquer the lost western half of the classic Roman Empire. Justinian is considered a saint amongst the Orthodox Christians. Also known as the “The Emperor who never sleeps” because of his work ethics. The Justinian Dynasty of Byzantium (Time – 2:39) Coins used at that time with Justinian on face http://www.youtube.com/watch?v Theodora (c. 500 – 28 June 548 ) Was empress of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire as the wife of Emperor Justinian I. She also is considered a saint in the Orthodox Christian Church. She is considered to be one of the most influential and powerful woman in Roman Empire history. Theodora and Justinian were partners in their leadership of the Byzantine Empire. Famous Mosaic of Theodora and her attendants Byzantine Empire After Rome fell in 476, the emperors of the eastern Roman Empire dreamed of taking it back and reuniting the old Roman Empire. For Justinian, reuniting the empire was a passion. He couldn’t live with an empire that didn’t include Rome, so he sent an army there to retake Italy. After Justinian’s death in 565, the eastern empire began to decline. See above map – light blue part is the size after barbarians, Persians, and Muslims invaded the empire. The eastern empire’s struggles finally ended nearly 700 years after the death of Justinian. In 1453, a group called the Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. With this defeat, the 1,000 year history of the Roman Empire came to an end. Mosaics – To show their devotion to the Christian Church, Byzantine artists created beautiful works of religious art. Among the grandest were mosaics, pictures made with pieces of colored stone or glass. Some mosaics sparkled with gold, silver, and jewels. Justinian I Project: create a mosaic of your own design. Byzantine Empire –Mosaics (Time – 4:44) http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=39Mg 3ZFTUYY Emperor of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire