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Download Collapse of the Roman Republic & Civil War
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Collapse of the Roman Republic & Civil War I. Problems of Roman Expansion • 133 BCE: epansion = problems A. Government • Republican govt. • Senate gained power • Conquered territories = provinces – Denied citizenship • Proconsul/Propraetor • Publicans (tax collectors in Rome) B. Economic Turmoil • Wealth gap! • Latifundias – 100 BCE: 1/3 of pop. enslaved – Life of slaves (Spartacus) • Small farmers could not compete • Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus (reforms) • Tiberius (133 BCE—tribune) – Limited amount of Senators public land – Landless citizens worked confiscated land • Popular w/masses, not senators! – Clubbed him to death • Gaius (tribune in 123 & 122) – Used public $ to purchase grains for poor • Upset senators • Killed in a riot C. Marius & Sulla • Gaius Marius (107 BCE: elected consul) – Revolutionized the Roman army • Anyone could be in legions – Received pay & spoils • Replaced army of draftees w/volunteer army – Provided opps. thru the military – Armies became loyal to leaders • Lucius Cornelius Sulla (88 BCE—consul) – Triumphed in civil war w/Marius – 82-79 = dictator – Restored power to senate D. The First Triumvirate • Julius Caesar (nephew of Marius) – Left Rome until after Sulla’s death (78) – Joined w/Gaius Pompey & Licinius Crassus (60) • The First Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus) – 59: Caesar became consul E. Caesar in Power • Served 1 year as consul • Obtained command in Gaul (France) – Brought Gaul under Roman rule • Crassus died in 53 BCE • Pompey was jealous of Caesar – – – – Persuaded Senate to order Caesar home w/out army Caesar led army toward Rome in 49 BCE Fled to Greece allowing Caesar to take Rome Caesar took Italy, Spain, Egypt, & Greece • 46 BCE: Caesar returned to Rome – Appointed dictator for life 1. Caesar’s Reforms • Roman citizenship to many in provinces • Land to vets. & grain to poor • Reduced influence of Senate (advisory council) • Work relief programs for poor • Increased pay for soldiers • Senators conspired against Caesar • Gaius Cassius Longinus & Marcus Brutus • March 15, 44 BCE: Caesar assassinated F. The Second Triumvirate • • • • Civil war broke out Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus Octavian forced Lepidus to retire Octavian & Antony = rivals – Civil war – Battle of Actium (31 BCE) • Octavian = “princeps” or “first citizen” • 27 BCE: Augustus or “exalted one” – Augustus Caesar—first Roman emperor • Rule by one man! II. A Vast & Powerful Empire • Augustus launched military conquests • Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”) – 27 BCE to 180 CE (207 yrs.) – Farming, manufacturing, & trade prospered – Pop. = 60-80 mill. (1 mill. in Rome) A. A Sound Govt. • Augustus = Rome’s ablest ruler – Stabilized the frontier – Est. a civil service (paid govt. workers) • Drawn from plebeians – 14 CE: Augustus died—govt. maintained empire’s stability B. The Julio-Claudians (bad emperors) • Relatives of Julius Caesar ruled for 54 yrs. (14-68 CE) • Tiberius (14-37) • Caligula (37-41) • Claudius (41-54) • Nero (54-68) C. The Good Emperors • • • • • Nerva (96-98) Trajan (98-117) Hadrian (117-138) Antonius Pius (138-161) Marcus Aurelias (161-180) III. The Roman World • Romans were practical • Ag. was MOST IMPORTANT! – 90% of pop. – Most lived on local produce…wealthy could import – Denarius • Rome’s trade: – – – – – – Many opps. for commerce Tariffs were low Denarius = Roman currency Rome & Alexandria Provinces = grain, meat, wool, hides Asia = silks, linens, glass, jewelry, furniture • India? – Transportation improved “All roads lead to Rome” A. Slavery • • • • • Slaves = 1/3 of Roman pop. Conquered peoples (property) Worked both in cities & farms Treated cruelly Healthy males = GLADIATORS B. Society & Culture • Rich lived very extravagantly – Villas, slaves, gardens, luxuries • Most were poor – High unemployment – Govt. supported w/rations of grain – Lived in crowded tenements • Govt. provided entertainment – 250: 150 holidays/yr. – Colosseum – gladiator games • Animal shows (exotic animals) • Gladiators fought animals and/or each other