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From Republic to Empire The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire Warm up • How did Rome build an empire around the Mediterranean Sea? • What were the benefits of expansion? • What were the problems with expansion? • What is a latifundia? • Who were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus? Essential Questions • Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive challenges by Julius Caesar? • How did military conquests alter economic and social life in Rome? • How did an imperial monarchy come to rule Rome? Roman Expansion: Preparedness meets Opportunity • Three Stages – Conquest of Italy – Conflict with Carthage & expansion into western Mediterranean Sea – Domination of Hellenistic kingdoms in the eastern Mediterranean Effects of Expansion: Social & Economic • • • • a latifundium, or large-scale 'plantation', during the Republic New class of wealthy Romans emerges Latifundia: estates of the wealthy – Wealth increased corruption – Greed and self interest replaced loyalty and virtue Spread of slave labor Roman farmers competed with farmers from other lands – Grain prices dropped – Forced out of business; lost farms – Forced to move to Rome for jobs – Joined angry mobs that rioted Horatio was a hero who represented selfless loyalty in defense of Rome Slavery in Ancient Rome Attempts at Reform • Brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • Elected tribunes by Plebeian class • Saw need for reforms on behalf of the poor – Provide land and grain to the poor • Hated by wealthy Senators • Both assassinated Gracchi Brothers Assassinated! A Century of Civil War • Revolts demonstrated weaknesses of Republic • Civil wars lasted 100 years • Main issue: who should rule? – The Senate: maintain style of government – Consuls: enact reforms Sulla wins for the Patricians and become a dictator Military Upheaval • Soldiers became more loyal to their commanders than to the Republic • Gave allegiance only to commanders because they were paid by the commanders Rise of Julius Caesar • Roman Republic’s greatest general • Ambitious, popular • Consul along with Pompey • Military genius who conquered Gaul • Dominated Roman politics Crossing the Rubicon “Alea jacta est!”=“The Die is Cast” • Pompey jealous of Caesar • Has the Senate order Caesar to disband armyreturn to Rome • Caesar refused • Reached Rubicon River in Northern Italy and crossed it on the way to Rome After Crossing the Rubicon • Civil War erupted • Caesar crushed Pompey & his supporters • Swept across Mediterranean & reunited Empire • “Veni, vidi, vici.” “I came, I saw, I conquered” Changes Under Caesar • Forced Senate to declare him dictator • Created public works to employ jobless • Gave public land to poor • Opened citizenship to more people • Restructured the government • Packed the Senate • New calendarJulian still used today What were the origins & evolution of Imperial Rome? • First triumvirate – Julius Caesar – Pompey – Crassas • Julius Caesar-seized power, then assassinated • Second Triumvirate – Octavian – Marc Antony – Lepidus Triumvirate means three men; refers to a group of three men who hold political power • Octavian defeated Marc Antony & became 1st Emperor • Empire-unified & enlarged, using imperial authority & military • Failed to provide a peaceful process for the succession of Emperors Caesar’s Death: “Beware the Ides of March” Enemies feared his growing power • Plotted his death to save the Republic – stabbed on the Senate floor – Mark Antony and Octavian (Julius Caesar’s nephew & adopted son) hunted down the murderers – Octavian turned on Marc Antony and claimed power in 31 BCE What were the causes of the decline of the Roman Republic? • Spread of slavery in the agricultural system • Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment • Civil War over the power of Julius Caesar • Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation From every towering roof the rubbish falls, striking the head, and injuries grow rank. See how pots strike and dint the sturdy pa vement There's death from every window where y ou move. You'd be a fool to venture out to dine, Oblivious of what goes on above, Without you having penned the dotted line Of your last testament, You can but hope they spill a chamberpot. Juvenal A Hypothetical Roman Tenement Building. In the upper-left corner, a chamberpot is being dumped on the street below. In the lower-right corner, a chamberpot is being emptied into a barrel located under a staircase. Both methods of waste disposal were common in ancient Rome Age of Augustus 31 BCE to 14 CE • Octavian changed name to Augustus (revered) • Absolute power • Formal end of the republic • Beginning of the empire Imperial Rome: Augustus Created a Stable Government • • • • • • • • Efficient civil service - enforced the Law Rule of Law High-level jobs open to all regardless of class Ordered a census to fairly tax all cities Postal service Common coinage Provided jobs Secure travel and trade throughout the Empire Good Emperors • Hadrian – Codified Roman law – Built walls in Britain; prevented non-Romans from attacking • Marcus Aurelius – Tried to live up to Plato’s ideal philosopher king – Wrote the Meditations – Stoic Philosophy of commitment to duty Bad Emperors • • • • • Caligula Appointed his favorite horse as consul Nero Had members of his own family killed Persecuted Christians and blamed them for causing the terrible fire that destroyed a large area of the city where the poor lived What was the “Pax Romana”? • Two centuries of peace & prosperity under imperial rule • Expansion & solidification of Roman Empire What was the economic impact of “PaxRomana”? • Established standard currency • Guaranteed safe travel & trade on Roman roads • Promoted peace, prosperity, stability Pax Roman: Roman Peace 27-BCE- 180 CE • Egyptians farmers supplied empire w/ grain • Africa provided wild animals, ivory, gold • India provided spices, cotton, gems • Persians linked Roman roads w/ Silk Road to China • Greeks provided new ideas & philosophies Family & Religion: Changing Role of Women • Patriarchal society • Ideal woman: loving, dignified, strong • Greater freedom over time • Patrician women had greatest rights • Roman women had more than Greek women • Went to public baths, dined out, attended theater • Some held public office • Ran businesses • Earned fortunes • Most common job was housewife Education • Girls & boys learned to read/write • Upper/lower classes educated • Rhetoric important to upper classes Religion • • • • Polytheistic Pious but not personal, ethical or morals Inspired by Greek gods & goddesses Roman calendar filled w/ feasts to honor them • Public display-All participated–sense of community • Numerous cults emerged – popular with women • “Cult of the Emperor” The Games: Bread and Circuses • • • • • Chariot Races at the Circus Maximus Gladiator Games in the Colisseum Kept the mobs entertained and happy Provided free grain to the poor Didn’t solve Rome’s problems Roman Achievement: Blending & Spreading Greco- Roman Civilization • Rome borrowed and absorbed Greek ideas • Greek culture was the height of culture • Horace said, “ Greece has conquered her rude conqueror” • Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped spread Greco-Roman civilization Roman Achievement: Art • Sculpture • Borrowed from Greeks • Very realistic • Decorated homes, gardens, public areas Roman Achievement: Paintings/Mosaics • Used stone • Different techniques • Captured scenes of everyday life Roman Achievement: Coins • denarius Coins from 118 BCE • worth about a day's wages for a skilled laborer or craftsman. • Used to pay the army • Used to pay taxes • sestertius and the as • used for smaller everyday purchases by the common people • The denarius was a silver coin between the size of a modern dime and a nickel Roman Achievement: Architecture • • • • • Very large, imposing buildings Unique designs Colosseum Baths of Caracalla Pantheon Roman Achievement: Engineering • • • • • Roads Bridges Harbors Aqueducts Plumbing Roman Achievement: Science • Borrowed from the Greeks • Rarely did their own research • Applied what they learned from the Greeks to practical situations/needs • Geography • Greek Astronomer Ptolemy’s study of the Universe • Greek Scientist Galen’s study of science used scientific method to reach conclusions Literature: Virgil • • • • Poet The Aeneid Linked to Homer’s works Aeneas, soldier who escaped Troy to found Rome • Taught patriotism and unity Literature: Ovid • Poet • Linked Greek and Roman culture as well • Connected Greek gods to Roman gods Literature: Horace & Juvenal • Satirists who made fun of Roman culture • Similar to today’s The Simpsons or South Park, or Saturday Night Live Historians: Livy • goal was to restore pride in Rome • Recalled Rome’s great past • Recounted tales of heroes (Horatius & Cincinnatus) Historians: Tacitus • Criticized past emperors • Claimed leaders like Augustus destroyed Roman liberty Philosophers: Emperor Marcus Aurelius • Borrowed from the Greeks -Stoic • Accepted ideas of responsibility and acceptance of one’s fate • Taught that citizens should care for all people Roman Law • “Let justice be done though the heavens fall” • Famous Roman saying • Commitment to the rule of law regardless of outcome Roman Law: Two Systems • • • • • Civil Law Laws that applied to all Roman citizens Law of Nations All non-citizens under Roman control Citizenship granted to all and the two systems merged • Became basis for American legal system Roman Law: Principles • • • • All people are equal before the law The accused are presumed innocent The accused are allowed a trial Guilt must be established through evidence • Decisions made by a fair judge What was the political impact of the Pax Romana? • Created a civil service • Developed a uniform rule of law