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Rome: Republic and Empire Rome: Its Location (Perfect for trade and expansion) Rome: Republican Phase: 750-500 BC Rome: Maximum Extent of Empire, AD 63 The Centrality of the Roman State Expectations of the citizen (Obedience to the state) Service in the military—which could be profitable (left) Professional soldiers. The soldier had to finance (repay) his own spear, shield, armor and helmet (left) Both were essential to the rise of the Roman empire Roman Roads “All roads lead to Rome” is an apt description of Roman roads The network on this map show how the Roman army could go anywhere (upper left) Later, it also indirectly contributed to the spread of Christianity throughout the empire The paving was basic to the rapids transport of troops (lower left) Roman Roads /Bridges How the empire grew! Vitruvius wrote about Roman road specifications, shown in profile above with over 1 meter in thickness (compare to present day 0.60 meters ). Example of typical Roman street Some Roman bridges are still in use today! Twelve Tables of Roman Law The Twelve Tables of Law formed the basis of all Roman law These tenets were engraved in stone and mounted at the speakers’ forum near the Temple of Saturn (left) The Tables were destroyed by the Celts in AD 700 The Tables summarized such tenets as civil procedure, parents and children, debts, constitutional law, and crime Roman Law Formed the model of legal systems throughout European countries except England, which relied on common law The term jus meant both the law and justice The system of customary law (ius) was written down as codes (lex) These were displayed as the Twelve Tables of Law at the Forum. Nobody was above the Roman Law! Building Materials Brick used by both Etruscans and Romans Marble was used as a facing over brick Concrete: Mixture of mortar, gravel, rubble, and water made a solid mix of material Travertine: Hard, durable limestone that ages into an attractive shade of yellow. Aqueducts Romans left their marks in the form of Aqueducts built in Rome and through Europe They were built so that water could flow hundreds on miles using gravity Notice how arches were so strong that several could be built atop one another (left) They were used long after the Fall of Rome Architectural and Engineering Professions Roman architecture and engineering were considered to be one discipline The most influential manuals were Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture Function to the Roman architecture determined design Classic architecture emphasized size to accommodate 1 million people of Rome: Namely, the Coliseum, the amphitheaters, all designed for entertainment, whether gladiators, drama, or circuses The Dome The dome was a third form of rooftop architecture in Rome (upper left) It is created by rotating a round arch through 180 degrees on its axis They must be buttressed from all sides The weight must be evenly distributed at all sides The dome included a circular skylight (interior of dome, lower left) The Vault They also contributed the vault, a three-dimensional extension of the arch Notice how a wider surface supports the weight (upper left) It formed the basic architecture of medieval This Gothic cathedral in Pamplona, Spain, includes a row of vaults (lower left) Further Details: p. 213, box Military Organization The army was the tool of imperial expansion The Roman army was a highly disciplined force and the backbone of Rome Initially, all free men served two-years Later, professional soldiers filled the ranks As the empire expanded, non-Romans joined to gain Roman citizenship The phalanx was the basic unit (left) Later it would be divided into smaller units These units could combine to form a legion if necessary. The Arch Rome built on the arch, contributed by the Etruscans The principle appears left; weight is evenly distributed from the keystone to the sides It could provide so much strength that other structures could be built above it This aqueduct in Nimes, France, is one example (lower left) Notice that the lower row of arches support the upper row and the canal at the top. More details: see p. 313 Roman Sculpture Emphasized Roman victories: triumphal arches and victory columns (obelisks redesigned in Roman style) Sculptures of Roman emperors, in realistically detailed Roman breastplate and idealized faces and proportions (Caesar Augustus, upper left Equestrian statues were added in the 2nd Century BCE Emphasis on realism was evident in balding senators and matronly women Fig leafs in nude male statues such as Mercury (left) were a Roman invention after conversion to Christianity; Greek statues had shown male organs in detail Roman Murals and Paintings The technique give a three-dimensional image on a two dimensional surface Portraits were common, as seen in Young Woman With a Stylus (lower left) Paintings depicted realistic representations of mythical themes, historical events, and landscapes Murals in atria (sing. Atrium), large airy rooms, were commonplace Mosaics were commonly used Frescos gave the impression that viewers were looking out into actual gardens (trompe l’oeil, or “fool the eye”) Fall of Rome Barbarian Invasions /disease and the 8 issues! Rome was besieged by various tribes from modern day Germany and France.