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Early Rome From Monarchy to Republic 753-509 BC Rome’s Foundation Fratricide Immigration Criminal Elements Lecture Outline 1/15 Discussion of Monarchy (Part I) Short Break (around 6 pm) Gladiator Graffiti (Part II) Beginning of Republic (Part III) Titus Livius Roman historian c.59 BC-AD 17 Wrote about the history of Rome from its foundation to 9 BC 142 Books, 35 are still in existence Livy’s Methodology Explain history by looking at the characters of people involved (p.34) “I invite the reader’s attention to . . .” Who were the men? How does the moral decline occur? Learn from lessons of the past “The study of history is the best medicine for a sick mind” “fine things to take as models, base things, rotten through and through, to avoid” Romulus: Small Town Criminal or City Father? Survival of the state over individual needs Whether Mars is the divine parent or not (p.33), Livy encourages his reader to see how this “adds dignity to the past.” Rome’s success dependent on divine favor Gives you two different versions of Remus death Can’t tell what really happened, so don’t judge it Look at Romulus’ record as king Rape of the Sabine Women Romulus offers asylum to former male slaves, robbers and runaways How to populate the city? Seek women who can be married Roman Men Want Classy Women Suggestion comes to take slave women and offer them asylum Not acceptable to Roman men “the young Romans naturally resented this” (p.43) Community Action Young men of Rome abduct Sabine women Deception is ok if you are responding to an injustice Need respectable women to marry War Breaks Out Strong military action, followed by religious action Dedication of Rome’s first temple Result:growth of the city How the Women Saved the City “We would rather die ourselves than be widowed or orphaned.” (p.48) “Thus the population of Rome was doubled.” Story of Tarpeia Daughter of a Roman commander Bribed by king of Sabines, Tatius Promises her “what they wear on their arms” Puts individual needs before the needs of the state The Capitoline Sabines are able to temporarily take the citadel With the help of the Sabine women, Rome is saved Put state before individuals Romulus What were Romulus’ intentions? Did he act on behalf of the city? What was the outcome of his actions? The Kings of Rome Romulus Numa Pompilius Tullius Hostilius Ancus Marcius L. Tarquinius Priscus Servius Tullius L. Tarquinius Superbus Lucretia How do the actions of Collatinus when he is with his soldier friends affect Lucretia? “Never shall Lucretia provide a precedent for unchaste women to escape what they deserve.” Other Men’s Wives Collatinus and the other soldiers visit other men’s homes They find the wives “enjoying themselves with a group of young friends at a dinner party, the greatest luxury.” (p.98) The Roman Republic Begins . . . Lucretia is the ultimate human sacrifice Life is out of balance in the monarchy Boundaries between public and private are transgressed Sacrifice becomes the national spectacle which unites the community How did this king’s regime begin and end? Tullia rides out into the public assembly after Servius Tullius’ death Then Tullia hails Tarquin as king in public Tarquin’s reign ends when he enters a private house and violates the modest wife within The formation of the Republic Libertas = freedom Rome has laws, the senate, and its first temples Brought to you by Romulus Political Changes Romans feared that the lower strata of society would take control Livy cautions that political change must take place when the time is right Community needs to grow first (p. 105) The Plebeians Lower strata of Roman society Can fight in wars with wealthy privileged Romans,but have very little say in the government Rebel in 494 (pp.140-2 The Patricians Descendents of 100 senators Romulus picked Religious officials Set laws Cincinnatus Exemplum virtutis = example of virtue Knew when to rule and when to go back to being an ordinary citizen Interdependence between family and Roman state Cincinnatus His farm is set off from the city center A ship must take him to the public part of the city He puts his feelings for the state ahead of his paternal instincts Mucius Scaevola Burns off his hand Declaration of Roman citizenship Rejects private life for his civic identity Cloelia QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Hostage held by Roman enemy Escapes heroically Returns to free other hostages Romans honor her with statue Horatius Kills his sister Is put on trial for treason Acquited when his father pleads for him Exemplary Lessons There are moral difficulties in establishing community Rome’s greatness is renewed by these figures Impact of person on the state is the measure of moral character The Republic is always on the edge of a knife The Bourne Ultimatum