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Chapter 5 Rome and the Rise of Christianity The Rise of Rome Roman history is the story of the Romans’ conquest of Italy and the entire Mediterranean world. The Romans were conquerors, but they also governed, using republican forms that have been passed down to us. Italy had more land for farming than did Greece, enabling it to support a large population. Rome had a good central location in Italy from which it could expand. The Roman Republic Republic- the leader is not a monarch and some citizens have the right to vote. Romans strongly believed in their sense of duty, courage, and discipline. Livy- Roman historian who provided many stories to teach the Romans the virtues that had made Rome great.( problem was that they were not always historically correct.) Romans were good diplomats, excelled in military matters, and were practical in law and politics. ( more to come in the unit) Roman Political Structure Early Rome was divided into two groups of orders: 1. Patricians- wealthy landowners who were Rome’s ruling class. 2. Plebeians- less wealthy, small farmers, craftspeople, and merchants 3. ***Men in both groups were citizens and could vote, but only the patricians could be elected to office. The Roman Senate Was a select group of about 300 hundred patricians who served for life. Their role was to advise government officials and then they were also allowed to enforce the laws. Does this sound similar to an aspect of our government? Roman Law One of Rome’s gifts to itself and other civilizations was its system of laws. Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve Tables. These were the first written set of laws that were publicly displayed in Rome. ***The influence of the Twelve Tables can still be seen in legal systems today.*** Twelve Tables of Rome Table I: Proceedings Preliminary to trial Table II: Trial Table III: Execution of Judgment( 30 days shall be allowed by law for payment of confessed debt and for settlement of matters adjudged in court.) Table IV: Paternal Power Table V: Inheritance and Guardianship Table VI: Ownership and Possession Table VII: Real Property Table VIII: Torts or Delicts Table IX: Public Law ( being put to death without a trial and unconvicted..is forbidden) Table X: Sacred Law Table XI: Supplementary Laws Table XII: Supplementary Laws ( whatever the people ordain last shall be legally valid) ***page 149 in text*** How do these Twelve Tables still apply today? Roman Expansion (The Three Punic Wars) The First Punic War- this war began due to Carthage’s attempt to seize Sicily. This action worried Rome and both sides were determined to control Sicily. The Romans built up their army/navy and defeated the Carthagian military fleet. Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and paid a fine to the Romans. Sicily became the first Roman province. Carthage vowed revenge and would pursue control of Sicily again in the future. The Second Punic War The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, invaded Rome and killed off almost 40,000 men. The Romans refused to surrender and raised yet another army. The Romans began to reconquer some of the Italian cities that had been taken by Hannibal. They also sent troops to Spain. Rome than invaded Carthage and crushed Hannibal’s forces, and the war was over.( Spain became a Roman province and Rome had become the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean. The Third Punic War 50 years later, the Romans/Carthage would fight their third and final battle. Rome went in and completely destroyed the Carthage. They burned and demolished the city, and sold their inhabitants into slavery.( Most of the slaves in Rome were actual Romans and were regarded as part of the household.) The territory of Carthage became a Roman province called Africa. Rome was now master of the Mediterranean. Section 5.2 From Republic to Empire The First Triumvirate Triumvirate- a government by three people with equal power. 1. Crassus- richest man in Rome 2. Pompey- was a military hero 3. Julius Caesar- was also a wealthy military hero. ***The power of these three enabled them to dominate the political scene.*** Caesar’s Takeover Caesar’s march on Rome started a civil war between his forces and those of Pompey/Crassus. He would eventually defeat the other two forces. This left Caesar in complete control of the Roman government. Caesar was officially made dictator (absolute ruler) He would eventually be assassinated by a group of Senators. The Second Triumvirate Octavian- Caesar’s grandnephew 2. Anthony- Caesar’s ally and assistant 3. Lepidus- was commander of Caesar’s army. Octavian and Anthony would emerge as the two stronger leaders and split the Roman empire in half. 1. The Age of Augustus The senate awarded Octavian the title of Augustus. The Senate gave Augustus the title of imperator ( commander in chief or emperor.) Augustus would be Rome’s first emperor. He maintained a strong army of about 151,000 men and also began a new system for governing the different provinces. Pax Romana Means “ Roman Peace”- was a period of peace and prosperity. It lasted for almost 200 years and Rome went through a time with a strong military/government. The quality of life during “Pax Romana” was flourishing. What were some other aspects? Roman Architecture The Romans adopted many features of the Greek style of art. The Romans excelled in architecture and used the following styles: arch, vault, and dome. They were also the first group to use concrete on a massive scale. The Romans were superb builders and they used their skills to build roads, bridges, and aqueducts. ( In Rome, almost a dozen aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water.) Roman Literature The high point of Latin Literature was reached in the Age of Augustus. Therefore, the Augustan Age has also been called the golden age of Latin literature. The most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age was Virgil. He wrote a masterpiece entitled Aeneid, in honor of Rome and was compared to Homer’s work in Greece. Why do you think both Virgil and Homer were compared to each other? Slavery and Slave Revolts Slavery was common throughout the ancient world, but no people had more slaves or relied so much on slave labor as the Romans. Again, most of these slaves were from Italy and were regarded as part of the family. They served many duties. ( any examples?) Some slaves started to revolt against their owners and even led to some murders. The most famous slave revolt in Italy was led by a gladiator named Spartacus. Spartacus managed to defeat several Roman armies before being trapped and killed. Gladiators in Ancient Rome Public spectacles have always been a part of civilization. These games took place in the arena. ( most famous one was the Coliseum) These games embodied the Roman virtues of bravery, honor, and glory in a world that was cruel and unpredictable. ***turn to page 166-167 in book*** The Development of Christianity Constantine became the first Christian emperor and then under Theodosius the Great, the Romans adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire. Constantine issued the Edict of Milan , which proclaimed official tolerance of Christianity. Zealots- called for the violent overthrow of the Roman Rule. Why would this be a problem? Jesus- a Jewish teacher who traveled and preached. These teachings, known as Christianity, began as a movement within Judaism. Jesus’ preaching stirred controversy and finally led to Pontius Pilate ordering Jesus crucifixion. 4.5 Decline and Fall Diocletian- powerful ruler that felt the Roman Empire was too large for a single ruler. Visigoths- a Germanic tribe that was the first to invade Rome. Theories of Decline Christianity’s emphasis on a spiritual kingdom weakened Roman military virtues. 2. Traditional Roman values declined as non-Italians gained prominence in the empire. 3. Lead poisoning through leaden water pipes and cups caused a mental decline in the population. 4. Plague wiped out one-tenth of the population. 5. Rome failed to advocate technologically due to slavery. 6. Rome could not create a workable political system. ***There is some truth in all of these theories but probably the thing that finally caused the fall of the Roman Empire was invasions from Germanic Tribes. Rome was so large and very difficult to protect in entirety.*** 1.