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ROMAN REPUBLIC
ROMAN EMPIRE
UNIT 11
FALL OF ROMAN
EMPIRE
ACCORDING TO LEGEND, ROME WAS FOUNDED IN 753 BC IN THE CENTRE OF THE
ITALIAN PENINSULA. THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED ON THE ITALIAN PENINSULA DURING
THIS PERIOD CAME FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS
ACCORDING TO
LEGEND, ROMULUS
AND REMUS WERE
THE TWIN SONS OF
THE GOD MARS AND
ETRUSCAN KING´S
DAUGHTER. THEY
WERE ABANDONED
AS BABIES IN THE
TIBER RIVER, AND
WERE RAISED BY A
WOLF. LATER, WHEN
THE TWINS WERE
ADULTS, THEY
DECIDED TO FOUND
A CITY. BUT THEY
HAD A
DISAGREEMENT, AND
ROMULUS KILLED
REMUS. ROMULUS
CALLED TH NEW CITY
ROME AND BECAME
ITS FIRST KING.
ANCIENT ROME
TIMELINE
THE ORIGINS OF ROME
THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED
ON THE ITALIAN
PENINSULA DURING THIS
PERIOD CAME FROM
DIFFERENT ORIGINS
THE ETRUSCANS LIVED IN THE
NORTH AND CENTRE OF ITALY
THE LATINS LIVED IN CENTRAL
ITALY, WHERE THEY FOUNDED
ROME
THE GREEKS ESTABLISHED
COLONIES IN THE SOUTH,
WHICH WAS CALLED MAEGNA
GREECE
THE PATRICIANS WERE
LANDOWNERS AND
HELD ALL THE
IMPORTANT POLITICAL
POSITIONS
THE PLEBEIANS WERE
THE MAJORITY OF THE
POPULATION. THEY
WERE FREE BUT IN THE
EARLY REPUBLIC THEY
DID NOT HAVE THE
SAME POLITICAL RIGHTS
AS PATRICIANS
SLAVES HAD NO
RIGHTS. FREED SLAVES,
CALLED LIBERTI, DID
NOT BECAME CITIZENS
H
PLEBEIANS
SLAVES
SENATORS AND
PATRICIANS RULERS OF THE
GOVERNMENT
LIBERTI
NON CITIZENS
CITIZENS
THE MONARCHY
753 BC-509 BC
EARLY ROME WAS A MONARCHY. THERE WERE
FOUR LATIN KINGS, WHO WERE LATER FOLLOWED
BY THREE ETRUSCAN KINGS. THE KINGS HELD
POLITICAL, MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY.
THE ROMANS DEPOSED THE LAST ETRUSCAN KING
IN 509 BC AND ESTABLISHED A NEW SYSTEM OF
GOVERNMENT: THE REPUBLIC
ROMAN REPUBLIC
509 BC – 27 BC
CONSUL
PRAETOR
LED THE ARMY AND
CALLED THE ASSEMBLY
SUPERVISED
JUSTICE
CENSOR
CONTROLLED THE
PROMOTION OF
PATRICIANS TO STATE
MAGISTRATES
HAD POWER OVER POLITICS,
JUSTICE AND TAXATION
ELECTED
COMITIA
ELECTED MAGISTRATES
AND APPROVED LAWS
SENATE
THE MOST IMPORTANT
INSTITUTION IN THE
REPUBLIC. IT COULD
DECLARE WAR
ENTERED GOVERNMENT PATRICIANS
TRIBUNE OF THE
PLEBEIANS
FORMED
DEFENDED THE RIGHTS
OF THE PLEBEIANS
PLEBEIANS EXCLUDED FROM THE SENATE
ROMAN REPUBLIC
509 BC – 27 BC
THE EXPANSION OF ROME
THE EXPANSION OF ROME
ROME CONQUERED MANY
NEW TERRITORIES UNDER
THE REPUBLIC
THE MAIN STAGES OF THIS
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
WERE THE FOLLOWING
ROME UNIFIED THE ITALIAN PENINSULA
(5TH-3TH CENTURIES BC)
IN THE THREE PUNIC WARS ROME
FOUGHT AGAINST CARTHAGE FOR
CONTROL OF THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN TAKING ITS ISLANDS
IN THE MACEDONIAN WARS THE
ROMAN GAINED THE WESTERN
MEDITERRANEAN
FROM THE THE 2ND CENTURY BC, THE
ROMANS EXPANDED IN THE WEST,
WHERE THEY GAINED CONTROL OF THE
IBERIAN PENINSULA AND GAUL
AFTER ALL THESE CONQUESTS,
ROMA CONTROLLED THE ENTIRE
MEDITERRANEAN, WHICH WAS
CALLED
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
AS A RESULT OF ITS
TERRITORIAL EXPANSION,
ROME HAD A GREATER
POPULATION AND IT
INCREASED WEALTH AND
TRADE
BUT THE WARS ALSO CAUSED
SOCIAL CONFLICTS, BECAUSE
FARMERS HAD TO LEAVE THEIR
FARMS TO SERVE IN ARMY
AS THE REPUBLIC WEAKENED,
ARMY GENERALS ACQUIRED
THE REAL POWER
1
THREE GENERALS: JULIUS CAESAR,
POMPEY AND CRASSUS RULED AS A
TRIUMVIRATE BEFORE JULIUS CAESAR
BECAME A DICTATOR
2
AFTER CAESAR ASSASINATION, THREE
MORE GENERALS, OCTAVIAN, MARK
ANTHONY AND LEPIDUS, CREATED A
SECOND TRIUMVIRATE
3
BUT OCTAVIAN DEFEATED THE OTHERS
AND WAS DECLARED EMPEROR
AGUSTUS IN 27 BC
IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT
MANY INSTITUTIONS, SUCH
AS THE SENATE,
CONTINUED TO EXIST
UNDER THE EMPIRE
HOWEVER, THE
EMPEROR NOW HAD
SUPREME AUTHORITHY
IN THE FIRST AND SECOND
CENTURIES AD, THE ROMAN
EMPIRE EXPANDED ITS
FRONTIERS, AND THERE WAS
LITTLE SOCIAL DISORDER.
THIS PERIDO OF STABILITIY
WAS KNOWN AS
1
2
3
THE EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED INTO
PROVINCES. THESE WERE RULED BY
GOVERNORS
THE R0MAN FRONTIER, OR LIMES, WAS
DEFENDED BY A LONG LINE OF
FORTIFICATIONS
INSIDE THE EMPIRE, THE CONQUERED
PEOPLE WERE STRONGLY ROMANISED
AND ADOPTED ROMAN CUSTOMS,
BELIEFS AND LANGUAGE
PAX
ROMANA
THEY BECAME
ROMAN CITIZENS
AFTER THE EMPERIAL
LAW OF 212 AD
MAP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
ROMAN SOCIETY
FAMILY LIFE
WEALTHY FAMILIES HAD
SLAVES AND FREE
SERVANTS
THE FATHER OR PATER
FAMILIAS, WAS HEAD OF THE
FAMILY
WOMEN HAD NO POLITICAL RIGHTS
ONLY THE CHILDREN OF
WEALTHY FAMILIES RECEIVED
AN EDUCATION
BOTH GIRLS AND BOYS
WERE EDUCATED AT HOME,
OFTEN BY GREEK TEACHERS
ROMAN SOCIETY
FOOD
THE MAIN MEAL WAS THE
CENAE, OR EVENING MEAL
WEALTHY PEOPLE ATE MEAT,
FISH, VEGETABLES AND FRUIT,
AND DRANK WINE
POOR PEOPLE ATE CEREALS MIXED
WITH WATER AND FAT AND SOMETIMES
ATE FRUIT
PATRICIANS USED TO ENJOY
NICE MEALS THAT LASTED
HOURS
THEY WERE SERVED AT
TRICLINIA
ROMAN SOCIETY
CLOTHING
WEALTHY PEOPLE WORE A
TUNIC, WHICH WAS
COVERED WITH A TOGA
FOR WOMEN THE TUNIC WAS
COVERED WITH A STOLA
ROMAN WOMEN GAVE GREAT
IMPORTANCE TO THEIR HAIR AND
OFTEN WORE DECORATIONS IN IT.
IT CAN BE EASILY SEEN IN
SCULPTURES AND PAINTINGS
SLAVE ECONOMY
Some regions specialised
in one produce, so a lot of
corn was grown in Egypt,
olives in Hispania and
vines in Gaul.
It the main economic
activity. The Romans grew
many types of produce,
including cereals, olives
and vines
They belonged to the state,
and were rented to
wealthy people. They used
slave labour
TRADE
It was carried out in
workshops, where slaves
were used
MINES
CRAFTWORK
AGRICULTURE
THE ECONOMY
It was helped by the
stability of the Empire, the
use of the Roman currency,
and an excellent road
system
THE ECONOMY
ROMAN CITIES
ROMAN CITIES WERE CENTRES OF
ROMANISATION. THEY HELPED TO
SPREAD ROMAN CULTURE
THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE
CITIES HAD A GRID SYSTEM,
SIMILARA TO A MILITARY
CAMP
THE FORUM WAS THE CENTRAL
SQUARE WHERE THE TWO
STREETS CROSSED.
POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TOOK
PLACE THERE
They had two main
streets: the cardo (North to
South), and the decumanus
(East to West)
ROMAN CITIES
THERE WERE MANY TYPE OF BUILDINGS
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
INCLUDED BASILICAS,
WHERE JUSTICE WAS
ADMINISTERED
THERE WERE
TEMPLES TO GODS
AND GODDESSES
PUBLIC BATHS
WERE ALSO
MEETING PLACES
THERE WERE ALSO
BUILDINGS FOR
ENTERTAINMENT
GLADIATOR COMBATS TOOK
PLACE IN AMPHITHEATRES
CHARIOT RACES IN CIRCUSES
THERE WERE SHOWS IN
THEATRES
BUILDINGS FOR
ENTERTAINMENT
AMPHITHEATRE
CIRCUS
THEATRE
OTHER BUILDINGS
TEMPLE
ARCH
PRIVATE HOUSES
There were two main
type of private houses
INSULAE
They were shared buildings
with many small apartments.
There were often shops and
workshops on the ground floor
DOMUS
This type was a house for a
single wealthy family. Its
rooms surrounded an
atrium or indoor courtyard
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
IN MANY WAYS, ROMAN ARCHITECTURE WAS LIKE GREEK ARCHITECTURE,
BUT THERE WERE SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES
ROMAN ARCHICTECTURE WAS
MONUMENTAL, AND ON A
LARGER SCALE THAN GREEK
ARCHITECTURE
THE ROMANS HAD VERY
PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES.
THEY CARRIED OUT GREAT
GREAT ENGINEERING WORKS
LIKE AQUEDUCTS, ROADS
AND BRIDGES
UNLIKE THE GREEKS, THE
ROMANS USED ARCHES AND
VAULTS
THEY INVENTED NEW ORDERS,
AS WELL AS USING THE GREEK
ORDERS
THEY USED STONE FOR
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS,
AS DID THE GREEKS. ALSO
BRICK AND CEMENT
ROMAN SCULPTURE
MANY WORKS OF ART WERE COPIES OF GREEK ORIGINALS. THANKS TO THAY
WE HAVE THOSE MASTERPIECES
ROMANS CREATED MORE REALISTIC
PORTRAITS THAN THE GREEKS, AND
WERE LESS INTERESTED IN IDEAL
BEAUTY
EQUESTRIAN STATUES WERE USED TO
HONOUR EMPERORS AND GENERALS
THEY ALSO CREATED RELIEFS, WHICH
SHOWED IMPORTANT EVENTS.
TROJAN´S COLUMN
MARCUS AURELIUS
ESTATUA BARBERINI
PAINTINGS AND MOSAICS
PAINTINGS DECORATED THE
WALLS OF PALACES AND
THE HOUSES OF WEALTHY
PEOPLE. MOST OF THE
TECHNIQUE WAS DONE
USING THE SECCO OR “DRY”
METHOD, ALTHOUGH SOME
PAINTINGS DID USE THE
FRESCO METHOD.
THE MAIN INNOVATION OF
ROMAN PAINTING
COMPARED TO GREEK ART
WAS THE INTRODUCTION
OF IN THEIR DRAWINGS
MOSSAICS
THEY WERE MADE O TINY
SQUARE PIECES OF STONE,
GLASS OR TILE. THEY
DECORATED FLOORS WITH
SCENES SHOWING DAILY
LIFE, WAR OR RELIGION
ROMAN RELIGION
ROMAN RELIGION WAS POLITHEISTIC.
MANY ROMAN GODS AND GODDESSES
WERE ORIGINALLY GREEK, AND
RECEIVED LATIN NAMES
THE ROMANS WORSHIPPED THE LARES AND
PENATES, WHO WERE HOUSEHOLD GODS.
THEY ALSO BELIEV ED IN THE MANES, WHO
WERE THE SPIRITS OF THEIR ANCESTORS.
THEY WERE SUPERSTITIOUS AND CONSULTED
THE GODS BEFORE THEY TOOK IMPORTANT
DECISIONS. SOME EMPERORS WERE
CONSIDERED GODS, ADN TEMPLES WERE BUILT
IN THEIR HONOUR
THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
POLITICS
THE ROMAN EXPANSION HAD ENDED,
THERE WERE FEWER SLAVES TO
WORK IN MINING AND AGRICULTURE.
THERE WAS A FALL IN PRODUCTION
AND TRADE
ECONOMY
URBAN LIFE DECLINED. THE EMPIRE
INCREASED TAXES, AND MANY PEOPLE
LEFT THE CITIES BECAUSE THEY COULD
NOT PAY THEM. THEY WENT TO WORK
ON VILLAS (COUNTRY HOMES FOR
RICH PEOPLE THAT BECOME FARMS)
SOCIETY
IN THE 3RD CENTURY AD,
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
ENTERED A CRISIS
THE WARS AGAINST THE GERMANIC
PEOPLE INCREASED THE INFLUENCE
OF THE ARMY. THE EMPEROR BEGAN
TO RELY MORE ON , WHO WER NOT
UNDER HIS CONTROL
CHRISTIANITY
IN THE 1ST CENTURY AD, THE
FOLLOWERS OF JESUS OF
NAZARETH FOUNDED
CHRISTIANITY
THIS WAS A MONOTHEISTIC
RELIGION, SO CHRISTIANS
BELIVIED IN ONLY ONE GOD
ACCORDING TO
CHRISTIANITY, PEOPLE
SHOULD LOVE EACH OTHER,
AND WOULD RECEIVE
ETERNAL LIFE IF THEY
FOLLOWED THEIR RELIGION
DURING THE 3RD CENTURY AD,
CHRISTIANITY SPREAD THROUGH THE
EMPIRE. THE CHRISTIANS REFUSED
TO WORSHIP THE EMPEROR OR
SERVE IN THE ROMAN ARMY. THEY
WERE PERSECUTED, AND PRACTISED
THEIR RELIGION IN PRIVATE HOMES,
OR UNDERGROUND PASSAGEWAYS
CALLED CATACOMBS
IN 313 AD, THE EMPEROR
CONSTANTINE ALLOWED RELIGIOUS
FREEDOM. IN 380 AD, THE EMPEROR
THEODOSIUS MADE CHRISTIANITY
THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE
EMPIRE
THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS
FROM THE 3RD
CENTURY AD,
THERE WERE MANY
INVASIONS BY
GERMANIC PEOPLE
THE WESTERN
ROMAN EMPIRE
ENDEND IN THE 5TH
CENTURY (476 AD
WITH ROMULUS
AUGUSTUS)
THE ROMANS CALLED THESE
PEOPLE BARBARIANS, OR
FOREIGNERS
THEIR MIGRATIONS WERE CAUSED BY:
POPULATION
GROWHT, WHICH
MADE THEM LOOK
FOR NEW AREAS
TO SETTLE
THE PRESSURE
FROM OTHER
PEOPLE FURTHER
EAST, WHICH
FORCED THEM TO
MIGRATE
TOWARDS THE
WEST AND SOUTH
ROME WAS NOW TOO WEAK TO
RESIST, SO ROMAN EMPERORS
MADE A SERIES OF AGREEMENTS
WITH GERMAN CHIEFTAINS. THEY
OFFERED THEM SOME LANDS
THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS
THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE
IN 395 AD THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS DIVIDED THE ROMAN EMPIRE BETWEEN
HIS TWO SONS. ROME REMAINED THE CAPITAL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE AND
CONSTANTINOPLE BECAME CAPITAL OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE
THE EASTERN EMPIRE
SURVIVED THE
INVASIONS AND
BECAME KNOWN AS
THE BYZANTINE
EMPIRE. BYZANTIUM
WAS THE NAME OF A
GREEK COLONY
WHERE THE
CONSTANTINOPLE
WAS FOUNDED
BYZANTINE CIVILISATION WAS INFLUENCED BY GREEK AND
ROMAN CULTURE, AND GREEK WAS ITS OFFICIAL LANGUAGE.
UNDER EMPEOR JUSTINIAN (527-565 AD) BYZANTIUM
RECONQUERED PART OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE