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Sociology Tehzeeb Sakina Amir BBA Start up session Welcome & Class introduction Course facilitator introduction Course Objectives To generate Sociological Thinking Exploring diverse cultures Relating sociology to daily lives Active learning featuring different resources Start up session Teaching methodology Teaching will mainly be done through coaching the students with interactive sessions and presentations. The key to success is to keep the concept clear, simple and always look for its practical application in a working environment Start up session Class norms - To get the maximum benefit out of the course students are strongly recommended to: Arrive and leave in time! No early leaves / late comings Come Prepared! This is not a lecture-only course! Planned & surprise class quizzes/activities, be regular! Assignments and other related work has to be submitted on time. Late submission will not be acceptable and will be marked zero! Do your own work! Copied work will be marked zero! Cell phones switch off please! No personal, political and religious examples & comments. Course outline and grading Course content (modules) – soft copy email or copy from temp folder. Testing & Grading Grading will focus on your overall performance rather than one or two aspects. A mid-term examination & a final examination will be taken. Class Participation Class quizzes, assignments 30% Mid-term 20% Term project 20% Final Exam 30% TOTAL 100% Selection of CR & Groups formation CR nomination Groups formation Class information (email addresses) Term Project Some queries….. Do You get influenced by what you see on television? Do You use the internet? Did You vote in last election? Are You familiar with substance abuse in your environment? Are You concerned about the tough job market? Do You know the social factors behind prejudices? Why relations are different in different cultures? Do You wonder on technology usage around us? Sociology Sociology The systematic study of social behavior and human groups. It focuses on social relationships, how these relationships influence people’s behavior and how societies, the sum total of those relationships, develop and change. The Sociological Imagination Wright Mills coined this term… An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society. This awareness helps us to understand the links between our immediate, personal, social settings and the remote, impersonal social world that surrounds and help to shape us….!! Ability to view one’s own society as an outsider rather than the perspective of personal experiences and cultural biases….is the key element in the social imagination…..e.g. sporting events Social Imagination helps us to understand broader public issues like divorce, child labor etc. Sociology …….a science Science…..a body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation. Sociology involves the organized and systematic study of phenomena in order to enhance understanding. To collect precise information Objectivity Careful recording of the observations/information Accumulation of data Sociology and Common Sense Common sense is our own opinions, viewpoints, our own theories based on personal notions Systematic analysis of facts make these ‘common’ experiences a sociological experience!! Sociological Theory Question….. Why do people commit suicide?????? Because: they have dark hair? Because: inherit desire to kill themselves….!!!! Sociologists are interested to identify the social forces that systematically cause people to take their own lives!!! A theory is then born to offer general explanation of suicidal behavior. Theories are attempts to explain events, forces, materials, ideas, or behavior in a comprehensive manner. In sociology, theory explains problems, actions or behavior. A theory is effective if it has both explanatory and predictive powers. The development of Sociology Early thinkers Auguste Comte (1798-1857) – most influential philosopher at the time of French revolution to focus on how society can be improved. Comte coined the term Sociology… He believed that a systematic study of social behavior would lead to more rational human interactions. Harriet Martineau – English sociologist (1837-1962) She offered observations of the customs & social practices of both Britain and US. Her work mainly focus on social class distinctions and to gender and race. She spoke on women and slaves rights and religious tolerance The development of Sociology Early thinkers Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) – He focused on understanding the social context better in the light of Darwin’s evolution theory. He explained how societies evolved and change over time. He applied Darwin’s ‘survival of the fittest’ view by arguing that it is ‘natural’ that some people are born rich while others are poor. The development of Sociology Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) His notion was that human behavior must be understood within a larger social context and not in individualistic terms. He focused on the functions that religion performed, he viewed that religion enforces a group’s solidarity. Another his main interest was ‘The division of labour in Society’ – he said that growing division of labour in industrial societies where workers become more specialized, led to what he called Anomie Anomie refers to the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of an individual has become ineffective. State of anomie occurs when individuals lost their sense of direction and purpose often during when change is profound The development of Sociology Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) He believed that Sociology should provide direction for change. When people become confused and unable to cope with the new social environment they may resort to taking their own lives. His work on Suicide earned a lot of popularity His view that industrial societies have dangers of alienation, isolation and loneliness. He advocated new social groups – mediators between the individual’s family and the state – which would provide a sense of belonging for members of huge, impersonal societies e.g unions The development of Sociology Max Weber (1864 -1920) He coined a term Verstehen – German word for ‘understanding’ or ‘insight’. He pointed out that we can not analyze social behavior by the same type of objective criteria, we must learn the subjective meanings people attach to their actions – how they view and explain their behavior. His another key concept ‘the ideal type’ – it is a construct or model for evaluating specific cases. He presented a model of bureaucracy. His use of term ideal is not for a particular business or a positive evaluation. Instead he meant to provide a useful standard for measuring how various characterisitics of bureaucracy make what it is. The development of Sociology Karl Marx (1818-1833) – he shared Durkheim and Weber Formed a platform ‘The Communist Manifesto’ in which he argued that masses of people with no resources other than their labor, should unite to fight for the overthrow of capitalist society. In Marx analysis, society was clearly divided into two classes that clashed in pursuit of their own interests. He saw factories as centre of conflict between the exploiters (owners) and the exploited (the workers) ‘Das Kapital’ The development of Sociology Modern Developments Charles Horton Cooley (1864-1929) He wanted to learn more about society but he preferred looking at smaller units/groups (family/friends) as the seedbed of society. These seedbeds shape the people’s ideals/beliefs/values and social nature. Jane Addams (1860-1935) She combined intellectual inquiry, social service work and political activism all with the goal of assisting the underprivileged and creating a more egalitarian society. Robert Merton (1910-2003) He combined theory and research. His theory of deviant behaviors , he noted different ways in which people attempt to achieve success. In his view some may deviate from socially approved acts/ways. Major Theoretical Perspectives Functionalist Perspective Conflict Perspective Interactionist Perspective Functional Perspective A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of society are structured to maintain its stability. Each part of society contributes in its survival. Though all parts do not contribute to its stability. Key concepts: Manifest and Latent Functions Open stated conscious functions are Manifest. They are intended and recognized. Latent are unconscious and unintended functions that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution. Dysfunctions It refers to an element or process of a society that may actually disrupts the social system and its stability. Conflict Perspective Assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict and tension between competing groups. Conflicts should not be violent but they can be in the form of negotiations, politics, competitions or minor disputes. The Marxist View – struggle/conflict between social classes. W.E.B. Du Bois – an African American view – egalitarian society, knowledge can combat prejudices and achieving tolerance and justice. The Feminist View – inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization. Interactionist Perspective Generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole. It views human beings as living in a world of meaningful objects. These objects can be material things, actions, relationships and even symbols. Face to face interaction and non-verbal communication A comparison of perspectives Functionalist Conflict Interactionist View of society Stable Tension and struggle Actively affecting everyday interactions Level of analysis Macro Macro Micro View of the individual Socialized Shaped by power, coercion and authority Manipulate symbols and create social world though interactions View of social order Maintained through cooperation Through force and coercion Maintained by shared understanding of everyday behavior. View of social change Predictable and reinforcing Change takes place Reflected in interactions and all the time communications
