Download civil war to reconstruction

“Conscience Whigs,”
led by JQ Adams’ son
Charles Francis Adams,
called the war
immoral.
 Whigs won control of
Congress in 1846,
called for no land, and
criticized Manifest
Destiny

Rep. David Wilmot (D –
PA) proposed that
slavery be banned in all
territories gained from
the war.
 Measure passed
House, died in Senate.

Supporters of the
Wilmot Proviso formed
free soil movement,
then Free Soil Party.
 Focus on slavery’s
impact on small
farmers won many
supporters, including
Frederick Douglass,
but not William Lloyd
Garrison
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Who called the Mexican War immoral? Who
led them?
What did Whigs begin to criticize?
What did the Wilmot Proviso do? How
successful was it?
What party did Wilmot Proviso supporters
form?
Why did abolitionists disagree over the new
party?
Overworked, Polk
didn’t run, soon died
 Democrats – Lewis
Cass –
squatter/popular
sovereignty;
 Free Soil – Martin Van
Buren (D), and Charles
Francis Adams (W); got
N. Democratic support

Whigs ran “Old Rough
and Ready” Zachary
Taylor, a free soil
slaveowner.
 Taylor got 47% of vote;
won electoral college;

Free Soil votes in New
York cost Cass the
state (Taylor won it)
and the election –
spoiler role
 Antislavery voters cost
Clay the election in
1844, Cass in 1848
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What became of Polk?
Who ran in 1848 for the Democrats? What
was his issue?
Who ran for Free Soil? Who was the VP?
Who ran for Whigs? What was his slavery
stand?
Who won, by how much, and why?
1848 John Sutter’s
workers discovered
gold in Sierra Nevada.
 49ers – 80,000 mostly
men poured into
California looking for
gold; San Francisco
grew into major city.

49ers lived among
saloons, gamblers,
prostitutes.
 Indians, Mexicans,
Chileans, Chinese
mistreated, couldn’t
dig in best areas;
victims of nativist
efforts.

Much crime and
diarrhea (California
disease), little gold for
latecomers to a site.
 Many left by mid
1850s; others fought
for land; Indians
exterminated and
enslaved.
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Where was gold discovered, by whom?
How many 49ers? What kind of folks?
What city?
How did it end? Who were the winners and
losers?
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Quick settlement –
Taylor advised California
to apply for statehood,
Congress to admit it as a
free state.
Dying Calhoun: 2
presidents, slaves as
property can’t be limited
– ignoring precedents of
NW Ordinance, Missouri
Compromise

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
1. southerners - extend
Missouri Compromise
line
2. Stephen Douglas –
squatter/popular
sovereignty
3. abolitionists like
William Seward – restrict
and eventually end
slavery due to a “higher
law than the
Constitution.”
President Millard
Fillmore, Henry Clay,
Daniel Webster,
Stephen Douglas
 1. California free state
 2. Utah and New
Mexico, popular
sovereignty

3. fugitive slave law
4. D.C. – no slave trade
5. New Mexico wins
land from Texas
 Secession threatened
by “fire eaters”
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
Taylor ________
Calhoun _________
Moderate southerners
_____
 Stephen Douglas ______
 Seward/Abolitionists
________
 Fillmore, Webster, Clay,
Douglas ________
 Compromise of 1850 – 1st 2
provisions _______
 3 add-ons to compromise
_______
 Fire eaters _______

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A. Extend Missouri
Compromise line
 B. California free state,
Utah New Mexico popular
sovereignty
 C. Fugitive slave law, no DC
slave trade, land from
Texas to New Mexico
 D. California free state
 E. “higher law than
Constitution”
 F. threatened secession
 G. Compromise coalition
 H. Slavery property rights
 I. popular sovereignty

North got better end
of the Compromise of
1850: no other area to
extend slavery to.
 Fugitive Slave Law
resented in the north,
aimed at Tubman and
the Underground
Railroad.

Harriet Tubman had
gone South to get
slaves 19 times,
rescued 300, including
her parents.
 South lost 1000
runaways per year,
likely less runaways
then self-purchase or
voluntary
emancipation.

One runaway was
captured in Boston and
taken through the
streets in front of
angry northerners.
 Massachussetts
outlawed enforcing the
“man-stealing” law –
nullified it.
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Who got the best of the Compromise of
1850?
Which part did the North resent?
Who was the Fugitive Slave Act aimed at?
Harriet Tubman: how many trips and how
many slaves?
How many runaways per year?
What event was especially resented?
What did Massachussetts do?
Southerners
attempted takeovers
of Nicaragua and Cuba,
with disastrous and
deadly results.
 Pierce Administration’s
Ostend Manifest0 $120 million or
invasion for Cuba –
outraged free soilers.

Gadsden Purchase
spent $10 million on
Mexican land for a
railroad west.
 Northern railroad line
would have to go
through unorganized
territory, harassed by
Indians.
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Sen. Stephen Douglas (D
– Ill) pushed KansasNebraska Act through
Congress; popular
sovereignty in both
territories.
He wanted railroad from
Chicago, but law
repealed Missouri
Compromise and further
radicalized north.
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What two countries did Southerners attempt
to take over?
What did the Ostend Manifesto do? What
stopped it?
What did the Gadsden Purchase do? Why
would northerners care?
What law did Stephen Douglas push? Why?
Name 2 effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
published Uncle Tom’s
Cabin in 1852.
 Focused on splitting
families, Fugitive Slave
Act – Stowe said “God
wrote it.”

Millions sold; most
politically influential
book in history.
 Lincoln when meeting
Stowe: “So you’re the
little woman who
wrote the book that
made this great war.”
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Readers swore against
Fugitive Slave Act;
Europeans against
intervention in a war.
Hinton Helper’s
Impending Crisis in the
South argued that
slavery hurt poor whites;
burned in South and
mass distributed in the
north.
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Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
What’s the book about?
What impact did it have?
What did Lincoln say?
Who wrote Impending Crisis in the South?
How did the sections of the country react to
it?
New England Emigrant
Aid Company and
proslavery Missourians
sent people into
Kansas to vote.
 A fraudulant
proslavery and illegal
antislavery
government was set
up.

1856 proslavery forces
burned part of free soil
Lawrence, Kansas.
 John Brown led
Pottowatomie Creek
Massacre; he and sons
hacked to pieces
proslavery families
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President James
Buchanan supported
pro-slavery LeCompton
Constitution; opposed
by Stephen Douglas – no
statehood.
Brooks (SC) beat Sumner
(Mass) unconscious with
a cane on the Senate
floor, p. 414
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Who sent people to Kansas?
Why 2 governments? What was the problem
with each?
Where did proslavery forces burn?
What did John Brown and sons do?
Why no statehood? What politicians were on
each side?
Who caned whom?
1856 Buchanan (D)
defeated Fremont (R)
and Fillmore (Know
Nothing/American
Party).
 Concerns about
Fremont’s character
and fire eater
secession undermined
the Republicans.

Dred Scott, living with
his master in Wisconsin
and Illinois, sued for
freedom.
 Supreme Court: Scott
can’t sue, not a citizen,
but Chief Justice Taney
not finished.

Slave is property which
can be taken
anywhere; laws
limiting this are
unconstitutional.
 Missouri Compromise,
popular sovereignty is
unconstitutional;
opposed by Douglas
and abolitionists.
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Why was Buchanan elected?
Who was Dred Scott?
Why did he lose?
Who was the Chief Justice? Where was he
from?
Why was his case important?
Who criticized the decision?
Panic of 1857 hurt
north, led to 2
demands: Tariff and
Homestead Act.
 1858 Republican
Lincoln (former Whig)
challenged Douglas (D)
for Illinois Senate: 7
Lincoln-Douglas
debates.

Lincoln: could states
vote down slavery in
light of Dred Scott?
 Douglas’ Freeport
Doctrine: anti-slavery
state won’t pass the
necessary slave laws;
Douglas elected by
Illinois state
legislature.

October 1859: Brown
and 20 took over
arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Va (today WVa)
but failed to stir
uprising.
 Brown hung, calm: a
martyr in the north and
terrorist in the south.
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What demands came from the Panic of 1857?
How many Lincoln-Douglas debates?
What did Lincoln claim Dred Scott meant?
What was Douglas’ Freeport Doctrine?
Who won, how?
Where was John Brown’s raid? What was his
plan?
How did he die? Why was he more useful
dead than alive?
1860 depression-prone
Abraham Lincoln got
Republican nomination
over “higher law”
Seward.
 Others: Douglas –
Northern Democrat,
Breckinridge –
Southern Democrat,
Bell.

Lincoln won with 40%
of vote, all from North,
180 electoral votes.
 South Carolina
seceded first, followed
by deep South: Fl, Ga,
Al, MS, LA, TX

4 month lame duck
Buchanan: secession is
illegal, but he saw no
means to stop it.
 Crittendon (K)
Compromise rejected
by Lincoln:
1. Slavery protected
2. extend 36-30 line to
California; apply to
Latin America
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Who got the nomination for Republicans?
Who else ran?
How did Lincoln win?
What states seceded?
What was the Crittendon Compromise?
February 1865
Montgomery, Alabama
new nation formed:
Confederate States of
America.
 President Jefferson
Davis (MS), Vice
President Alexander
Stephens (GA)

March 1861 Lincoln’s
First Inaugural: Union
perpetual, “mystic
cords of
memory…better
angels of our nature.”
 South had to return to
nation or face war (like
Jackson, Buchanan)

Lincoln resupplied Fort
Sumter, SC with
unarmed ship.
 Confederates fired on
fort, which
surrendered two days
later – first shots of
war.
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New Southern nation
Confederate President, VP
Perpetual union
“mystic cords of memory… better angels of
our nature.”
First shots of Civil War
Why were they fired?
After Fort Sumter
Lincoln issued a call
for 75,000 troops.
 This caused more 4
more states to secede:
Tennessee, Arkansas,
North Carolina,
Virginia

Missouri, Kentucky,
Maryland, Delaware,
and West Virginia
(1863) were loyal slave
states
 ½ population of the
South: Lincoln said he
hoped God was on his
side but had to have
Kentucky.

Lincoln avoided talk of
abolition so as not to
offend border states.
 Crittendon had a son
who as a general in
each army; Lincoln had
4 brother in laws
fighting for the South.
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How did Lincoln respond to Fort Sumter?
What four states seceded next?
What border states didn’t secede?
Why didn’t Lincoln support emancipation?
What odd family situations were there?
Generals: Lee, Jackson
Soldiers: used guns,
rode horses, rebel yell,
passionate
 Knew terrain
 Morale – defending
home
 Just had to keep
fighting
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More of everthing:
¾ of wealth
¾ of railroads
Controlled sea and
blockaded south
 22 million people to 5.5
million.
 Soldiers: better
educated
 Lousy generals until
Grant
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Boredom, disease –
diarrhea, typhoid,
malaria – killed twice
as many as battle
 Upper body wounds
fatal; legs and arms
amputated (30% died)
 Nurses: Clara Barton,
Dorothea Dix in North,
Sally Tompkins in
South
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Name 5 Southern advantages.
Name 5 Northern advantages
Name two daily problems for soldiers
European rulers
sympathized with
South; masses with
North after reading
Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
 Europe had cotton
surpluses, later bought
from India and Egypt,
imported corn and
wheat from North.

Trent had Confederates
on board trying to
break the blockade;
Alabama was made in
Britain.
 British-built ships
captured more than
250 Yankee ships.

Minister to Britain
Charles Francis Adams
threatened to invade
Canada over British
ships built for the
South.
 Irish-Americans
invaded Canada;
Dominion of Canada
1867 for strong
defense
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How were European countries split over the
war?
Why didn’t cotton win European support?
Why tension with Britain?
What threat did Adams make?
What country was born?
JEFFERSON DAVIS
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
More experience
 Too weak – states defied
him
 Georgia threatened
secession
 Brave, sincere, and
devoted but stubborn
micromanager
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Tactful, quiet, patient, firm
Team of rivals
Poetic
More constitutional power
North: Excise tax,
income tax, tariff, print
greenbacks – 80%
inflation, sold war
bonds, industrial
boom, McCormick
Reaper
 South: less taxes,
9000% inflation, 2/3 to
2/5 of wealth

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Blockade, increasing
army size, suspended
habeas corpus, gave
$2m in government
money to private
citizens, army ballots –
all extraconstitutional
Draft avoided - $300 in
north, 20 slaves in South;
NY riots by Irish in north;
“rich man’s war, poor
man’s fight
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Lincoln and Davis
Northern and Southern economics
What extra powers did Lincoln acquire?
Why a “rich man’s war and a poor man’s
fight?”
July 1861 Bull Run
(Manassas Junction) –
30m south of
Washington; Stonewall
Jackson led Rebels to
victory.
 Made South cocky and
North determined.

Union Gen. George
McClellan drilled the
Army of the Potomac;
“the slows,” “borrow
the army.”
 Fired after failed
Peninsula Campaign,
beaten by Lee at Seven
Days Batttle
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1. blockade – run by
British – guns for cotton;
ironsides Monitor v.
Merrimac
2. capture Miss. River,
split South
3. capture Richmond
4. free slaves
5. cut South to pieces
through Ga, Carolinas
6. attack troops
everywhere (Grant’s
idea)
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What happened at Bull Run/Manassas?
What one word best describes MacClellan?
Why?
What were the 6 parts of the northern
strategy?
Who broke the blockade?
What was the importance of the monitor and
the merrimac?
Lee defeated Gen.
Pope at 2nd Battle of
Bull Run, then headed
north to Maryland –
get n. territory, get
help, keep fighting
 At Antitiem Lee lost
narrowly after
McClellan’s men found
Lee’s battles plans.

Lincoln had a victory
and the border states,
issued preliminary
emancipation.
 Southern slaves freed
after Jan 1, 1863

Not in border states –
where he could he
would not; where he
would he could not.
 Gives north a moral
cause, keeps Europe
out, entices slaves to
escape
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Where did Lee defeat Pope?
Why Antitiem?
Why did Lee lose?
How did Lincoln respond?
Why a preliminary proclamation?
What exceptions to emancipation?
What practical effect?
180,000 AfricanAmericans (10%)
served in Union army –
2 regiments raised by
Frederick Douglass.
 Killed as POW’s (Ft.
Pillow), legally
contraband, forced
Confederates to leave
the front.

Fredericksburg –
“Burnside’s slaughter
pen”
 Chancellorsville – Lee
beats Hooker, loses
Jackson
 Gettysburg, PA – 3
days, Pickett’s charge
on last day, July 3 1863

In West, Grant took Ft.
Henry, Ft. Donelson
 Shiloh – bloodiest
 Siege of Vicksburg –
Union controlled the
Mississippi R. ; July 4
1863

African-Americans
Fredericksburg
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Fort Henry and
Donelson
 Shiloh
 Vicksburg
 Ulysses Grant
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10% of soldiers
Won in west
Lee won but lost
Jackson
3 day turning point
Siege turning point
Burnside whooped
Union wins on
Mississippi River
Bloody Union win in
west
Sherman took
Chattanooga, burned
Atlanta, total war
march to the sea.
 Gave Savannah to
Lincoln, more vicious
in SC.
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Copperhead/Vallandingham criticism
Lincoln expected to lose
to Democrat McClellan,
who would allow
secession, end the war,
and preserve slavery.
News of Sherman’s
success resulted in Union
Party landslide , lame
duck push for 13th
amendment
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Grant attacked Lee the
Wilderness, Cold Harbor,
took heavy losses, but
Lee surrendered
Appomattox
Courthouse, VA April
1865.
Boothe killed Lincoln
April 9, 1865 at Ford’s
Theater: “Now he
belongs to the ages”
600,000 deaths
How did Sherman hurt the South?
What city was a gift to Lincoln?
What were Copperheads? Who was their leader?
Who ran against whom, from what parties, in
1864?
 Why did Lincoln win?
 Where did Grant attack Lee?
 Where did Lee surrender?
 When was Lincoln killed?
 How many died in the war?
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One NC slave claimed
to have been
emancipated 10 times.
 Response to freedom
ranged from loyalty to
masters to whipping
them.

Mostly sharecroppers
and tenant farmers;
Marriages legalized for
love and inheritance.
 New churches: Black
Baptist, AME
 wanted
education:better life,
read Bible, but too few
black teachers

1865-1872 – primitive
welfare agency
provided food, health
care, clothing, ed.; led
by Union Gen. Oliver
Howard (Howard
University)
 200,000 learned to
read, but no “40 acres
and a mule.”
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How many times was one slave
emancipated?
How did the response to freedom vary?
What did former slaves do right away?
What government agency?
Who headed it?
What did it do well and poorly?
Tennessee champion
of poor whites, refused
to secede, appointed
war governor.
 Never accepted by
Republicans when
Lincoln died; 1st
impeached

1863 Lincoln 10% plan:
a state rejoins the
Union when 10% of
voters pledge loyalty
and accept
emancipation.
 Wade-Davis Bill: 50%
allegiance, pocket
vetoed by Lincoln.

Johnson followed
Lincoln’s example,
granting pardons to
Confederates.
 Black codes: 1 year
labor contracts, no jury
duty, no landowning,
no idleness

Ex-Confederates like
Stephens came back to
Congress with more
(not 3/5) power;
Johnson satisfied.
 Radicals passed Civil
Rights Act of 1866 over
Johnson’s veto, sent
14th amendment to the
states.
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What was the difference between Lincoln’s
plan and the Wade Davis Bill?
What was Johnson’s approach?
What did Black Codes do?
What South came to Congress?
How did the Republicans respond?
1866 midterms:
Johnson’s 10% /Black
Code v. Radical procivil rights
 “Swing around the
circle” speeches to
dedicate Douglas
monument resulted in
2/3 Republican
majority

Senate – Charles
Sumner (caned);
House – Thaddeus
Stevens (74)
 Radicals wanted long,
revolutionary
Reconstruction;
moderates were more
gentle toward states

South divided into 5
military districts;
states had to ratify 14th
amendment and let
blacks vote.
 13th am – no slavery
ever, anywhere
 14th am – makes Civil
Rights Act perm
 15th – “ “ voting;
feminists felt betrayed.
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What was the issue in 1866 midterm elections?
What was the “swing around the circle?”
Who were the leaders of the Radical
Republicans?
What was the point of dispute between Radicals
and moderates?
How did the Reconstruction Acts divide up the
South?
13 14 15 amendments? Why were feminists
upset?
Union League trained
African-Americans in
civic duties,
campaigned for
Republicans
 1868-1876, 14 African
American
congressmen, Sen.
Hiram Revels and
Blanche Bruce (Mspi)

Resenting Black
political power,
carpetbaggers (n) and
scalawags (S), the Klan
used intimidation and
force; 200 killed in 2
days La.
 Force Acts 1870, 1871
by Pres. Grant
outlawed and ended
KKK
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1867 Congress passed,
1868 Johnson violated
Tenure of Office Act by
firing Stanton.
House impeached;
Senate came within one
vote of convicting and
ousting Johnson, who
agreed to stop vetoes.
1867 – “Seward’s Folly,”
Alaska bought from
Russia $7.2m
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Union League
Hiram Revels, Blanche
Bruce
KKK
Carpetbaggers
Scalawags
Force Bills
Tenure of Office Act
Sec. of War Stanton
Senate vote
Seward’s Folly
US bought Alaska
Violent reaction to
reconstruction
 Fired by Johnson
 President can’t fire Cabinet
 Trained African-Americans
in civic duty
 Outlawed Klan
 African-American Senators
 1 short of 2/3 necessary to
convict
 Northerners involved in
Reconstruction
 White Southern supporters
of Reconstruction

