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Essential Question: How did Classical Mediterranean societies interact politically, philosophical, and culturally from 700 BCE to 400 CE? Key Figures of Rome Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. Julius Caesar Description: Civil War: Ides of March: Impact: Augustus Caesar Description: Civil War: Impact: “Pax Romana”: Essential Question: How did Classical Mediterranean societies interact politically, philosophical, and culturally from 700 BCE to 400 CE? Key Figures of Rome Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. Julius Caesar Description: Civil War breaks out in the Republic First Triumvirate formed in 60 BC o Government run by three men who shared power o Julius Caesar, Crassus & Pompay Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 BC o grants himself governor of Gaul from 58 – 50 BC o wins decisive battles securing Roman borders in the North o Caesar seen as a military hero o “Veni, vidi, vici…” = I came, I saw, I conquered Civil War: Ides of March: As Caesar became more powerful the many feared Caesar would assume title of king & Triumvirate falls apart set up a dynasty Senate demands that Caesar return to Rome 60 members of Senate plot to kill him w/out his army Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius under the influence of a competitive Pompay March 15, 44 BC Caesar is stabbed 23 times that result in death in the senate chamber Civil war ensues o Caesar marched to Rome in 49 BC and Rome plunges into another civil war Pompay fled o civil war will last a few years o Caesar wins Caesar hailed as dictator for life in 45 B.C. Impact: Caesar’s Reformation: 1. Granted citizenship to people of provinces 2. Expanded Senate 3. Aided poor by creating jobs (public works) 4. Started colonies for people without land Augustus Caesar Description: Real name Octavian Grand Nephew of Julius Caesar the Second Triumvirate formed 43 BC o Caesar’s supporters banded together to eliminate assassins o Octavian, Mark Antony & Lepidus o Took back control of Republic and ruled for ten years Civil War: Octavian forced Lepidus into retirement Octavian and Mark Antony then become rivals Mark Antony meets Queen Cleopatra of Egypt while leading troop’s in a campaign in Anatolia o Followed her back to Egypt o Octavian accuses Antony of trying to rule Rome out of Egypt o Another civil war breaks out Battle of Actium 31 BC o Octavian defeats the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at this naval battle o Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide Impact: “Pax Romana”: Octavian becomes unchallenged ruler 200 years of Roman peace and prosperity 500-year old republic comes to an end Established by efficient government 1. Stabilized frontier Octavian changes his name to Augustus (exalted 2. Development of splendid governmental one) and becomes Rome’s first emperor in 31 BC buildings Augustus laid the foundation for the period called 3. Civil Service (plebeians and former slaves) the “Pax Romana”