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Chapter 4 Nonverbal Communication Chapter Outcomes • Describe the power of nonverbal communication • Outline the functions of nonverbal communication • Describe the set of communication symbols that are nonverbal codes • Illustrate the influences culture, technology, and situation have on our nonverbal behavior Nonverbal Communication • The process of intentionally or unintentionally signaling meaning through behavior other than words The Nature of Nonverbal Communication • Nonverbal communication is – Communicative – Often spontaneous and unintentional – Ambiguous – More believable than verbal communication (channel discrepancy) Functions of Nonverbal Communication • Reinforcing verbal messages – Repeating or mirroring verbal messages – Complementing verbal behavior by reinforcing it – Accenting specific information in a verbal message Functions of Nonverbal Communication (cont.) • Substituting verbal messages – Occurs in situations where words are unavailable, inappropriate, or unintelligible Functions of Nonverbal Communication (cont.) • Contradicting verbal messages – May be unintentional or intentional (teasing, joking, sarcasm) • Managing impressions and regulating interactions – Interaction management occurs throughout a relationship – Nonverbal cues regulate back-andforth flow of communication Functions of Nonverbal Communication (cont.) • Creating immediacy, or closeness, with another – Eye contact, smiling, appropriate touching, mimicry • Deceiving others to believe something that is false Nonverbal Communication Codes • Nonverbal codes are symbols we use to send messages without, or in addition to, words. Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Gestures and body movements that send nonverbal messages (kinesics) – Emblems have direct verbal translations within a group or culture. – Illustrators help visually explain what is being said. – Regulators help manage our interactions. Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Kinesics (cont.) – Adaptors satisfy a physical or psychological need. – Affect displays convey feelings, moods, and reactions. Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Facial expressions Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Facial expressions (cont.) – Several specific expressions are common across all cultures. – Masking: replacing an expression that shows true feeling with an expression that shows appropriate feeling for a given interaction Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Eye behavior – Oculesics is the study of the use of the eyes to communicate. – Accepted norms differ across cultures. Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Voice – Paralanguage: vocalized sounds that accompany words; includes • Pitch (variations), tone (modulations), volume (loudness), pauses, vocal quality, rhythm, rate – Vocalizations: cues about emotional or physical state • Back-channel cues include “ah,” “um,” “uh” Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Physical appearance – Attractiveness has advantages. – Artifacts (accessories) convey different messages that may change over time. Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Space and environment include – Proxemics: the study of the way we use and communicate with space • Intimate • Personal • Social • Public Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Space and environment (cont.) – Territoriality: the claiming of an area through continuous or implied occupation – Environment: arranging our surroundings to encourage or discourage interactions Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Touch (haptics) may include – Functional-professional touch – Social-polite touch – Friendship-warmth touch – Love-intimacy touch – Sexual-arousal touch Nonverbal Communication Codes (cont.) • Time orientation – Chronemics: the ways people perceive and value time, structure time, and react to time – Sending a message using time may be confusing in certain situations. Influences on Nonverbal Communication • Culture – Contact and noncontact cultures have different levels of sensitivity to touch. – Sex and gender influence a person’s degree of touch, eye contact, or how nonverbal communication is interpreted. Influences on Nonverbal Communication (cont.) • Mediated nonverbal communication – Loss of paralinguistic cues that offer information – Emoticons and use of font sizes, punctuation, and capitalization help convey meaning. Influences on Nonverbal Communication (cont.) • The situational context determines rules of behavior and roles people must play under different conditions. – Public-private dimension: physical space affecting nonverbal communication – Informal-formal dimension: perceptions about personal versus impersonal situations