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Chapter 4
Nonverbal
Communication
Chapter Outcomes
• Describe the power of nonverbal
communication
• Outline the functions of nonverbal
communication
• Describe the set of communication
symbols that are nonverbal codes
• Illustrate the influences culture,
technology, and situation have on our
nonverbal behavior
Nonverbal Communication
• The process of
intentionally or
unintentionally
signaling meaning
through behavior
other than words
The Nature of
Nonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal communication is
– Communicative
– Often spontaneous and
unintentional
– Ambiguous
– More believable than
verbal communication
(channel discrepancy)
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
• Reinforcing verbal
messages
– Repeating or mirroring
verbal messages
– Complementing verbal
behavior by reinforcing it
– Accenting specific
information in a verbal
message
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
• Substituting verbal
messages
– Occurs in
situations where
words are
unavailable,
inappropriate, or
unintelligible
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
• Contradicting verbal messages
– May be unintentional or intentional
(teasing, joking, sarcasm)
• Managing impressions and
regulating interactions
– Interaction management occurs
throughout a relationship
– Nonverbal cues regulate back-andforth flow of communication
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
• Creating immediacy, or
closeness, with another
– Eye contact, smiling,
appropriate touching,
mimicry
• Deceiving others to believe
something that is false
Nonverbal
Communication Codes
• Nonverbal codes are
symbols we use to
send messages
without, or in
addition to, words.
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Gestures and body movements that
send nonverbal messages (kinesics)
– Emblems have direct verbal
translations within a group or culture.
– Illustrators help visually
explain what is being said.
– Regulators help manage
our interactions.
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Kinesics (cont.)
– Adaptors satisfy a physical or
psychological need.
– Affect displays convey feelings, moods,
and reactions.
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Facial expressions
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Facial expressions (cont.)
– Several specific expressions are
common across all cultures.
– Masking: replacing an expression that
shows true feeling with an expression
that shows appropriate feeling for a
given interaction
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Eye behavior
– Oculesics is the study of the use of the
eyes to communicate.
– Accepted norms
differ across
cultures.
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Voice
– Paralanguage: vocalized sounds that
accompany words; includes
• Pitch (variations), tone (modulations),
volume (loudness), pauses, vocal quality,
rhythm, rate
– Vocalizations: cues about
emotional or physical state
• Back-channel cues
include “ah,” “um,” “uh”
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Physical appearance
– Attractiveness has
advantages.
– Artifacts (accessories)
convey different
messages that may
change over time.
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Space and environment include
– Proxemics:
the study of the
way we use and
communicate
with space
• Intimate
• Personal
• Social
• Public
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Space and environment (cont.)
– Territoriality: the claiming of an area
through continuous or implied
occupation
– Environment: arranging our
surroundings to encourage or
discourage interactions
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Touch (haptics) may
include
– Functional-professional
touch
– Social-polite touch
– Friendship-warmth
touch
– Love-intimacy touch
– Sexual-arousal
touch
Nonverbal
Communication Codes (cont.)
• Time orientation
– Chronemics: the ways people perceive
and value time, structure time, and
react to time
– Sending a message
using time may be
confusing in certain
situations.
Influences on Nonverbal
Communication
• Culture
– Contact and noncontact cultures have
different levels of sensitivity to touch.
– Sex and gender influence a person’s
degree of touch, eye contact, or how
nonverbal communication is
interpreted.
Influences on Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
• Mediated nonverbal communication
– Loss of paralinguistic cues that offer
information
– Emoticons and use of font sizes,
punctuation, and
capitalization help
convey meaning.
Influences on Nonverbal
Communication (cont.)
• The situational context determines rules
of behavior and roles people must play
under different conditions.
– Public-private dimension: physical
space affecting nonverbal
communication
– Informal-formal dimension: perceptions
about personal versus impersonal
situations