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The Roman Empire Decline of the Republic And Rise of the Empire /www.wallsfeed.com Decline of the Republic • Decline of the Republic • ~ 120BC some leaders attempt to give land to plebeians (Tiberius Gracchus) • Patricians fight back • 75 years of civil war – Generals gather private armies, fight for control – Senate loses power http://us.123rf.com Military Changes • • • • • The army was no longer a citizen army Now it was a professional army Men joined to become rich and powerful Loyalty was to a general, not to Rome The senate passed a law – The army could never enter the city of Rome – Generals are very powerful and the senate feared this new power Julius Caesar • Rise of Julius Caesar • Rome on the brink of collapse • Julius strong military general • 58-51BC lead army to conquer Gaul – Captured large amounts of gold – 55 BC Bridge Across the Rhine River • Troops very loyal http://us.123rf.com Julius Caesar • Rise of Julius Caesar • Caesar make an alliance • Joins Pompey and Crassus • Helped each other gain power • Caesar elected to consul in 59 B.C. http://us.123rf.com Julius Caesar • Rise of Julius Caesar • 49BC returns to Italy – Fights with armies of the Senate – Caesar wins, becomes Dictator for Life in 44BC • Death of a Dictator – Ruled with great power, took much of the Senate’s power for himself (King) – Assassinated by Senators March 15, 44BC http://us.123rf.com The Empire • Octavian (Augustus) • Another civil war after Julius, 13 years • Adopted son of Caesar • 27BC Given title Augustus by senate – First true emperor of Rome • Shows respect for senate, doesn’t “power grab” • Time of peace and prosperity –Pax Romana http://us.123rf.com The Empire • Notable Emperors • Nero (54-68) – “Nero fiddled while Rome burned” – Murders family – Tyrant, Persecution of Christians • Trajan (98-117) – Expanded Empire to its largest – Public Building Projects – Social welfare http://us.123rf.com The Empire • Notable Emperors • Hadrian (117-138) – Consolidated border – Reorganizes army so soldiers defend home provinces – Champion of education – Hadrian’s Wall http://us.123rf.com Ruling the Empire • Governing Conquered People • Usually remained free • Divided into provinces – Ruled by governor, supported by army • Rome did not force their way of life on them – Happy people= taxes and commerce – Many adopted Roman ways in the end. (Why?) http://us.123rf.com Daily Life • Citizenship • City of Rome was overpopulated – Originally, only residents of city were true Romans • Census – official count of people – Registering=citizenship – Men declare families, slaves, wealth. – If failed to register, could lose property or become slave http://us.123rf.com Daily Life • Citizenship • Women, slaves, and exslaves could not become citizens • Social Classes • Huge gap between rich and poor • Rich – lavish houses, country estates, feasts and parties • Poor – crowded apartments, no water http://us.123rf.com Daily Life • Circuses • Poor sometimes riot – Usually over lack of food, particularly wheat • Emperors put on shows (Circus) to make people happy, entertain – Free grain provided – Fights, public executions • Gladiators, exotic animals http://us.123rf.com Daily Life • Family Life • Traditional values • Government support – Land and money if family had children – Directed at upper class • Paterfamilias – “father of the family” – Often 3 generations under 1 roof – Had absolute power http://us.123rf.com Daily Life • Family Life • Women – Married into families – Freedom based on husband’s wealth • Could work, own things • Slavery – Very common – Generally well cared for – Possible to buy freedom http://us.123rf.com