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THE COLD WAR
CHAPTERS 16 &17
POST WAR POLITICS

YALTA CONFERENCE: FEBRUARY 1945
 FDR,
CHURCHILL, STALIN
 AGREED ON:
 United

Nations
International Peacekeeping
organization
 Division
of Germany
 Democratic Elections for
Poland
 German POW’s Forced Labor
POST WAR POLITICS

POTSDAM CONFERENCE: JULY 1945
TRUMAN, CHURCHILL, STALIN
 AMERICAN VIEW:

 We
had fought to bring
DEMOCRACY to the world
 Wanted an ECONOMICALLY
strong and POLITICALLY open
world to create MARKETS
 SOVIET
VIEW:
Wanted to rebuild to PROTECT interests
 SATTELITE NATIONS: countries subject to soviet domination

USSR EXPANSION

1947: Hungary and Romania

1948 Albania and Bulgaria

1948: Czechoslovakia

1948: Finland & Yugoslavia

1949: East Germany
COLD WAR:
The competition between the United States and
the Soviet Union for power and influence in the
world
Harry S Truman




Became President in 1945
Ran again in 1948
Didn’t graduate college
“Fair Deal” meant to
create welfare &
employment
 Republicans

blocked
Desegregated the military
How do we stop the spread of Communism?
How do win the Cold War?
Force?
Blockades?
Embargo?
Threats?
THINK – ANSWER THIS
QUESTION YOURSELF
PAIR – COMPARE YOUR
ANSWER WITH YOUR
GROUP, DECIDE ON A
GROUP ANSWER
US REACTION TO COMMUNISM


IRON CURTAIN: The theoretical line
between communist countries
and the “WEST”
George Kennan:
 Containment:
 Eastern
Europe is already lost to Communism
 US must stop the spread of Communism

TRUMAN DOCTRINE:
 Support
Free peoples’ resistance to Communism
MARSHALL PLAN




American Policy makers didn’t want to repeat postWWI mistakes
We wanted to restore war-torn nations
1ST FUNDAMENTAL SHIFT in postwar foreign policy:
TRUMAN DOCTRINE
2ND: MARSHALL PLAN: USA will support European
nations’ economic recovery
 USSR
invited to participate
 Refused
 $13
and pressured satellite nations to do same
Billion in aid to Western Europe
BERLIN, GERMANY
BEFORE
AFTER
CAEN, FRANCE
BEFORE
AFTER
DRESDEN, GERMANY
BEFORE
AFTER
LONDON, ENGLAND
BEFORE
AFTER
ROTTERDAM, HOLAND
BEFORE
AFTER
BERLIN AIRLIFT



Capitalist Western
Berlin & Communist East
Berlin became symbols
of the developing cold
war
Hundreds of Thousands
of Eastern Europeans
left East Berlin
Stalin wanted to force
Westerners out of
Berlin
Berlin Airlift



June, 1948: All shipments through
East Germany were banned
Truman didn’t want to risk war
BERLIN AIRLIFT: moved
supplies into
West Berlin by plane

More than 200,000 flights


Fuel, food, other supplies
May, 1949: Soviets gave up
blockade
NATO


North Atlantic
Treaty
Organization
COLLECTIVE
SECURITY:
principle of mutual
military assistance
In 1955, USSR responded with…


WARSAW PACT: military alliance between USSR with its
satellite
nations
Collins Type III

What was the Berlin Airlift?
 Who,




What, Where, When, Why?
How was it an example of the “Cold War?”
___/ 10 FCA 1: Neatly written, correct spelling
___/ 10 FCA 2: Two complete paragraphs
___/ 20 FCA 3: Completely answer the question
The Cold War Continues (1949)

1949: USSR gets the bomb!

October 1, 1949: People’s Republic of China
World Relations


1949: USSR develops the Atomic Bomb!
1952: In response, the US developed
the
Hydrogen Bomb: fireball 3 mile diameter,
25 mile high cloud
 Some didn’t want to build it, Truman gave
OK


1953: USSR developed H-Bomb
BRINKMANSHIP
Making threats without
following through
Post War America
POST WAR ECONOMY

GROSS NATIONAL
PRODUCT: market
value of all goods and
services produced
DOUBLES!
1945: $212 billion
1960: $504 billion

PER CAPITA INCOME:
average income per
person
$1,526
To
$2,788
BUSINESS REORGANIZE

CONGLOMERATES:
Large corporation that
owns smaller
companies that
produce different
goods and services

FRANCHISES:
The right to open a
restaurant using a
parent company’s
brand name and
system
CHANGES IN WORKFORCE

Machines do the jobs
people used to.

WHITE COLLAR:
performing services
for others
GI Bill
“Government Issue” – nickname for soldiers
•AIM: help veterans make a smooth entry into
civilian life
•Provided money for veterans to attend college
or buy a house
•
GI Bill
Helped millions of GI’s return to civilian life
•Homes were bought
•College attendance increased
•
Executive Order 9981
Ended segregation in the Armed Forces
Baby Boom
Dramatic Rise in the Birth Rate after the war
Cultural Changes in 1950s

Economic Boom created comfort and pride
•
•
Baby Boom: soaring birthrates
New Homes: Levittown, made possible by GI Bill
 Offered
suburban lifestyle to many
 African Americans not allowed
 Built with necessities – even TVs!
Levittown


Between 1945-1950 5 million TVs
By 1959 more than 40 million American
•
•
•
•
•
Politics: leaders campaigned, Joseph McCarthy
Advertising: one show sponsored, then commercials!
Programming: reflected
50s values
(family, game shows)
Family’s role



Mom: Stay home, cook,
clean, create the perfect
home
Dad: Provide financially,
disciplinarian
Children: Obey! Be seen,
not heard.
Create a House of Cards

But one of you will be a spy…
Cold War at Home
1947-1953
ACCUSATIONS

“Are you now or have you ever been a member of the
Communist party?”
10 invoked 5th amendment rights: HOLLYWOOD TEN
 Jail times 6-12 months



BLACKLIST: people employers agreed not to hire
McCARRAN-WALTER ACT (1952)
Most disloyal Americans from Communist countries
 Immigration quotas – discriminate against:


Asia, Southern & Central Europe
Truman: “One of the most un-American acts I have ever
witnessed in my public career.”
 Congress passes over Truman’s veto

LOYALTY

Federal Employee Loyalty Program
 All
new employees investigated
 FBI checks
 Those accused of “disloyalty” put before Loyalty
Review Board
 Little chance to defend self
 Adds to the suspicion of nation

HUAC
 House
of Un-American Activities Committee
 Extended
post-WWII to find Communist infiltration
 Movie industry
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg






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
American Communists
Accused of selling A-Bomb secrets to USSR
Pleaded the 5th
Pablo Picasso “do not let this crime against humanity
take place”
Electrocuted in 1953 at Sing-Sing
Julius guilty
Ethel knew, but didn’t take part
Another example of racism, fear?
Senator Joseph McCarthy




"The State Department is infested with communists. I
have here in my hand a list of 205—a list of names
that were made known to the Secretary of State as
being members of the Communist Party and who
nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the
State Department.“
Senator Millard Tydings, was reported to have said,
"Let me have him [McCarthy] for three days in public
hearings, and he'll never show his face in the Senate
again.“
Called McCarthy’s claims a “fraud and a hoax”
Went after Tydings: created a fake photograph
Senate Permanent Subcommittee on
Investigations





Investigated members of the government on TV
Deemed books overseas “Pro-Communist” and had
them burned
Eisenhower: Don’t join the book burners!
McCarthy then went after members of the military
Army-McCarthy Hearings



"The American people have had a look at you for six weeks,"
he said. "You are not fooling anyone."
Censured by the Senate
Died of alcoholism
McCarthyism
Spreading fear and making baseless charges
Korea Before the War





Korea under Japan’s control
since 1905
Yalta: Allies agreed that
Korea should be free from
Japan
Temporarily divide Korea at
38˚ Parallel
North – USSR
South -- America
Start of the Korean War





June, 1950
100,000 North Korean
troops crossed 38˚ Parallel
Carried Soviet-made
weapons
Eisenhower: “We’ll have a
dozen Koreas soon if we
don’t take a firm stand”
Ordered US troops to
support Korean Troops
Korean War







UN votes to support US
efforts
POLICE ACTION: not war!
Protect Pusan at all costs
Inchon Landing: Led by
Douglas MacArthur, surprise!
70,000 troops landed and
held ground
October 1: all of South
Korea freed
Stop at 38 Parallel?
End of the Korean War








No!
Make it to the Chinese border
Chinese feel threatened
260,000 Chinese troops
crossed border
UN forces retreat to Seoul
MacArthur called for bombing
of China
Fired
Fighting ended in 1951
80,000 Americans wounded
 14,000 Dead

Collins Type II

How did the fear of communism affect American
Policy at home and abroad?
 Legislation
 Trials
 Politics
 Berlin
 Korea
 etc
Title: Red Scare’s effects on US policy
Soviets advance in Technology



USSR behind in number of weapons
October 4, 1957: Soviets launched
SPUTNIK: first satellite launched into space
NASA: investigated the future of exploring space
Fear Rises in the New Suburbs
Political Changes

1951 – congress passes 22nd amendment
 President
may only serve two terms
 Reaction to whom??

Dwight Eisenhower & Richard Nixon
 Richard
Nixon accused of having $18,000 as campaign
PRESIDENT
“gifts” (not illegal,
but accused of dishonesty)
 Nixon used new technology, TV, to give famous
“Checkers Speech”
 Ticket wins

1953: Stalin dies, Nikita Khrushchev comes to power
VICE PRESIDENT
Making Deals…Or Not

Eisenhower proposed an “open
skies” treaty
 Both
countries would be able to
fly over other’s territory to see
military operations



Soviets say no!
(not a problem, we have the U2 Plane!)
Americans still like Ike, re-elect
him in 1956
Cold War “Hot Spots”


In 1954 France was losing a battle
to maintain their colony – Vietnam
Peace Agreement divided Vietnam
in half
North Half: Communist, Leader: Ho
Chi Minh
 Supposed to temporary  1956
elections for Vietnamese to choose
what they wanted to be
 Eisenhower didn’t like this –why??

Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization)

Members would work together to
resist Communism
Vietnam

SEATO supported the creation of Anti-Communist
nation: South Vietnam
 US
provided a lot of support for South Vietnam
 Why?

North Vietnamese wanted
to bring all of
Vietnam together
Middle East




1948: Creation of Israel
Israel’s Arab neighbors (Egypt, Syria, Jordan,
Lebanon, Iraq) attacked Israel, Israel won
Egypt sought the support of the USSR, so the US
withdrew their support from Egypt
In response, Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal
right of the US to help,
on request, any nation in the Middle East trying to
resist Communist Aggression
Make two timelines – running parallel
POTSDAM
SATELLITE
NATIONS
COLD WAR
• 1945-1989
CONTAINMENT
TRUMAN
DOCTRINE
MARSHALL PLAN
BERLIN AIRLIFT
MCCARRENWALTER ACT
BLACK LIST
COLD WAR
• 1945-1989
CONGLOMERATE
FRANCHISE
GI BILL
EXECUTIVE ORDER
9981
MCCARTHYISM
COLD WAR
• 1945-1989
KOREAN WAR