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THE EARLY COLD WAR Two Superpowers Clash: 19451963 WORLD WAR II DIPLOMACY Tehran Conference (1943) – D-Day plans, USSR agreed to enter the war against Japan & claimed the right to Eastern Europe; Britain demanded a free Europe & unified Germany; US proposed the United Nations Yalta Conference (1945) – United Nations plans; division of Germany; USSR agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe Potsdam Conference (1945) – Japanese surrender; war-crimes tribunals; occupation of Germany THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN Former Senator from Missouri Chosen as VP to appease conservative Democrats who were concerned about Roosevelt’s health Succeeded to the presidency following FDR’s sudden death on April 12, 1945 Was uninformed about major initiatives related to the war, including the Manhattan Project US AIMS VS. SOVIET AIMS The US Wanted To… The Soviets Wanted to… Create a new world order in which all nations had the right of self determination Encourage communism in other countries as part of the worldwide struggle between workers & the wealthy Gain access to raw materials for its industries Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial equipment & raw materials Rebuild European governments to ensure stability & to create new markets for American goods Control Eastern Europe to balance US influence in Western Europe Reunite Germany, believing that Europe would be more secure if Germany was productive Keep Germany divided & weak as that it would never again threaten the Soviet Union THE IRON CURTAIN Following World War II, the USSR installed communist governments in Eastern Europe These countries became known as satellite nations Winston Churchill famously claimed that an “iron curtain” had fallen across Europe Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech CONTAINMENT DOCTRINE Proposed in 1946 by US diplomat George Kennan Intended as a way to stop the spread of communism & to prevent a domino effect First implemented in reaction to a communist threat in Greece & Turkey THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE (1947) Announced in March 1947 Claimed that the US had a duty to support free nations under communist threat Persuaded Congress to send $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey Signaled an end to US isolationism The Truman Doctrine (PBS) THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE (1947) THE MARSHALL PLAN (1947) Officially the European Recovery Program (ERP) Proposed in June 1947 Motivated by the fear that war-torn Europe could fall under the influence of Communism Led to $13 billion in aid to Western Europe Used to rebuild infrastructure & industry & to buy American goods THE BERLIN AIRLIFT (1948-49) THE BERLIN AIRLIFT (1948-49) In June 1948, Stalin closed all highway & rail routes into West Berlin Truman ordered US planes to fly supplies of food, clothing, & other goods into the city By May 1949, the USSR realized that it was beaten & lifted the blockade Berlin Airlift Video THE ARMS RACE The USSR exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949 Prompted the US to increase efforts to create a more powerful hydrogen bomb The US succeeded in November 1952 The USSR followed in 1953 THE ARMS RACE THE NATO ALLIANCE (1949) Included the US, Canada, & 10 Western European nations Pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked The USSR countered with the Warsaw Pact in 1955 THE CHINESE REVOLUTION (1949) THE KOREAN WAR (1950-53) When World War II ended, Japanese troops north of the 38 th parallel surrendered to the USSR On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops crossed the line & attacked the South South Korea appealed to the UN for help UN troops were sent under the command of General Douglas MacArthur THE KOREAN WAR (1950-53) The early stages of the war went poorly for the Americans In response, MacArthur ordered a surprise amphibious attack at Inchon Pushed the North to the Chinese border Prompted Chinese intervention UN forces forced to retreat across the 38 th parallel Led to a stalemate that dragged on until a truce was signed in 1953 PRESIDENT DWIGHT EISENHOWER Under President Eisenhower, the US promised to use all of it force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nation Known as brinkmanship Promoted by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles Led to a constant fear of nuclear attack Duck & Cover Video THE COLD WAR SPREADS Eisenhower relied on covert operations by the CIA to prevent communists from taking power in strategic countries Other Cold War issues during the Eisenhower administration included: Geneva Summit Suez Crisis Hungarian Uprising SPUTNIK (1957) In October 1957, the USSR launched Sputnik – the world’s first artificial satellite Prompted Americans to pour money into their own space program U-2 INCIDENT (1960) Beginning in 1955, the CIA flew secret missions over the USSR Relied on the U-2 Took photographs of troops movements & missile sites May 1960, pilot Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the USSR Sentenced to 10 years in prison PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY Elected in 1960 Called for a flexible response to the communist threat Increased defense spending in order to boost nonnuclear forces such as troops, ships, & artillery BAY OF PIGS INVASION (1961) In March 1960, Eisenhower had given the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion Carried out in April 1961 Faced 25,000 Cuban troops backed by Soviet tanks & jets Many of the exiles were killed or imprisoned BERLIN WALL (1961) In the years after the Berlin Airlift, almost 3 million East Germans had fled into West Berlin Led the USSR to build a wall dividing the city First made of brick & barbed wire, but later built with cement & steel Reinforced with armed guards, electric fences, & vehicle traps Ich Bin Ein Berliner Speech CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962) In October 1962, US spy planes photographed Soviet missile bases in Cuba US prepared for war Soviets moved more ships toward the island Ended when the USSR agreed to remove its missiles & the US pledged not to invade the island Cuban Missile Crisis Speech THE RED SCARE The spread of communism throughout Eastern Europe and China fueled fears at home US Communist Party had 100,000 members Some feared that they may be loyal to the Soviet Union LOYALT Y REVIEW BOARD Truman was accused of being soft on Communism Established the Federal Employee Loyalty Program to investigate employees in March 1947 Ran initial reviews of 4.5 million Led to the dismissal of 212 people THE HOUSE UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES COMMITTEE Established in 1945 to investigate suspected threats of subversion Famously investigated the Communist influence on the movie industry in 1947 Hollywood Ten refused to testify & were sentenced to 1year prison sentences Eventually, more than 300 artists were blacklisted by the studios ALGER HISS Accused in 1948 of spying for the Soviet Union Case was pursued by Congressman Richard Nixon Eventually convicted of perjury & sentenced to 5 years in prison Served to increase fears about Soviet infiltration of the American government THE ROSENBERGS In 1949, the Soviets tested a their first atomic bomb – sooner than the US expected US physicist Klaus Fuchs admitted to passing atomic information to the Soviets Minor Communist Party activists Ethel & Julius Rosenberg were also implicated in the case Convicted of espionage & sentenced to death Executed in 1953 THE MCCARREN ACT (1950) Made it unlawful to promote the establishment of a “totalitarian dictatorship” Also required Communist organizations to register with the US government Members were not permitted to become citizens & could be prevented from entering or leaving the country Passed over Truman’s veto JOSEPH MCCARTHY US Senator from Wisconsin who became the most visible public face America’s pursuit of Communists Announced in 1950 that he had a list of 205 names of Communists who had infiltrated the US government Won reelection in 1952 without ever revealing any of the names ARMY-MCCARTHY HEARING (1954) Began an investigation of the US army in 1953 Televised hearings were held in 1954 Several key pieces of evidence were shown to be doctored or faked Confronted by Army counsel Joseph Welch in a series of heated exchanges Led to McCarthy’s downfall & Senate censure for improper conduct