Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Reptiles and Birds Form and Function in Reptiles Most reptiles have adapted to a fully terrestrial life: tough, scaly skin well developed lungs a double-loop circulatory system a water-conserving excretory system strong limbs internal fertilization shelled, terrestrial eggs control of body temperature by changing their environment Body Temperature Control in Reptiles Reptiles are ectotherms They rely on behavior to help control body temperature To warm up, they bask in the sun To cool down, they move to the shade Reptile Feeding & Respiration Reptiles range from herbivores to carnivores The lungs of reptiles are spongy, providing more gas exchange area than those of amphibians Most reptiles have 2 efficient lungs to exchange gas with the environment Reptile Circulation & Excretion Reptiles have an efficient double-loop circulatory system Their heart contains two atria and either one or two ventricles Urine is produced in the kidneys of reptiles By eliminating wastes that contain little water, a reptile can conserve water Reptile Circulatory System Reptile Response The basic pattern of a reptile’s brain is similar to that of an amphibian In addition to a pair of nostrils, most reptiles have a pair of sensory organs in the roof of the mouth that can detect chemicals Reptiles have simple ears and can pick up on ground vibrations and body heat Reptile Reproduction All reptiles reproduce by internal fertilization Most reptiles are oviparous (lay eggs that develop outside the mother’s body) Reptilian eggs are amniotic They contain a shell and membranes that create a protected environment in which the embryo can develop without drying out Structure of an Amniotic Egg Types of Reptiles Lizards Komodo Dragon Chameleon Geckos Horned Lizard Frilled Lizard Gila Monster Snake Anatomy Turtles & Tortoises Alligators & Crocodiles The Tuatara Birds Birds are reptile-like animals that maintain a constant internal body temperature They have an outer covering of feathers; two legs that are covered with scales; and front limbs modified into wings Birds This single most important characteristic that separates birds from living reptiles, and from all other living animals, is feathers Feathers are made mostly of protein and develop from pits in the birds’ skin Feathers help birds fly and also help to keep them warm The 2 main types of feathers are contour feathers and down feathers Feathers Origin: Originally thought to have evolved from scales Now thought to be novel structures Composed of beta-keratins Weigh 2-3 times the skeleton http://www.themodernapprentice.com/feathers.htm A group of crows is known as a murder. Functions of Feathers Protection Insulation Flight Visual Communication Modified for more Feather Structure Feathers Down feathers - provide insulation Contour feathers - cover head and body, provide coloration Flight feathers - on wings and tail, provide lift Feathers are covered in oil to keep them water proof - "like water off a duck's back" - this oil is secreted from a preen gland Feather Types • Contour and Flight • Down (plumules) • Semiplumes • Filoplumes • Bristles Form, Function, and Flight Birds have a number of adaptations that enable them to fly: Highly efficient digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems Aerodynamic feathers and wings Strong chest muscles Form, Function, and Flight Body Temperature and Control in Birds Birds are endotherms (animals that can generate their own body heat) They have a high rate of metabolism compared to ectotherms (metabolism produces heat) A bird’s feathers insulate its body enough to conserve most of its metabolic energy Bird Feeding The more food a bird eats, the more heat energy its metabolism can generate For this reason, the phrase “eats like a bird” is quite misleading – birds are voracious eaters A bird’s beak, or bill, is adapted to the type of food they eat Bird Digestion Bird Respiration When a bird inhales, most air first enters large posterior air sacs in the body cavity and bones The inhaled air then flows through the lungs in a series of small tubes A complex system of air sacs and breathing tubes ensures that air flows into the air sacs and out through the lungs in a single direction This constant, one way flow of oxygen-rich air helps birds maintain their high metabolic rate and generates enough energy for flight Birds have more efficient lungs Inhalation – all the air sacs fill - read air sacs fill with fresh air from atmosphere - front air sacs fill with depleted air which has pass through the lungs Exhalation expels air from air sacs - air from rear air sacs passes through the lungs into front air sacs - air from front air sacs is expelled to the atmosphere -- Two cycles required for air to pass through whole system -- Countercurrent exchange system increases efficiency Circulation, Excretion, and Response in Birds Circulation Excretion 4 chambered hearts and two separate circulatory loops Similar to those of reptiles – white, pasty uric acid droppings Response Well developed sense organs Well developed eyes that can see color Excellent hearing Reproduction in Birds Bird eggs are amniotic eggs They have hard outer shells Most birds incubate their eggs until they hatch Structure of an Amniotic Egg Classification Based on feet and beaks Order Passeriformes - songbirds (bluebirds, robins, sparrow) Order Falconiformes - birds of prey (hawk, falcon, eagle) Order Anseriformes - swimming birds (duck, goose, swan) Order Galliformes - fowl (pheasant, turkey) Order Ciconiformes - wading birds (heron, flamingo) Bird of Prey Classification Wading Bird Songbird Swimming Bird