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Ms. Moore Body Plan: land vertebrates ◦ Well-developed skull ◦ Backbone and tail ◦ Two limb girdles with four limbs A reptile is a vertebrate that has a dry, scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial eggs with several membranes. Evolved from amphibian-like ancestors; developed under dry conditions; age of the dinosaurs (variety) extinction Body Temperature Control ◦ Ectotherms: rely on behavior to control body temp. Feeding ◦ Mostly herbivores or carnivores with adaptations to assist in feeding Respiration ◦ Cannot diffuse through skin, use spongy lungs surrounded by muscles to help expand and collapse cavity ◦ May have flaps of skin over nostrils to help when underwater ◦ Most have two lungs, some snakes only have one Circulation ◦ Double-loop (1 to lungs, the other to body) ◦ 3 or 4 chamber heart with partial septum dividing the ventricle (crocodiles) Excretion ◦ Urine (ammonia or uric acid) produced in kidneys bladder/cloaca Response ◦ Similar to amphibian; cerebrum and cerebellum are larger ◦ Reptiles have a pair of nostrils and sensory organs in roof of mouth = smell ◦ Simple ears with external eardrum and 1 bone ◦ Body heat detectors Movement ◦ Wide variety of movements specialized to body Reproduction ◦ Internal Fertilization! Penis-like organ delivers sperm to female cloaca ◦ Embryos are covered with membranes and a leathery shell ◦ Most are oviparous, some are ovoviviparous ◦ Amniotic egg: embryo can develop without drying out 4 membranes: Amnion: surrounds and cushions developing embryo Yolk sac: food supply Chorion: regulates gas exchange Allantois: stores waste from embryo Lizards and Snakes ◦ Order: Squamata, means “scaly reptiles” Lizards: have legs, clawed toes, external ears, and movable eyelids Snakes: lost both pairs of legs during evolution; efficient predators; some can produce venom *Draw Figure 31-8: The Amniotic Egg (p803) Crocodilians ◦ Order: Crocodilia Crocodiles: habitat includes fresh or salt water; native to Africa, India, SE Asia Alligators: habitat includes fresh water; native to N/S Americas Caimans: same as alligator, but smaller Gavials ◦ Fierce carnivores; guard eggs/young Turtles and Tortoises ◦ Order: Testudines Turtle: lives in water Tortoise: lives on land Terrapin: found in water that is somewhat salty ◦ Shell is built into the skeleton: Carapace: dorsal part Plastron: ventral part ◦ No teeth, horny ridges that cover the upper and lower jaws ◦ Powerful limbs Tuataras ◦ Order: last surviving member of Sphenodonta ◦ Found off the coast of New Zealand ◦ Resemble lizards, but lack external ears and retain primitive scales; have a “third eye” (part of brain) Birds are reptile-like animals that maintain a constant internal body temperature. They have an outer covering of feathers, two legs covered with scales, and two front limbs modified into wings. ◦ Feathers: made mostly of protein and develop from pits in the bird’s skin Evolution ◦ Believed to evolve from extinct reptiles/dinosaurs ◦ Archaeopteryx: early bird or transitional animal of both dinosaurs and birds? ◦ Did birds and dinosaurs both evolve from an earlier common ancestor? Body Temperature Control ◦ Endotherm: generate own body heat; high metabolism rate Feeding ◦ Beaks are adapted to the bird’s diet ◦ Remember: Crop and Gizzard? Respiration ◦ Highly efficient; allows birds to maintain their high metabolic rate = flight Air sacs: direct air through the lungs in a one way flow Circulation ◦ 4 chambered hearts; 2 separate circulatory loops Excretion ◦ Similar to reptiles, except uric acid crystals can be seen in a white, pasty form Response ◦ Well-developed sense organs; brain that can quickly interpret and respond to signals ◦ Cerebrum: behaviors like nest building, flying, care of young, courtship, and mating (very large) ◦ Cerebellum: uses precise, coordinated movements ◦ Medulla Oblongata: heartbeat ◦ Optic Lobe: eyesight; see color very well ◦ Olfactory Bulb: smell; very small Movement ◦ Some birds cannot fly: Ostrich: walk/run Penguin: swim ◦ Bones form a sturdy, but lightweight frame ◦ Large chest muscles power flight Reproduction ◦ Both male and female reproductive tracts open to the cloaca “cloacal kiss”; some may have penis ◦ Amniotic eggs with hard outer shells; incubated until hatch Over 30 orders of birds ◦ Passerines/Perching Birds: songbirds; over 5000 species ◦ Pelicans and Relatives: aquatic ecosystems ◦ Parrots: colorful and noisy; feet holds food ◦ Herons and Relatives : wading in aquatic habitats ◦ Cavity-Nesting: live in holes made in trees, mounds, or underground tunnels ◦ Birds of Prey: raptors; fierce predators with hooked bills and sharp talons ◦ Ostrich and Relatives: flightless birds