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Chapter 31 Reptiles and Birds Mammals Birds Amphibians Fishes Nonvertebrate chordates Invertebrate ancestor Reptiles Reptiles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K-I34T3fGdY VIDEO What is a reptile? • Vertebrate • Dry, scaly skin where scales can be smooth or rough and most times shed • Lungs • Terrestrial eggs with several membranes Body Temperature Control • Ectotherms – rely on behavior to control body temperature • If they want to get warm they go into the sun and if they want to cool off they get out of the sun Feeding • Herbivores – iguanas • Carnivores – snakes, crocs, and alligators Respiration • Most species have 2 lungs, except snakes that have one lung • Lungs are more spongy than amphibians to better exchange gases – reptiles can NOT exchange gases through skin Circulation • Closed, double loop heart system • 2 atrium and 1 or 2 ventricles • Most reptiles don’t have a completed septum • Crocs and gators have most developed hearts (much like a mammal heart) The Structure of a Turtle’s Heart Section 31-1 Liver Kidney Heart Cloaca Bladder Lung Digestive tract To body To lungs Right atrium From lungs Left atrium From body Ventricle Incomplete division Excretion • Urine either contains ammonia or uric acid • If mostly a water animal - ammonia (which is toxic) is excreted because it can be diluted • If mostly a land animal – uric acid is excreted (a white paste because water is absorbed in cloaca) Response • Active during the day and have complex eyes and see color very well • Many snakes have a very good sense of smell and some can detect heat and ground vibrations • Nostrils and sensory organs on roof of mouth that can detect chemicals • Simple ears with external eardrums Movement • Legs are larger and stronger than an amphibian • They can run, walk, swim, climb, dig Groups of Reptiles • 1) Lizards and snakes • 2) Crocodilians – crocs, gators, caimans, and gavials • 3) Turtles and Tortoises • 4) Tuataras http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ kids/animals-pets-kids/reptiles-kids/turtleloggerhead-kids/ Reptile Review • 1) What are characteristics of reptiles? • 2) How are reptiles adapted to live on land? • 3) What are the four living orders of reptiles? Birds Mammals Birds Amphibians Fishes Nonvertebrate chordates Invertebrate ancestor Reptiles • Silent Spring • Rachel Carson wrote the book Silent Spring in the 1960s. As the title suggests, she describes waking up on a spring morning, hearing none of the usual chirping of songbirds and wondering what happened to them. Carson’s book increased awareness of the use of pesticides in the environment. Unfortunately, one of the chemicals that had been used interfered with the formation of the shells of birds’ eggs. • With a partner, discuss and answer the questions that follow. • 1. What effect would weak eggshells have on the population of birds? How might this cause a “silent spring”? • 2. If you were a legislator, what would you do about the use of chemicals such as pesticides in our environment? What is a bird? • • • • Reptilian-like animals Maintain a constant internal body temp. Outer covering of feathers 2 legs that are covered with scales and used for walking or perching • Front limbs modified into wings • Feathers – mostly of protein, 2 types (contour and down feathers) Form, Function, and Flight • 1) Body Temperature Control – Endotherms – can generate their own heat – High metabolism – which produces heat – Feathers insulate body 2) Feeding • Beak is adapted to type of food it eats • Small birds lose heat faster so they must eat more than larger birds • Pathway of food: mouth, esophagus, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestines, cloaca Anatomy of a Pigeon Brain Esophagus 1 When a bird eats, food moves down the esophagus and is stored in the crop. Lung Heart Kidney Crop Air sac 2 Moistened food passes to the stomach, a two-part chamber. The first chamber secretes acid and enzymes. The partially digested food moves to the second chamber, the gizzard. Liver First chamber of stomach Gizzard Small intestine 3 The muscular walls of the gizzard squeeze the contents, while small stones grind the food. Pancreas Large intestine Cloaca 5 Undigested food is excreted through the cloaca. 4 As digestion continues, the food moves through the intestines. 3) Respiration • Use of air sacs and breathing tubes in the lungs insures that air flows into air sacs and out of lungs in one direction • Better because lungs are always exposed to oxygen rich air 4) Circulation • Closed, double loop system • Heart has 4 chambers with a complete septum dividing heart into left and right halves • Pathway: In right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, To body Structure of a Bird’s Heart Domestic pigeon Right atrium Heart Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle Complete division 5) Excretion • Very similar to reptiles – nitrogenous waste is converted to uric acid, water is absorbed by body and a white paste is expelled from bird 6) Response • • • • Brain is relatively large for animal’s size Can see color very well Can hear quite well Taste and smell are NOT well developed 7) Movement • Most birds fly – Which ones cannot?? • Skeleton is changed slightly to help a bird fly – near collarbone, hollow bones • Large chest muscles Birds have the following adaptations to flight Wings Feathers Strong chest muscles Efficient respiratory system Efficient circulatory system which are that also that power that provide that ensure Homologous to front limbs in other vertebrates Provide warmth Upward and downward wing strokes One-way flow of O2-rich air O2 distribution to body tissues 8) Reproduction • Sex organs often shrink in size when not breeding • Bird eggs are amniotic with a harder shell than reptile eggs Groups of Birds • 30 different orders • Largest is the perching birds – songbirds • Other groups: – – – – – – – Pelicans Parrots Birds of Prey – owls, eagles, hawks Cavity nesting birds – woodpeckers Herons Ostriches Penguins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0Kd fos4Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTR21 os8gTA http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ worlds-deadliest-ngs/deadliest-eagles-vs http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/f alcon_peregrine_velocity Bird Review • 1) Are birds ectotherms or endotherms? • 2) What characteristics do birds have in common? • 3) How are birds adapted for flight? • Bonus: Are robins in Iowa year round?