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12 Weeks to TAKS- Week Eight:
Objective 2 4b, 10a,b
The Cell and Human Systems
The Cell is the basic unit of structure
and function in living organisms. Cell
contain organelles that perform the
functions needed for life. All cells must
maintain homeostasis (balance). They
function in a very narrow range of
temperature, pH, O2, CO2, food and
waste.
Cell processes: (P=In plant cells, A= in animal
cells, B= in both) Organelles involved are
underlined.
Permeability- The cell contains a semi permeable lipid
bilayer membrane that lets only certain substances in and
out (B)
Diffusion- movement of particles from high to low
concentration in the cell, helps bring in nutrients and
dispose wastes (B)
Osmosis- movement of water across a cell membrane from
high to low concentration (B)
Photosynthesis- using radiant
energy from the sun to
convert CO2 into glucose in
the chloroplast (P)
Respiration- burning glucose in
the mitochondria to produce
energy in the form of ATP
Mitosis- cell reproduction:
used for growth, repair, and
maintenance
Meiosis- production of
gametes (sex cells) used in
reproduction
Protein synthesis- amino acids
are joined together to make
proteins like antibodies,
enzymes and muscle on
ribosome (B)
Storage- Vacuoles store water,
food and dissolved minerals
Control- The nucleus contains
the DNA blueprint that codes
for the proteins of the cell (B)
Transport- the Endoplasmic
Reticulum transports proteins
to the golgi, where they are
packaged and processed (B)
The Human Body must also
maintain homeostasis. The
organs of the body work
together in organ systems
to perform specific
functions. Organ systems
are often connected and
work together to allow the
body to function.
Circulatory: Heart, blood,
and vessels: provides
oxygen and food to tissues
and removes wastes.
Digestive: Mouth,
esophagus, stomach, SI, LI,
liver, pancreas: Uses
enzymes to break down
food into its building blocks
and transport it to the
blood stream, then removes
the wastes.
Nervous Brain, spinal cord,
nerves: Control system of
the body. Works with other
systems to maintain
homeostasis.
Endocrine pituitary, ovaries,
testis, adrenal glands,
thyroid: Produces hormones
that circulate in the blood
stream and tell other
systems what to do.
Reproductive: Meiosis
produces gametes in ovaries
and testis. The remainder
of the system either
delivers them, or protects a
developing fetus until birth.
Integumentary: Skin, hair,
nails: Protection from
infection, temperature
control
Skeletal: Bones, ligaments,
cartilage: Support and
protection of organs.
Provides an attachment for
muscles.
Respiratory Nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli:
Brings O2 to circulatory
system and removes CO2.
Muscular Muscles: Uses bones
as simple machines to exert
force on the body to create
movement.
Excretory Kidney, ureter,
bladder, urethra : Takes
nitrogenous waste from
the blood stream for
removal from the body.
Immune White blood
cells (lymphocytes
including T-cells and Bcells which make
antibodies), lymph nodes,
spleen, tonsils: Fights
infection.