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Chapter 17 owl Chapter 18 McCaw Classification of Organisms Classification of Organisms Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities and presumed evolutionary relationships. Classification of Organisms Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history. Classification of Organisms Carolus Linnaeus devised a system for grouping organisms based on their form and structure. His hierarchy is made up of seven different levels of organization. Classification of Organisms Sample Cat Domain (Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic) Kingdom (Animalia = animal) Phylum (Chordata = having a spinal cord) Class (Mammalia = mammal) Order (Carnivora = meat eater) Family (Felidae = feline or cat-like) Genus (Felis = cannot roar) Species (domesticus = house cat) Classification of Organisms { Do Kings, Play, Chess, On, Fine, Girls, Stomachs? } The two part scientific name of a species is composed of the genus and the species identifier (binomial nomenclature). House Cat = Felis domesticus Domains Domain divides living things into cells that are prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic (complex membrane bound organelles and nucleus) Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Animalia = Kingdoms Animal Plantae = Plant Fungi = Mushrooms and molds Protista = Monera = Single celled organism, some plant like Bacteria and Viruses Animalia Characteristics of Animals – eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, that lack cell walls. Systems – groups of tissues and organs that work together in organisms to keep them alive. Support and movement Skeletal system – gives the animals shape, size and supports important structures and organs. Exoskeleton, Endoskeleton, and Hydro skeleton Vertebrate – having a back bone Invertebrate – not having a back bone Shell – outer covering made usually of salt and hardeners Muscle system – if they have them, then they help in movement by contracting and relaxing in tandem with one another. Banded, striated, circular, or elongated. Movement – if they move they are motile, if they do not move they are sessile. Food intake and outlet Digestive system - Food is taken in and then broken down into usable parts (molecules) This gives energy for growth of the organism. Excretory system – Removal of wastes or unused food or liquids from the body. Breathing taking in oxygen Respiratory system – how one organism gets its oxygen and uses it, or makes it available to the body system. Sensing/Reacting to the environment Nervous system - Senses – see, taste, smell, feel, and hear. Usually involves the brain if one is present and the nerves if there are any and a backbone if the organism has one. Making of new organisms Reproductive system – There are two types of reproduction: Asexual - in which an organism reproduces by themselves and needs no other organisms to have offspring. Sexual - in which there must be two organisms of different sexes to reproduce offspring. Blood and the movement of material in the body Circulatory system – The way that blood or fluid carries the oxygen to the needed cells in the body. Skin Integument system – skin protects the organism and keeps harmful material out of the internal body cavity. Dissection of organisms – why? To better understand the organisms and to be able to compare them to ourselves. Look internally to get an idea of how all the systems work together to keep the organism alive. Dissecting tray – holds the organism while it is being dissected Specimen – organism being dissected Scalpel – very sharp knife used to cut organisms to identify internal structures Forceps – not tweezers! These are used to hold material and structures during dissection Pins – hold things out of the way for viewing Probe – used to point out things or move things out of the way (metal or wooden handled) Dropper- used to remove extra liquid, or add liquid as needed in dissection Pad – rubber material that allows for pins to be added to hold things down Scissors – small or large. They are used to cut or remove things. Once you cut, you can not put it back!