Download Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular
System
Answer on notes - use text
pages304-305
• What is “blood loading”?
• Why should expectant mothers (or
mothers hoping to get pregnant) take
folic acid?
• What’s your blood type?
I. Components of the
Cardiovascular System
A. Blood
B. Heart
C. Blood Vessels
Blood Intro Movie
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
I. Functions of blood
 3 General functions:
Transportation, Regulation,
protection
A. Transportation
1.Oxygen (From where to where)
2.Carbon dioxide (From where to where)
3.Nutrients (From where to where)
4.liquid wastes (From where to where)
5.Hormones (From where to where)
6.Enzymes
7.Heat (From where to where)
B. Regulation
1. pH levels How?
a) Maintained by the use of buffers, amino
acids and proteins.
b) pH range should be 7.35-7.45
Why must pH be regulated?
 narrow pH range to accommodate enzyme
actions.
B. Regulation
2. Body Temperature How?
a) By controlling blood flow to the surface of the
skin as well as to & from the extremities.
b) Normal temperature range 98.6°F and
100.4°F in the blood stream.
»
»
maximum 112-114°F
minimum 70-75°F
c) If temperature gets too high the enzymes start to
break down therefore body chemistry slows or
stops and you die.
B. Regulation
3. Water content in your cells (viscosity)
a) Cells are usually 99.1% water.
C. Protection
1.Against toxins, foreign microbes
and substances.
2.Fluid loss from broken blood
vessels blood clotting
(coagulation.)
II. Blood Volume
A. Males = 5-6 liters (10-12 pints)
B. Females = 4-5 liters(8-10 pints)
III. Blood Composition
A. 55% Plasma
B. 45% Formed
elements (cells
or solids)
IV. Plasma
A. 90% water
B. 7% Proteins
1. Albumins (60%) - give viscosity and
regulates osmotic pressure.
2. Globulins (36%) - includes antibody
proteins.
3. Fibrinogen (4%) - inactive clotting protein.
C. 2% Other solutes (trace)
1. Nonprotein nitrogen substances: urea, uric acid,
creatinine, ammonia, and salts
2. Food substances: amino acids, fatty acids and
sugars
3. Regulatory substances: Enzymes and hormones
4. Respiratory gases - dissolved oxygen and CO2
a)77% of CO2 is carried this way
CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3 ⇔ H+ + HCO3-
5. Electrolytes - inorganic salts of plasma. (Na+, K+,
Ca2+, Cl-, PO4-, SO4-, HCO3-)
a)Maintains osmotic pressure, & pH.
BLOOD INTRO GUIDE
1. RBC, WBC and platlets
2. 47%
3. Plasma
4a. Glucose, amino acids, lipids
4b. CO2 O2,
4c. Calcium, magnesium, chloride,
sulfate, phosphate, carbonic acid
4d. Urea, creatine, uric acid, bilirubin
4e. FSH, cortisol – any endocrine
hormone
4f. Albumin and globulins
5. Soluble because plasma is a liquid
6a. Gamma globulins
6b. Fribinogen
6c. Albumin
6d. Alpha and beta globulins
11.2
1. Bone marrow, erythopoietin
2. Low
3. Inhibits
4. Liver, spleen
5. Hemoglobin
6. Globular proteins, heme
7a. Amino acid components recycled to make
new proteins
7b. Recycled to make new blood cells
7c. Converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile
Blood Solids
Hemopoiesis
CHAPTER 12
A. Hematocrit
1. Percentage of blood occupied by cells
a) female normal range
 38 - 46% (average of 42%)
b) male normal range
 40 - 54% (average of 46%)
2. Anemia
a) not enough RBCs or not enough hemoglobin
3. Polycythemia
a) too many RBCs (over 65%)
b) dehydration, tissue hypoxia, blood doping in
athletes
B. Erythrocytes (Red
Blood Cells; RBCs)
1.
2.
Function - transport oxygen (98%) and CO2 (23%)
Structure
a) Biconcave disks to maximize surface area
b) RBC is 7.7 microns in diameter
c) 280 million molecules of hemoglobin per
RBC.
i. Each hemoglobin is composed of 4 protein
subunits, each with one heme group
located in the center
ii. Iron, of the heme group, is binding site for
CO2 and O2
Hemoglobin
RBC Structure (con’t)
4. RBCs have no nucleus and lack most
cellular organelles
» RBCs can’t reproduce, only live for 100-120 days
5. RBCs are made in the bone marrow at a
rate of 2 million/sec.
6. Dead RBCs are recycled in liver and spleen.
7. The average male has 5.4 million
RBCs/mm3, and the average female has 4.8
million RBCs/mm3.
C. Erythropoeisis
1. Negative feedback system of RBC
production
2. Prolonged oxygen deficiency
stimulates kidney and liver to release
erythropoietin.
3. Hormone circulates to red bone
marrow which is stimulated to make
more RBC’s.
What do you notice about
this baby’s appearance?
Recycling of Hemoglobin
Components
Blood Types
Blood Type Movie
1. What are the four distinct blood groups
discovered by Karl Landsteiner?
2. How often are blood transfusions performed?
General Info
A.Blood type is genetically determined.
B.There are many surface proteins on
RBCs, but there are three commonly
used for blood typing: “A”, “B” and
Rhesus surface proteins.
1.Surface proteins are called agglutinogens.
2.Antibodies for these surface proteins are
called agglutinins.
Blood Type Proteins
ABO blood groups - HW
1. Proteins on the surface of RBC are
called ANTIGENS.
2. The body makes ANTIBODIES that
react with foreign antigens.
3. Fill in chart
Blood Group
AB
A
B
O
Antigens
Present
Antibodies
Present
4. a.Donor’s antibodies amount = dilute,
Recipient’s antibodies amount =
concentrated
b. Therefore, the antibodies of the
recipient react with the RBCs of the
donor.
c.What will happen?
Agglutination, clogging of vessels and
perhaps death
5. Predict the outcome:
a. B gives to A
b. B gives to AB
c. O gives to A
Rh factor
A. First discovered in Rhesus monkeys.
B. It was another RBC surface protein.
C. What does Rh+ mean?
1. Rh protein present on RBCs.
2. No agglutinins for Rh agglutinogens.
D. What does Rh- mean?
1. Rh protein absent on RBCs.
2. Has the capacity to produce Rh agglutinins
Exercise 11.7 – Rh and
pregnancy (erythroblastosis fetalis)
1. Antigen D 1a. Rh+ 1b. Rh2. Rh+ cells
2a. Foreign to
2b.antibodies
3. Can 3a. Agglutinate 3b. Does not
4. Can
5. Agglutination of blood (possible death
of fetus)
The Problem w/Rh factor & Pregnancy
(erythroblastosis fetalis)
A. Occurs in women that are Rh- and have Rh+ baby.
B. During pregnancy some of the fetal blood cells migrate
back into the mother’s circulation.
1. Usually the RBCs and other large blood
components are too large to pass through the
placenta.
C. When the fetal blood mixes with the mothers, the
mother starts to make agglutinins for the Rh
agglutinogen.
D. However, the baby is born before enough agglutinins
migrate back into the fetus, so baby is unaffected.
The Problem with Rh factor
and Pregnancy
E. If the next baby is Rh+, the mother will start
producing large numbers of agglutinins and these
will attack the fetal blood, destroying RBCs.
1. If the baby is Rh- it has no proteins to react with the
mothers antibodies.
F. To prevent the problem, when a Rh- mother has a
Rh+ baby, they give her a RHO GAM (anti-Rh
gamma 2-globulin agglutinin) shot.
1. This shot tie up the agglutinogens so they cannot be
recognized by the mothers immune system, therefore she
does not produce the anti-Rh agglutinins.
Blood Transfusions
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
What blood type can “A” person receive?
What blood type can “B” person receive?
What blood type can “AB” person receive?
What blood type can “O” person receive?
What blood type is a universal donor?
What blood type is a universal recipient?
OVERVIEW OF BLOOD CELLS
• Quick Video
C. White Blood Cells
1. Granulocytes= neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils
2. Agranulocytes = monocytes and
lymphocytes
3. Granulocytes and monocytes are
produced by bone marrow when
stimulated by colony stimulating
factors
4. Lymphocytes from bone
marrow are
• T Cells
• B Cells
• NK Cells (Natural Killer Cells)
4. Name the lymphocytes that:
• Finish development in thymus = T cells
• Immune response when foreign antigen
is present = T cells and B cells
• Function without previous exposure =
NK Cells
5. T cells develop into 4 functionally
different cells that look the same.
6. CHART
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Natural Killer Cells
D. Leucocytes (WBCs)
1. Function - protection by
phagocytosis or antibody
production and chemical warfare.
2. Structure
a) They have nuclei and don’t contain
hemoglobin.
b) 5-9 thousand WBCs/mm3
c) @ 10-19 microns in diameter depending
on type.
3. Two basic groups of leucocytes:
a) Granular leucocytes
i. finish development in the bone
marrow
ii. Contain small granules and have
encapsulated nuclei (see chapter
12)
iii. Phagocytic & release digestive
enzymes.
iv. 3 kinds of granular leucocytes:
a) Neutrophils- 60-70% of all WBC-high
neutrophil count indicates an acute infection,
especially bacterial.
b) Eosinophils- 2-4% of all WBCs-produces
antihistamine so a high eosinophil count
indicates an allergic reaction.
c) Basophils- 1% of all WBCs produces
heparin, histamine, and serotonin so it is
also involved in the allergic reaction.
b. Agranular leucocytes
i.
Finish development in the lymphatic
system.
ii. Produce antibodies and are
phagocytic.
iii. 2 kinds of Agranular leucocytes

Lymphocytes
 account for 20-25% of all WBCs
 B lymphocytes produces antibodies
 these cells (T-4 helper and T-lymphocyte)
are targeted by HIV.

Monocytes (macrophages)
 high monocyte counts are seen during
chronic infections.
E. Thrombocytes
(Platelets)
1.250-500 thousand platelets/mm3.
2.2-4 microns in diameter.
3.Function: initiate blood coagulation (a
blood clot).
4.MOVIE
Coagulation
12.4 –Hemostasis
Page 316 Genetic
Connections
1. What causes hemophilia?
2. Explain why there is a high rate of
AIDS in hemophiliacs.
3. Explain von Willebrand disease?
Answers to clotting HW
1. Collagen
2. Platlets
3. A. constriction, decrease , 3B.
Intrinsic, 3C. Platelet plug
4. A. constriction, B. extrinsic
5. Inactive
6. yes
7. X, common
8. Fibrin
9. Stabalizes it
10. Soluble
11. Yes
12. Clot retracts (brings edges closer
together)
13. Plasmin, plasminogen
14. Extrinsic, common
15. A. Inhibits it B. Inhiibits it
General Info:
A.Coagulation time is usually between 515 minutes.
B.Vasospasm occurs to constrict diameter
of damaged blood vessels.
C.Serotonin released by platelets causes
further vasoconstriction.
The coagulation pathway
(takes several minutes)
A. The blood vessel lining is damaged.
B. The endothelial cells of the vessel
lining and damaged tissue surrounding
the blood vessel release
thromboplastin.
C. In addition, platelets rupture and
release phospholipids.
D. Thromboplastin activates Factor VII.
Coagulation pathway (con’t)
E. Factor VII, Ca2+ and platelet phospholipids combine
to form prothrombin activator (prothrombinase)
1. Vitamin K is necessary for the liver to produce prothrombin
and other clotting factors.
F. Prothrombin activator combines with and Ca2+
converts the inactive protein, Prothrombin, into its
active form, Thrombin.
1. Thrombin causes an increase in the conversion
of prothrombin to thrombin. What kind of
feedback system is this?
G. Thrombin then combines with Ca2+ to catalyze the
assembly small inactive, soluble proteins subunits
of fibrinogen into the sticky thread-like protein
(Fibrin) that forms the clot.
Overview of the Clotting Cascade
 Prothrombinase is
formed by either the
intrinsic or extrinsic
pathway
 Final common
pathway produces
fibrin threads
Blood Clotting Movie
Quic kTime™ and a Sorenson Video decompress or are needed to s ee this picture.
Retraction
A. After the fibrin threads form, they retract or
shorten, closing off the injured blood vessel.
B. Fibrinolysis
1. As soon as the fibrin threads form, the presence
of fibrin stimulates the production of Plasmin.
2. Plasmin is a substance that dissolves clots.
Anticoagulants
A. Used to prevent blood clotting.
B. Examples: Heparin and
Dicumoral.
Hemophilia
A. Sex linked disease, i.e. gene for
disease is located on the “X” sex
chromosome.
B. Several kinds of hemophilia;
depending on which plasma
coagulation factor is missing.
The Immune Response
 There are two types of resistance
I. Nonspecific resistance
A. This is a non-specific or general response.
B. Several types of non specific resistance:
1. Mechanical- this includes the skin, mucus
membranes, hair, cilia, lacrimal fluid (tears),
saliva, and urine flow.
2. Chemical - sebum, perspiration, lysozyme,
hyaluronic acid, and gastric juices.
Nonspecific (con’t)
3. Antimicrobial proteins (a type of chemical defense)
a) Interferon-3 kinds; stimulates the body cells to
produce antiviral proteins.
b) Complement - forms holes in plasma membranes
of microbes, stimulates the release of histamine,
and promotes phagocytosis.
4. Phagocytosis - Primarily by neutrophils and
monocytes.
5. Inflammation -confines & removes microbes at point of
damage and repairs tissue.
6. Fever - slows microbial growth & speeds repair.
Immunity or Specific
Resistance
A. General Info
1. Targets specific microbes and proteins
(antigens).
a) An antigen is any substance that stimulates an
immune response.
2. This has a genetic component but
develops during your life.
3. Two kinds: Cell-mediated and Humoral.
B. Cell Mediated Immunity
1. T-lymphocytes are called T cells
because they finish their development
in the thymus gland.
2. These cells are specialized for
attacking and destroying fungi,
parasites, cancer cells, intracellular
viral infections, and foreign tissue
transplants.
C. Cellular Immunity
Process
1. The process begins when a wandering
macrophage engulfs an antigen.
2. The macrophage presents, on its surface, the
partially digested antigen fragments along
with its own MHC proteins.
a)MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins
are specific for each person and are used to
identify tissues.
C. Cellular Immunity (con’t)
3. Specific helper T cells interact with both proteins on
the surface of the macrophage.
a) Your body’s T cells and B cells have hundreds of
different antigens on their surfaces so they can
recognize many different antigens out there.
4. Those activated Tcells are now called sensitized T
cells.
a) Meanwhile, the macrophage produces interleukin I and
interferons, which stimulate the cloning of these specific
helper T cells.
Cellular Immunity (con’t)
5. These cloned T-cells now differentiate into
several forms all with different functions:
a) Memory T cells: remain in circulation and can
recognize the original invader if it returns again.
b) Helper T cells: Induce antibody production by B
cell descendants. Also secrete interleukin II,
which stimulates proliferation of cytotoxic T
cells.
c) Cytotoxic (killer) T cells: destroy antigens
directly and indirectly. In addition, killer T cells
also secrete interferon which prevents viral
replication. These cells effective against cancer
and transplanted tissue.
Cellular Immunity Overview
Cellular Immunity Movie
ANSWER THE QUESTson NOTES AS
YOU WATCH
Cell Mediated Review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is the black object at the
top of the screen?
The process of moving the
item to the MHC proteins can
be called:
What best describes #2 and
QuickTime™ and a
#3?
Photo - JPEG decompressor
The object moving into the cell are needed to see this picture.
during #4 can be described as
being a(n):
What type of cell does the
object invade during #4?
What type of cell attaches itself
to the sick cell in #5?
The event at #6 can best be
described as:
Antibody-Mediated (Humoral)
Immunity
A. General Info:
1. B cells are called B cells because in birds
they finish their development in the bursa
of Fabricus, a small pouch of lymphoid
tissue found attached to the intestine.
2. These cells do not leave the lymphoid
tissue.
Antibody-Mediated
Process:
1. The antigen binds to antibodies on the
surface of the B cell.
2. The B cell ingests, processes, and
presents the processed antigen (along
with its MHC antigens).
3. Specific helper T cells recognize and
bind to the processed antigen and HLA
antigens
Antibody-Mediated Process
(con’t):
4. The helper T cells produce a factor that
stimulates B cells to enlarge, divide and
differentiate into plasma cells and
memory B cells.
5. Plasma cells then secrete specific
antibodies (at a rate of 2000/sec per cell)
that enter circulation and bind to the
surface proteins of the specific antigen.
6. The remaining B cells that don’t change
into plasma cells remain as memory B
cells
Humoral Immunity
Section 40-2
Antibody-Mediated Overview:
Humoral Review
1. What is the black object at
the top of the screen in #1?
2. The cell that presents the
object in #2 could possibly
be a(n)...
3. The process during #3 can
be described as:
4. The cell at the top of the
screen in 5 can best be
described as a(n):
5. The cell that binds with the
top cell in #6 is a(n):
6. #7 can be described as:
7. What type of cells are
produced in #8?
8. What best describes #8?
QuickTime™ and a
Photo - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Summary Immune
Response
Quic kTime™ and a Sorenson Video 3 dec ompress or are needed to see this picture.
Vaccine & WBC
QuickTime™ and a
Sorenson Video 3 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
VII. Vaccines
A. Large numbers of virulent forms are
collected and then heat or chemically
treated to denature their nucleic acids.
Why?
1. Care must be taken to keep some of the surface
proteins intact. Why?
B. Now this mixture (the vaccine) is injected
into the person.
C. The person initiates an immune response.
D. Next time we are exposed to same virus we
mount an immune response a lot quicker.
Why?