Download an inherited trait that increases an organism`s chance of surviving

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Final Exam Vocabulary Review 2015-2016
Define the following terms:
Term
adaptation
allele
Definition
an inherited trait that increases an organism's chance of surviving
and reproducing in a particular environment
any of the possible forms in which a gene for a specific trait can
occur; two alleles for each trait are inherited, one from each parent
anther (botany)
pollen-bearing part of the upper end of the stamen of a flower
asexual
reproduction
a type of reproduction in which one parent organism produces
offspring without meiosis and fertilization
behavior
the way an organism reacts to other organisms or to its environment
brainstem
the area of the brain that controls involuntary functions
budding
the process during which a new organism grows by mitosis and cell
division on the body of its parent
camouflage
an adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its
environment
cell (biology)
the basic unit of living matter in all organisms, consisting of
protoplasm enclosed within a cell membrane; there are two types of
cells, prokaryote (bacteria/algae cells) and eukaryote (animal/plant
cells)
cell cycle
cellular respiration
a cycle of growth, development, and division that most cells in an
organism go through
a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food
molecules into a useable form of energy called ATP
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central nervous
system (CNS)
chromosome
cloning
conditioning
corolla (botany)
cranium
cross breed
daughter cells
diploid cell
DNA
dominant
egg
system made up of the brain and spinal cord
a structure in all living cells that carries the genes that determine
heredity. Thread-like strands of DNA and protein that are contained
in the nucleus. They occur in pairs in all of the cells of eukaryotes
except the reproductive cells. Humans have 23 pairs (46 total)
chromosomes
a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that
produces identical individuals from a cell or a cluster of cells taken
from a multicellular organism
a way of learning new behaviors where a behavior is modified so
that a response to one stimulus becomes associated with a different
stimulus
the petals of a flower considered as a group or unit
the skull of a vertebrate animal which encloses and protects the
brain
to produce a hybrid animal or plant by breeding two animals or two
plants of different species or varieties
the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis
a cell that has pairs of chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic acid, nucleic acid that is the genetic material
determining the makeup of all living cells and many viruses. Consists
of two strands of nucleotides linked together in a structure
resembling a ladder twisted into a spiral, called a double helix
relating to the form of a gene that expresses a trait, such as hair
color, in an individual organism
the female reproductive, or sex, cell; forms in an ovary
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embryo
an immature diploid plant that develops from the zygote
embryology
the branch of biology that deals with embryos and their
development
endoskeleton
a supporting framework in an animal that is contained inside the
body
estivation
an inactive state resembling deep sleep, in which some animals living
in hot climates encounter during the summer. Protects animals
against the heat and dryness of the summer
eukaryote
an organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a
membrane
exoskeleton
a hard, protective outer body covering an animal, such as an insect,
crustacean, or mollusk
eyespot (coloration) a form of mimicry in which there is a marking that resembles an eye
fertilization
filament (botany)
fission
a reproductive process in which a sperm joins with an egg
the part of a stamen that supports the anther of a flower; the stalk of
a stamen
cell division that forms two genetically identical cells
fruit
plant structure that contains one or more seeds; develops from the
ovary and sometimes other parts of the flower
gene
a section of DNA on a chromosome that has genetic information for
one trait
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science of altering and cloning genes to produce a new trait in an
organism or to make a biological substance such as a protein or
genetic engineering
hormone; mainly involves the creation of recombinant DNA, which is
then inserted into the genetic material of a cell or virus
genetics
scientific study of the principles of heredity and the variation of
inherited traits among related organisms
genotype
an organism's complete set of genes
gestation
period of time spent in the uterus by the young of an animal before
birth
haploid cell
heterozygous
a cell that has only one chromosome from each pair
having a contrasting/different pair of genes (Bb) for a trait
hibernation
a response in which an animal's body temperature, activity, heart
rate, and breathing rate decrease during periods of cold weather
homeostasis
tendency of an organism or cell to regulate the chemical processes
that take place internally so as to maintain health and functioning,
regardless of outside conditions; such as the ability to maintain a
healthy body temperature
homologous
chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same traits arranged
in the same order
homozygous
having two like genes for a hereditary trait (BB)
imprinting
behavior that occurs when an animal forms an attachment to an
organism or place within a specific time period after birth or
hatching
inheritance
the passing of traits from generation to generation
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innate behavior
a behavior that is inherited rather than learned
instinct
a complex pattern of innate behaviors
invertebrate
having no backbone or spinal column
meiosis
metamorphosis
migration
a process in which one diploid cell divides to make four haploid sex
cells
a developmental process in which the body form of an animal
changes as it grows from an egg to an adult
the instinctive, movement of a population of organisms from one
place to another and back for the purposes of food, reproduction,
more hospitable environment due to seasonal changes
mimicry
an adaptation in which one species looks like another species often
for defensive purposes
mitosis
a process during which the nucleus and its contents divide
mutation
a permanent change in the sequence of DNA, or the nucleotides, in a
gene or a chromosome
natural selection
process by which organisms with variations that help them survive in
their environment live longer, compete better, and reproduce more
than those that do not have the variation
nervous system
the part of an organism that gathers, processes, and responds to
information
neuron
the basic functioning unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell
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nucleotide base
any group of organic compounds composed of several nitrogen
bases; adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C)
organ (biology)
a group of different tissues working together to perform a particular
job
organ system
(biology)
organism (biology)
a group of organs that work together and perform a specific task
an individual form of life composed of one or more cells capable of
growing and reproducing
ovary
female reproductive organ that produces egg cells; structure located
at the base of the style of a flower that contains one or more ovules
peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
system made up sensory and motor neurons that transmit
information between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest
of the body
phenotype
how a trait appears or is expressed
photosynthesis
a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and
carbon dioxide into the food energy molecule glucose and give off
oxygen
pistil (botany)
female reproductive organ of a flower; aka carpel
probability
prokaryote
protein
a number expressing the likelihood of the occurrence of a given
event, as in the likelihood of an offspring expressing a specific trait
variety of one celled organisms that lack a distinct cell nucleus or
other structures bound by a membrane and that have DNA that is
not organized into chromosomes; reproduce asexually
complex organic chemical compound which form the basis of all
living tissues; consist of chains of smaller compounds called amino
acids
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Punnett square
recessive
regeneration
reptile
response (biology)
a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or
breeding experiment
a form of a gene that is not expressed as a trait in an individual
unless two same genes are inherited, one from each parent
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs when an offspring grows
from a piece of its parent; cellular growth for the purpose of
replacement of organs, tissue, limbs, etc.. that have been lost due to
injury
cold-blooded vertebrate animals that have skin covered with scales
or horny plates, breathe air with lungs, and usually have a three
chambered heart
any behavior of a living organism that results from an external or
internal stimulus
RNA
ribonucleic acid, nucleic acid that determines protein synthesis in all
living cells and the genetic makeup of many viruses; consists of a
single strand of nucleotides
seed
a plant embryo, its food supply, and a protective covering
selective breeding
the selection and breeding of organisms for desired traits
sepal (botany)
one of the separate, usually green parts extending from the base of a
flower that usually acts a protection for a developing bud and later
as support structure for a flower
sexual reproduction
type of reproduction in which the genetic material from two
different cells (a sperm and an egg) combine, producing an offspring
species
a group of organisms having many characteristics in common;
organisms that reproduce sexually and belong to the same species
that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
sperm
a male reproductive, or sex cell; forms in a testis
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spore
a daughter cell produced from a haploid structure
stamen (botany)
the male reproductive organ of a flower
stigma (botany)
tip of a flower pistil on which pollen is deposited at the beginning of
pollination
stimulus
a change in an organism's environment that causes a response
style (botany)
slender part of a flower pistil, extending from the ovary to the stigma
tissue (biology)
a group of similar types of cells that work together to carry out
specific tasks
trait
a distinguishing characteristic of an organism
variation
a slight difference in an inherited trait among individual members of
a species
vertebrae
any of the bones that make-up the vertebral column
vertebrate
any of a large group of animals having a backbone, including fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
zygote
the cell that forms when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell