Download Definition an inherited trait that increases an organism`s chance of

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Final Exam Vocabulary Review 2015-2016
Define the following terms:
Term
adaptation
allele
anther (botany)
asexual
reproduction
behavior
brain stem
budding
Definition
an inherited trait that increases an organism's chance of surviving and reproducing in a particular
environment
any of the possible forms in which a gene for a specific trait can occur; two alleles for each trait are
inherited, one from each parent
pollen-bearing part of the upper end of the stamen of a flower
a type of reproduction in which one parent organism produces offspring without meiosis and
fertilization
the way an organism reacts to other organisms or to its environment
the area of the brain that controls involuntary functions
the process during which a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its
parent
camouflage
an adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment
cell (biology)
the basic unit of living matter in all organisms, consisting of protoplasm enclosed within a cell
membrane; there are two types of cells, prokaryote (bacteria/algae cells) and eukaryote
(animal/plant cells)
cell cycle
a cycle of growth, development, and division that most cells in an organism go through
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cellular respiration
central nervous
system (CNS)
chromosome
cloning
conditioning
corolla (botany)
cranium
cross breed
daughter cells
diploid cell
DNA
dominant
a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a useable form of
energy called ATP
system made up of the brain and spinal cord
a structure in all living cells that carries the genes that determine heredity. Thread-like strands of
DNA and protein that are contained in the nucleus. They occur in pairs in all of the cells of
eukaryotes except the reproductive cells. Humans have 23 pairs (46 total) chromosomes
a type of asexual reproduction performed in a laboratory that produces identical individuals from a
cell or a cluster of cells taken from a multicellular organism
a way of learning new behaviors where a behavior is modified so that a response to one stimulus
becomes associated with a different stimulus
the petals of a flower considered as a group or unit
the skull of a vertebrate animal which encloses and protects the brain
to produce a hybrid animal or plant by breeding two animals or two plants of different species or
varieties
the two new cells that result from mitosis and cytokinesis
a cell that has pairs of chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic acid, nucleic acid that is the genetic material determining the makeup of all living
cells and many viruses. Consists of two strands of nucleotides linked together in a structure
resembling a ladder twisted into a spiral, called a double helix
relating to the form of a gene that expresses a trait, such as hair color, in an individual organism
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egg
embryo
the female reproductive, or sex, cell; forms in an ovary
an immature diploid plant that develops from the zygote
embryology
the branch of biology that deals with embryos and their development
endoskeleton
a supporting framework in an animal that is contained inside the body
estivation
an inactive state resembling deep sleep, in which some animals living in hot climates encounter
during the summer. Protects animals against the heat and dryness of the summer
eukaryote
an organism whose cells contain a nucleus surrounded by a membrane
exoskeleton
a hard, protective outer body covering an animal, such as an insect, crustacean, or mollusk
eyespot (coloration) a form of mimicry in which there is a marking that resembles an eye
fertilization
filament (botany)
fission
fruit
a reproductive process in which a sperm joins with an egg
the part of a stamen that supports the anther of a flower; the stalk of a stamen
cell division that forms two genetically identical cells
plant structure that contains one or more seeds; develops from the ovary and sometimes other
parts of the flower
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gene
a section of DNA on a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait
science of altering and cloning genes to produce a new trait in an organism or to make a biological
genetic engineering substance such as a protein or hormone; mainly involves the creation of recombinant DNA, which is
then inserted into the genetic material of a cell or virus
scientific study of the principles of heredity and the variation of inherited traits among related
genetics
organisms
genotype
an organism's complete set of genes
gestation
period of time spent in the uterus by the young of an animal before birth
haploid cell
heterozygous
hibernation
homeostasis
homologous
chromosomes
homozygous
imprinting
a cell that has only one chromosome from each pair
having a contrasting/different pair of genes (Bb) for a trait
a response in which an animal's body temperature, activity, heart rate, and breathing rate decrease
during periods of cold weather
tendency of an organism or cell to regulate the chemical processes that take place internally so as
to maintain health and functioning, regardless of outside conditions; such as the ability to maintain
a healthy body temperature
pairs of chromosomes that have genes for the same traits arranged in the same order
having two like genes for a hereditary trait (BB)
behavior that occurs when an animal forms an attachment to an organism or place within a specific
time period after birth or hatching
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inheritance
innate behavior
the passing of traits from generation to generation
a behavior that is inherited rather than learned
instinct
a complex pattern of innate behaviors
invertebrate
having no backbone or spinal column
meiosis
metamorphosis
migration
a process in which one diploid cell divides to make four haploid sex cells
a developmental process in which the body form of an animal changes as it grows from an egg to
an adult
the instinctive, movement of a population of organisms from one place to another and back for the
purposes of food, reproduction, more hospitable environment due to seasonal changes
mimicry
an adaptation in which one species looks like another species often for defensive purposes
mitosis
a process during which the nucleus and its contents divide
mutation
a permanent change in the sequence of DNA, or the nucleotides, in a gene or a chromosome
natural selection
process by which organisms with variations that help them survive in their environment live longer,
compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variation
nervous system
the part of an organism that gathers, processes, and responds to information
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neuron
the basic functioning unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell
nucleotide base
any group of organic compounds composed of several nitrogen bases; adenine (A), guanine (G),
thymine (T) and cytosine (C)
organ (biology)
a group of different tissues working together to perform a particular job
organ system
(biology)
organism (biology)
ovary
peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
phenotype
a group of organs that work together and perform a specific task
an individual form of life composed of one or more cells capable of growing and reproducing
female reproductive organ that produces egg cells; structure located at the base of the style of a
flower that contains one or more ovules
system made up sensory and motor neurons that transmit information between the central
nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body
how a trait appears or is expressed
photosynthesis
a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food
energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen
pistil (botany)
female reproductive organ of a flower; aka carpel
probability
a number expressing the likelihood of the occurrence of a given event, as in the likelihood of an
offspring expressing a specific trait
prokaryote
variety of one celled organisms that lack a distinct cell nucleus or other structures bound by a
membrane and that have DNA that is not organized into chromosomes; reproduce asexually
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protein
Punnett square
recessive
regeneration
reptile
response (biology)
complex organic chemical compound which form the basis of all living tissues; consist of chains of
smaller compounds called amino acids
a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment
a form of a gene that is not expressed as a trait in an individual unless two same genes are
inherited, one from each parent
a type of asexual reproduction that occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent;
cellular growth for the purpose of replacement of organs, tissue, limbs, etc.. that have been lost
due to injury
cold-blooded vertebrate animals that have skin covered with scales or horny plates, breathe air
with lungs, and usually have a three chambered heart
any behavior of a living organism that results from an external or internal stimulus
RNA
ribonucleic acid, nucleic acid that determines protein synthesis in all living cells and the genetic
makeup of many viruses; consists of a single strand of nucleotides
seed
a plant embryo, its food supply, and a protective covering
selective breeding
the selection and breeding of organisms for desired traits
sepal (botany)
one of the separate, usually green parts extending from the base of a flower that usually acts a
protection for a developing bud and later as support structure for a flower
sexual reproduction
type of reproduction in which the genetic material from two different cells (a sperm and an egg)
combine, producing an offspring
species
a group of organisms having many characteristics in common; organisms that reproduce sexually
and belong to the same species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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sperm
a male reproductive, or sex cell; forms in a testis
spore
a daughter cell produced from a haploid structure
stamen (botany)
the male reproductive organ of a flower
stigma (botany)
tip of a flower pistil on which pollen is deposited at the beginning of pollination
stimulus
a change in an organism's environment that causes a response
style (botany)
slender part of a flower pistil, extending from the ovary to the stigma
tissue (biology)
a group of similar types of cells that work together to carry out specific tasks
trait
a distinguishing characteristic of an organism
variation
a slight difference in an inherited trait among individual members of a species
vertebrae
any of the bones that make-up the vertebral column
vertebrate
any of a large group of animals having a backbone, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals
zygote
the cell that forms when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell