Download Hemorrhagic anemia

Blood
ST 120
Courtney Shelton CST, BA
Day 1
Objectives
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Identify blood components
Distinguish between different types of
WBCs
Identify formed elements
Medical terminology
Functions
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Primary transportation fluid
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Delivery and pick-up services
Provides protection against “invaders”
Blood Composition
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Plasma
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Liquid or extracellular part
Formed elements
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Cell and cell fragments
Blood Plasma
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Consists of water with many substances
dissolved in it
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Food, oxygen, salts
Wastes
Hormones and regulatory chemicals
Plasma proteins (most abundant solute)
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Albumins
Globulins
fibrinogen
Serum
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Plasma minus its clotting factors
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Ex: fibrinogen
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Contains antibodies
Formed Elements
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3 main types and several subtypes
Red blood cells (RBC’s) or erythrocytes
White blood cells (WBC’s) or leukocytes
Platelets or thrombocytes
Connective Tissue
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2 types make blood cells in the body
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Myeloid tissue (red bone marrow)
Lymphatic tissue
RBC’s
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“caved in” on both sides
No nucleus
Huge surface area due to shape
Few million produced each SECOND!
RBC’s
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Functions
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Transport carbon dioxide
Transport oxygen from lungs to other body
cells
RBC Terms
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Anemia: a number of different disease
conditions caused by an inability of the blood to
carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells.
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Hemoglobin: red pigment of RBC’s
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Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin binds with oxygen
RBC Terms
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Carbaminohemoglobin: hemoglobin carries a
small proportion of the carbon dioxide carried by
the blood.
Polycythemia: bone marrow produces an excess
of RBC’s.
Iron deficiency anemia: a result of the body’s
inability to manufacture enough hemoglobin due
to an inadequate supply of iron in the diet.
Anemia
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Hemorrhagic anemia: decrease in RBC’s due to
hemorrhage
Aplastic anemia: decrease in RBC’s due to
destruction of blood-forming elements in the
marrow. Sometimes caused by radiation,
chemotherapy, high-dose x-rays
Pernicious anemia: decrease in RBC’s because
the stomach doesn’t produce enough “intrinsic
factor” that allows the absorption of vit B12
Sickle Cell Anemia
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Severe and sometimes fatal hereditary disease
If a person inherits only one defective gene from
a parent, they are considered to carry the sickle
cell trait. A small amt of RBC’s are damaged.
If two defective genes are inherited, the person
will have a more severe form of sickle cell
anemia because more of the RBC’s are damaged
Hematocrit
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The measure of the total blood volume
made up by RBC’s
When spun down, the formed elements
settle at the bottom
The buffy coat is the layer seen between
the RBC’s and the plasma above
WBC’s
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2 subtypes
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Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
 Basophils
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Nongranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes
 Monocytes
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WBC’s
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Function to defend the body from
microorganisms that have succeeded in
invading our body.
Attack cancer cells that form inside our
tissues.
WBC’s
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Neutrophils and Monocytes
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Lymphocytes
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Function in the immune mechanism
Eosinophils
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Engulf microbes through phagocytosis
Protect against parasites and irritants
Basophils
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Secrete heparin
Also function in allergic reactions
WBC Terms
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Leukopenia: abnormally low WBC count
AIDS: a disease characterized by significant
leukopenia
Leukocytosis: abnormally high WBC count
Leukemia: malignant disease where the number
of WBC’s increases tremendously
Questions
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What are the two components of blood?
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Name some of the blood proteins.
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What are the three types of formed
elements?
Questions
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What is the main function of RBC’s?
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What is the main function of WBC’s?
Day 2
Objectives
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Explain clotting
Describe blood types
Describe Rh systems
Medical Terminology
Platelets and Clotting
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Clots plug torn or cut vessels to stop
bleeding
Rapid-fire reactions
Clotting Steps
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First, an injury to a blood vessels makes a
rough spot in its lining.
Almost immediately, damaged tissue cells
in the injured vessel wall release certain
clotting factors into plasma.
These factors react with other factors in
the plasma to form prothrombin
activator.
Clotting, cont’d
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At the same time, platelets become sticky
at the point of injury and begin to
accumulate forming a platelet plug.
As they accumulate, they release even
more clotting factors forming even more
prothrombin activator.
Prothrombin activator converts
prothrombin to thrombin.
Clotting, cont’d
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Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to change
it to a fibrous gel called fibrin.
Fibrin looks like a tangle of fine threads
with RBC’s caught in the tangle.
This mesh forms a more long-term seal.
Clotting Terms
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Thrombus: a clot stays in the place where it
was formed.
Embolus: occurs when part of the clot dislodges
and circulates through the bloodstream.
The clot is an embolus. The condition is known
as an embolism.
Blood Types
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ABO system
Antigen: a substance that can activate
the immune system to make certain
responses.
Antibody: a substance made by the body
in response to stimulation by an antigen.
Agglutinate: clump
Blood Types
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Type A
Type B
Type AB
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“universal recipient”
Type O
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“universal donor”
Rh System
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Rh-positive
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RBC’s contain an antigen called the Rh factor
Includes most Americans
Rh-negative
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RBC’s do not contain the Rh factor
Erythroblastosis fetalis
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Rh-negative mothers carries a baby with Rhpositive blood.
She will produce anti-Rh antibodies and later if
she carries another Rh-positive fetus, the baby
may develop erythroblastosis fetalis.
ALL Rh-negative mothers who carry Rh-positive
babies should be treated with RhoGAM to
prevent harm to the next child.
Questions
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What formed element is essential for
clotting?
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Describe the steps of clotting.
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What are the four blood types?