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JEOPARDY WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This costimulator is expressed by professional APCs including B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages and binds to molecules on T cells called CD28. What is B7 OR B7.1 or B7.2? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These cells regulate the infiltration of leukocytes into inflammatory reactions. What are venular endothelial cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This complement component can mimic immediate hypersensitivity reactions by directly causing mast cell degranulation. What is C5a? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This immunosuppressive drug inhibits transcription of the IL-2 gene. What is cyclosporin A? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR To avoid hypeacute rejection of grafts, efforts must be made to ensure that donor and recipient match with respect to these antigens. What are the ABO blood group antigens? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This rare renal complication is caused by human immune complex disease and follows infection with a gram-positive organism. What is post -streptococcal glomerulonephritis? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Affinity maturation in B cells mainly occurs in these lymphoid structures. What are germinal centers? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The migration of lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs occurs through these. What are high endothelial venules OR What are HEV? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Centrocytes binding antigen and either complement or CD23 on folicular dendritic cells are induced to express this surface determinant to ensure their survival. What is BCL-2? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The distribution of variable residues in immunoglobulin that yields variability can be measured using this famous plotting method. What is Wu and Kabot? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This type of immunity is present at birth and does not exhibit specificity for a foreign antigen. What is innate immunity ? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These low molecular weight compounds are not immunogenic by themselves but can become immunogenic if they are coupled to a higher molecular weight compound. What are haptens? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR A secondary, anamnestic immune response occurs more rapidly than a primary immune response because of the presence of these cells. What are memory cells ? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This process refers to the coating of antigen by antibody or complement to facilitate phagocytosis. What is opsonization? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The classical and alternate pathways of complement converge on which component of complement. What is C3? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This immunodeficiency is associated with the failure of B cells to mature. What is Bruton's agammaglobulinemia or X-linked agammaglobulinemia? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This molecule consist of an a chain non covalently associated to B2 microglobulin. What is Class I MHC(major histocompatibility complex)? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These cells are said to be restricted by MHC class I molecules. What are CD8 T cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These are the major cytokines produced by CD4 TH2 cells. What are IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 (Interleukin 4, 5,10, and 13)? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR A 9 month old baby was vaccinated against smallpox with attenuated smallpox virus. He developed a progressive necrotic lesion of the skin, muscles, and subcutaneous tissue at the site of inoculation. A deficiency of these cells might account for this reaction. What are T cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This type of hypersensitivity can lead to the development of granulomas. What is delayed type hypersensitivity (or hypersensitivity type IV)? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This disease is characterized by IgM antibodies present in synovial fluids which have specificity for the heavy chain of IgG antibodies. What is Rhematoid Arthritis? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The following may result when a T cell recognizes an antigen in the absence of co-stimulation. What is T cell anergy ? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This is the site of somatic mutation and immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching. What is the germinal center ? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Receptors for the C1 component of complement are found on these two classes of immunoglobulin. What are IgM and IgG? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This is the predominant isotype of an antibody produced in a primary immunization. What is IgM ? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Alternative RNA splicing enables a B cell to co-express these two antibodies on a B cell simultaneously. What are IgM and IgD? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This assay measures the clumping together of an antibody with a particulate antigen. What is an agglutination reaction? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR A solid phase immunoassay which is commonly used in clinical laboratories to detect the presence of antibodies to gp120 in a serum sample. What is an ELISA? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These molecules generally present exogenously derived peptides from bacterial antigens to CD4 T cells. What are Class II MHC (major histocompatibility ) molecules? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This autoimmune disease is mediated by antibodies to acetylcholine receptors. What is Myasthenia Gravis? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This reaction commonly occurs when bone marrow cells are transplanted into an immunocompromised host. What is a graft-versushost (GVH) reaction? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR A 7 month old baby has a history of repeated ear infections and bacterial infections, and has been hospitalized with pneumonia twice. The baby likely has a deficiency of these cells. What are B cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These molecules are co-dominantly expressed on cells. What are MHC (major histocompatibility) molecules? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The process whereby T cells learn to respond to antigen in the context of self MHC? What is MHC restriction? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This substance enhances the immune response to an antigen but does not confer immunogenicity to a hapten. What is an adjuvant? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These antigens bind outside the peptide binding groove on MHC class II molecules and activate a family of T cells. What are superantigens? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR A state of non responsiveness to antigen. What is anergy? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The site of T cell education. What is the thymus? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This type of hypersensitivity reaction is produced by the local formation of antigen-antibody aggregates which activate the complement cascade and cause acute intradermal inflammation. What is the Arthus reaction? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This drug inhibits mast cell degranulation. What is sodium cromoglycate? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This cytokine is the principal mediator of the response to gram negative bacteria. Its major cell source is the activated phagocyte. What is TNF? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This TH1 cytokine is a potent activator of macrophages and upregulates the expression of Class I and Class II MHC molecules on a variety of cell types. What is IFN-g ? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This motif which is found in the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 proteins and in Iga and IgB has important signaling functions. What is the immunoreceptor tyrosine based activation motifs (ITAM)? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This immunosuppressive drug acts by specifically interfering with the protein kinases involved in IL-2/IL-2 receptor signaling. What is Rapamycin ? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Hemolytic disease of the newborn is induced by transfer of maternal antibodies of this isotype. What are IgGs? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This refers to the increase in the affinity of antibodies produced during the course of a humoral immune response. What is affinity maturation ? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Cytotoxic T cell lysis of target cells is mediated by the release of these substances from granules. What are perforin and granzyme B? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The process whereby Natural Killer cells can lyse antibody coated target cells. What is antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC)? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The phenomenon whereby a B cell produces an antibody of a single specificity only. What is allelic exclusion? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This disease arises as a consequence of a deficiency of C1 inhibitor (C1INH). What is Hereditary angioneurotic edema? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This is the process in which thymocytes whose TCRs bind with high avidity to self MHC complexed with antigen are eliminated. What is negative selection (or apoptosis)? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The ribbon like deposit of antibody along kidney basement membranesis is characteristic of this disease. What is Goodpasture's syndrome? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This receptor/ligand pair can mediate activation induced cell death in T and B cells. What is Fas/FasL (ligand)? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The interaction of this receptor/ligand pair is involved in immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching. What is CD40/CD40L (ligand)? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These cells constitute less than 5% of the peripheral T cell population and they appear in the thymus before aB expressing T cells appear. What are gd (gammadelta) T cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This zeta associated tyrosine kinase is involved in T cell signaling. What is Zap-70? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR While eating peanut butter cookies, an 8 year old boy began vomiting, had difficulty in breathing and developed a swollen face. He was immediately rushed to the hospital and was unconscious upon arrival. His blood pressure was dangerously low. The most likely diagnosis of the child's symptoms is? What is anaphylactic shock? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR What should the child immediately be injected with in order to raise his blood pressure and facilitate his breathing? What is epinephrine? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The symptoms that this child was experiencing were precipitated by the release of granules from this cell type. What are mast cells and/or basophils? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This membrane molecule has a cytoplasmic tail with two protein tyrosine phosphatase domains, which are thought to catalyze dephosphorylation of a tyrosine residue of p56lck and p59fyn. What is CD45? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR About 90-99% of the peripheral T cells express this type of T cell receptor. What is abTCR? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Macrophages in the kidney are called by this name. What are Kupffer cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This substance nonspecifically enhances or potentiates the immune response to an antigen. What is an adjuvant? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This is the invarient subunit that is associated with the polymorphic a chain to form class I MHC molecule. What is b2-microglobulin? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The phosphatase calcineurin dephosphorylates a cytoplasmic component of this transcription factor. What is NFATc? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This molecule is expressed by both resting and activated T cells and binds with B molecule on APC. What is CD28? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR In this specific process, Natural Killer (NK) cells bind to antitumor antibodies bound to the surface of the tumor cells and lyse them. What is Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity, ADCC? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Phosphorylation of this allows it to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4, 5bisphosphate ( PIP2) into IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate) and DAG (diacylglycerol) What is PLC-g1? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This reaction develops when a graft contains immunocompetent T cells that recognize and attack the reciepient=s cells. What is graft versus host disease? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Regions of vascular endothelium found in postcapillary venules of various lymphoid organs that are composed of specialized cells with plump cuboidal shape. What are called high endothelial venules? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These small peptides attract different types of leukocytes and regulate the expression and conformation of adhesion molecules on leukocyte membranes. What are chemokines? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR MIP-1a and MIP-1b belong to this subgroup of chemokines. What is C-C subgroup of chemokines? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR IL-8 belongs to this subgroup of chemokines. What is C-X-C subgroup? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This is Type II hypersensitive reaction in which maternal antibodies against fetal Rh antigens cause hemolysis of the erythrocytes of a newborn. What is Erythroblastosis fetalis? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Of the DNA binding proteins, only this is T cell specific. What is NFAT? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Diacylglycerol (DAG) activates protein kinase C (PKC) which mediates the release of this transcription factor. What is NF-kB? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Naive T cells and memory T cells are distinguished by these surface molecules using immunofluorescence. What are CD45RA and CD45RO respectively? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This T helper subset functions more effectively as a helper for B cell activation. What is Th2 subset? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This cytokine is secreted by activated macrophages in response to bacterial or protozoan infections, which induces proliferation of NK cells and Th1 cells resulting in incresed IFN-g production. What is IL-12? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Inositol Triphosphate (IP3) triggers an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and subsequent activation of this calmodulin-dependent phosphatase. What is calcineurin? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The transient increase in the number of circulating neutrophils to indicate the presence of an infection is medically denoted by this name. What is Leukocytosis? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR In the endocytotic pathway, within the endoplasmic reticulum (RER), class II MHC molecules are associated with this, which blocks binding of peptide. What is Invariant Chain? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Bacterial septic shock develops when bacterial cell wall endotoxins stimulate macrophages to overproduce these inflammatory cytokines. What are IL-1 and TNF-a? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This is a potent proteolytic enzyme that breaks down fibrin clots in to degradation products. What is plasmin? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These strands criss-cross one another to form a clot which serves as barrier to the spread of infection. What are fibrin strands? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This end product of the kinin system is a potent vasoactive basic peptide that increases vascular permeability, causes vasodilation, induces pain, and induces contraction of smooth muscle. What is bradykinin? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Prostaglandins are produced by the metabolism of this via the cyclooxygenase pathway. What is Arachidonic acid? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This is an immunosuppressive drug commonly used to prevent graft rejection. What is cyclosporin A? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This T helper subset is responsible for classical cell mediated functions such as delayed type hypersensitivity. What is Th1 subset? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The initial activation of both T cells and B cells is thought to take place in this region of the lymphonode. What is paracortex? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This cytokine is produced by TH1 cells and can induce macrophages to increase MHC class II expression. What is IFN gamma? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Absence of this receptor in T cells is associated with hyper IgM syndrome. What is CD40L? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These cells reside in the skin and are major antigen-presenting cells. What are Langerhans cells? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR These drugs block H1 and H2 receptors on target cells and is used to treat atopy. What are antihistamines? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Also called multi-colony-stimulating factor, this cytokine stimulates growth of precursors of most bone marrowderived cells. What is IL-3? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Defects in enzymes involved in nucleotide degradation lead to this SCID which leads to accumulation of nucleotide metabolites. What is adenosine deaminase deficiency? OR What is purine nucleotide phosphorylase deficiency? OR What is ADA deficiency? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Folding of this region of the Ig molecule produces a cleft in which binding of antigen occurs. What is the hypervariable region? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Digestion of anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibodies with this enzyme will result in a reagent which will still agglutinate SRBC. What is pepsin? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This joining rule assures proper VLJL or VH-DH-JH joining during rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes. What is the 12/23 joining rule? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The antigen-independent phase of B cell differentiation occurs here. What is the bone marrow? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR The presence of this chain within the endoplasmic reticulum is thought to prevent peptide binding to class II MHC molecules during antigen processing. What is the invariant chain? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Upon activation of T cells, expression of this ensures that only activated cells will undergo proliferative responses to antigen. What is IL-2R? OR What is Interleukin-2-receptor? OR What is IL-2 receptor? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Eskimos get these when sitting on the ice too long. What are Polaroids? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Molecular mimicry is one mechanism proposed to account for the development of this. What is autoimmunity? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils is promoted by interferon gamma and this other cytokine. What is tumor necrosis factor alpha OR what is TNF alpha OR what is TNFa? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Immunity to bacterial infections is usually mediated by these unless the organism is capable of intracellular growth. What are antibodies? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This form of SCID is caused by a deficiency in class I or class II MHC expression. What is Bare lymphocyte syndrome? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR This is the process by which rearranged genes for heavy and light chains from only one chromosome are expressed. What is allelic exclusion? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR Lymphocytes migrate from the blood to lymphoid organs through these. What are HEV OR What are high endothelial venules? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR THE END WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR