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Hypersensitivity A damage to the host, mediated by pre-existing immunity to self or foreign antigen. Dr. Sudheer Kher Kher 1 Learning objectives 1. Classify the hypersensitivity reactions 2. List the diseases associated with hypersensitivity reactions 3. Describe the mechanisms of damage in hypersensitivity reactions 4. List the methods for diagnosing conditions due to hypersensitivity 5. Describe the modes of treating diseases due to hypersensitivity and their rationale Kher 2 What is hypersensitivity? Injurious consequences in the sensitized host, following contact with specific antigen Deals with injurious aspect of heightened and exaggerated immune response leading to tissue damage, disease or even death Concerned with what happens to the host rather than what happens to the antigen. Kher 3 Musts for Hypersensitivity Contact with allergen Sensitizing/priming dose Induction of AMI/CMI Shocking dose Kher 4 Classification : Hypersensitivity reactions Immediate hypersensitivity – Anaphylaxis Type I – Atopy – Antibody mediated cell damage – Arthus phenomenon/reaction – Serum sickness Type II Type III Delayed hypersensitivity – Infection (Tuberculin) type – Contact dermatitis type Kher Type IV 5 Hypersensitivity Reaction Hypersensitivity or allergy * An immune response results in exaggerated reactions harmful to the host * There are four types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV * Types I, II and III are antibody mediated * Type IV is cell mediated Classification: Gell & Coombs(1963) Type of reaction Clinical syndrome Time Mediators required Type I : Anaphylaxis Atopy Minutes IgE: Histamine and other pharmacological agents Type II : Cytolytic, Cytotoxic& Cell stimulatory Antibody mediated damage : Thrombocytopenia , Agranulocytosis, Hemolytic anemia, LATS Arthus reaction Serum sickness Variable IgG: IgM, C : Hours to days Type III : Immune Complex Disease Type IV : Tuberculin Delayed Contact dermatitis hypersensitivity Variable IgG: IgM, C, Leucocytes : Hours to days Hours to T cells: lymphokines, macrophages days Kher 7 Immediate Type I, II & III Delayed Type IV Appears and recedes rapidly Appears slowly, lasts longer Induced by Ag/haptens by any route Induced by infection, injection of Ag /hapten intradermally or with Freund’s adjuvant or by skin contact Circulating Ab may be absent and not responsible for reaction. “Cell mediated reaction” Circulating Ab present and responsible for reaction Passive transfer possible with serum No transfer with serum. Transfer possible with T - Cells or transfer factor Desensitization easy but short lived Desensitization difficult but long lasting Kher 8 Type-I hypersensitivity The common allergy Kher 9 Type I: Immediate hypersensitivity * An antigen reacts with cell fixed antibody (Ig E) leading to release of soluble molecules An antigen (allergen) soluble molecules (mediators) * Soluble molecules cause the manifestation of disease * Systemic life threatening; anaphylactic shock * Local atopic allergies; bronchial asthma, hay fever and food allergies Anaphylaxis * Systemic form of Type I hypersensitivity * Exposure to allergen to which a person is previously sensitized * Allergens: Drugs: penicillin Serum injection : anti-diphtheritic / anti-tetanus serum/ AGGS, Anti snake venum Anesthesia or insect venom * Clinical picture: Shock due to sudden decrease of blood pressure, respiratory distress due to bronchospasm, cyanosis, edema, urticaria * Treatment: corticosteroids injection, epinephrine, antihistamines Atopy * Local form of type I hypersensitivity * Exposure to certain allergens that induce production of specific Ig E * Allergens : Inhalants: dust mite faeces, tree or pollens, mould spores. Ingestants: milk, egg, fish, chocolate Contactants: wool, nylon, animal fur Drugs: penicillin, salicylates, anesthesia, insect venom * There is a strong familial predisposition to atopic allergy * The predisposition is genetically determined Pathogenic mechanisms * First exposure to allergen Allergen stimulates formation of antibody (Ig E type) Ig E fixes, by its Fc portion to mast cells and basophils * Second exposure to the same allergen It bridges between Ig E molecules fixed to mast cells leading to activation and degranulation of mast cells and release of mediators Mast Cells and the Allergic Response Kher 14 Sensitization against allergens and type-I hypersensitivity B cell TH2 Histamine, tryptase, kininegenase, ECFA Leukotriene-B4, C4, D4, Newly prostaglandin D, PAF synthesized mediators Kher 15 Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions Antigens combine with IgE antibodies bound to mast cells and basophils, causing them to undergo degranulation and release several mediators: Histamine: Dilates and increases permeability of blood vessels (swelling and redness), increases mucus secretion (runny nose), smooth muscle contraction (bronchi). Prostaglandins: Contraction of smooth muscle of respiratory system and increased mucus secretion. Leukotrienes: Bronchial spasms. – Anaphylactic shock: Massive drop in blood pressure. Can be fatal in minutes. Type I Reactions Humans – – Itching of scalp & tongue, flushing of skin, difficulty in breathing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, acute hypotension, loss of consciousness, death (rare) – Causes Serum therapy, antibiotics, insect stings – Treatment Adrenalin 0.5 ml (1 in 1000 solution) SC/IM repeated up to 2 ml in 15 min Kher 17 Pathogenic mechanisms * Three classes of mediators derived from mast cells: 1) Preformed mediators stored in granules (histamine) 2) Newly synthesized mediators: leukotrienes, prostaglandins, platelets activating factor 3) Cytokines produced by activated mast cells, basophils e.g. TNF, IL3, IL-4, IL-5 IL-13, chemokines * These mediators cause: smooth muscle contraction, mucous secretion and bronchial spasm, vasodilatation, vascular permeability and edema Mechanism of anaphylaxis Mediators of anaphylaxis – – Primary mediators Preformed contents of Mast cells & Basophils – Histamine, serotonin, eosinophils chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), Neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF), Heparin & various proteolytic enzymes – Secondary mediators – Newly formed after stimulation by Mast cells, Basophils & other leucocytes – Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxix (SRS-A), Prostaglandins & Platelet activating factors (PAF) Kher 19 Primary Mediators of Anaphylaxis Histamine – – Most important vasoactive amine of Human anaphylaxis, formed from histidine found in granules. Released into skin, causes burning & itching. Causes vasodilatation & hyperemia by an axon reflex (Flare) and edema by increasing capillary permeability (Wheal). Induces smooth muscle contraction of diverse tissues & organs. Kher 20 Primary Mediators of Anaphylaxis Serotonin (5-HT) –Role in human not clear. – Base derived by decarbolxylation of Tryptophan. – Found in intestinal mucosa, brain & platelets. – Causes smooth muscle contraction, ↑ Vascular permeability & vasoconstriction. – Important in rats & mice. Kher 21 Primary Mediators of Anaphylaxis Chemotactic factors – – ECF-A released from mast cell granules are strongly chemotactic for eosinophils. Accounts for high eosinophil counts in many hypersensitivity reactions. – NCF – Attracts neutrophils – Enzymatic mediatores such as proteases & hydrolases are also released from the mast cell granules. Kher 22 Secondary mediators of anaphylaxis Prostaglandins & leukotrienes – – Derived from Arachidonic acid formed from the disruption of mast cell membrane, other leucocytes Lipoxygenase pathway - Leukotrienes Cycloxygenase pathway - Prostaglandins – One of the family of Leukotrienes is SRS-A (slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis) – Prostaglandins are bronchoconstrictors/broncodilators, affect secretions of mucus glands, platelet adhesion, permeability, dilatation of capillaries & pain threshold. Kher 23 Secondary mediators of anaphylaxis Platelet activating factor – PAF – Low mol wt lipid released from basophils – Causes aggregation of platelets and release of their vasoactive amines Other mediators – – Anaphylatoxin – Released by complement activation – Bradykinin & Other kinins formed from plasma kininigens Kher 24 Cutaneous anaphylaxis If small shocking dose is given ID to sensitized host, there is a local wheal & flare reaction (local anaphylaxis). Used for – Testing for hypersensitivity – Identification of allergens for atopy Precaution – Keep adrenalin injection ready to combat severe fatal reaction. Kher 25 Anaphylactoid reaction Intravenous injection of peptone, trypsin & certain other substances causes clinical reaction like anaphylaxis. Resemblance due to participation of same chemical mediators. Difference – Anaphylactoid shock has no immunological basis. It is nonspecific reaction involving activation of complement & release of anaphylatoxin. Kher 26 Methods of diagnosis 1) History taking for determining the allergen involved 2) Skin tests: Intradermal injection of battery of different allergens A wheal and flare (erythema) develop at the site of allergen to which the person is allergic 3) Determination of total serum Ig E level 4) Determination of specific Ig E levels to the different allergens Management 1) Avoidance of specific allergen responsible for condition 2) Hyposensitization: Injection gradually increasing doses of extract of allergen - production of Ig G blocking antibody which binds allergen and prevent combination with Ig E - It may induce T cell tolerance 3) Drug Therapy: Corticosteroids injection, epinephrine, antihistamines, leukotriene receptor blockers, Chromolyn sodium inhibits mast cell degranulation Animation & Quiz http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/ chapter33/animation_quiz_2.html