* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Study: Kids can carry genes magnifying parent`s influence
Survey
Document related concepts
Deviance (sociology) wikipedia , lookup
Feminist school of criminology wikipedia , lookup
Labeling theory wikipedia , lookup
Antisocial personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative methods in criminology wikipedia , lookup
Critical criminology wikipedia , lookup
Broken windows theory wikipedia , lookup
Public-order crime wikipedia , lookup
Social disorganization theory wikipedia , lookup
Criminalization wikipedia , lookup
Juvenile delinquency wikipedia , lookup
Sex differences in crime wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Evolutionary Theory ▪ Uses principles of evolution to explain modern human behavior ▪ Rape ▪ “Cads and dads” theory ▪ Criticism ▪ Difficult if not impossible to test ▪ Evidence sometimes runs counter to predictions Evolutionary Theory (2 of 2) ▪ Rape ▪ Evolutionary processes allow males who are pushy and aggressive in the pursuit of sex to pass on their genes successfully. ▪ “Cads and dads” theory ▪ Alternative strategies for reproductive success ▪ Cads—pretend caregivers who really want to reproduce with as many females as possible ▪ Dads—invest time and energy to help nurture and raise offspring Summary ▪ Many biological factors appear to be related to criminal behavior: ▪ Inherited? ▪ Results of biological harms? ▪ Biological factors contribute to criminality in certain environmental circumstances. Biological Theories Criticisms ▪ Ignores some types of crimes ▪ White-collar ▪ Organized ▪ Political crime ▪ Focuses on aggression or antisocial behavior in children and street crime in adults Policy Implications (1 of 2) ▪ Still fear of ethical problems ▪ Biology not necessarily destiny ▪ Provide unsound justifications for the control of minority populations ▪ New eugenics ▪ Gene therapy ▪ Discrimination based on presence of biological risk indicators Policy Implications (2 of 2) ▪ The upside? Criminality as a public health problem ▪ Prenatal care for at-risk mothers ▪ Strengthen environmental counterbalances for children with biological risk indicators Psychology and Crime ▪ How does a psychologist or psychiatrist develop and understand the criminal mind? ▪ What does psychology contribute to the study of the criminal mind? ▪ What is the psychological approach to the study of crime? Psychoanalytic Theory ▪ Sigmund Freud ▪ 1856–1939 ▪ Psychic Determinism A CIGAR IS NEVER JUST A CIGAR Freudian Elements of Personality ▪ Conscious vs. Unconscious Mind ▪ Id: “If it feels good, do it!” ▪ Superego: conscience— “Stealing is wrong.” ▪ Ego: psychological thermostat that regulates the wishes of the id with the social restrictions of the superego Defense Mechanisms ▪ Used to reduce anxiety REPRESSION RATIONALIZATION DENIAL PROJECTION Freudian Explanations of Delinquency ▪ Overactive Id ▪ Delinquent Superego ▪ Delinquent Ego Crimes with “special meaning” Translating psychoanalysis into rehabilitation? Works for articulate adult neurotics who can talk out their problems… Policy Implications of Freudian Theory ▪ Drawbacks ▪ Almost impossible to test empirically (Cannot be directly observed and measured) ▪ Still maintains a place in psychology of criminal behavior Many concepts from Freud used in modern theory – LOW SELF CONTROL – PRO-CRIMINAL ATTITUDES Principles of Learning ▪ Three types of learning ▪ ▪ ▪ Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Observational (vicarious) learning Classical Conditioning Principles of Learning ▪ Positive reinforcement: increases the target behavior by rewarding the individual ▪ Negative reinforcement: increases the target behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus ▪ Punishment: reduces the odds of the target behavior being repeated Principles of Learning ▪ Delinquency tied to parents’ failure to effectively condition their children away from bad behavior Inconsistent and harsh punishment (Glueck and Glueck). ▪ Effective parenting (monitoring, punishing, and reinforcing behavior)nondeliquent children (Patterson). ▪ Parental behaviors may have few effects on the child’s long-term development (Harris). MOLECULAR GENITICS and PARENTING Study: Kids can carry genes magnifying parent's influence “The almost-famous 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter-promoter gene, which governs the activity of the mood chemical serotonin in the brain and essentially comes in three varieties. About 1 in 5 children are born with a variant that, according to studies, makes them highly sensitive to the effects of neglectful, insensitive or abusive parents” Principles of Learning GERALD PATTERSON AND FRIENDS Observational Learning ▪ Albert Bandura (Bobo doll experiments): most human learning is not based on trial and error (operant conditioning). ▪ Effects on criminal behaviors are difficult to determine. Media and Crime ▪ Does media (TV and movies) influence aggression, violence, and criminal behavior? ▪ Conducive to role modeling ▪ Perpetrators not punished ▪ Targets of violence show little pain ▪ Few long-term negative consequences Some evidence (but still debate)—reducing exposure may reduce aggression Policy Implications of Behaviorism ▪ Criminals can learn pro-social behaviors to replace criminal actions. ▪ Classical Conditioning Aversion therapy ▪ Operant Conditioning Token economy Cognitive Psychology ▪ ▪ ▪ Humans’ ability to engage in complex thoughts influences behavior. Cognitions (like behaviors) can be learned. Focus on: ▪ ▪ Cognitive structure (how people think) Cognitive content (what people think) Cognitive Structure ▪ Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning: humans advance through predictable stages of moral reasoning ▪ Self-control ▪ Ability to empathize ▪ Ability to anticipate consequences ▪ Ability to control anger Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (1 of 2) ▪ Stage 1 ▪ Right is blindly obeying those with power and authority. ▪ Emphasis is on avoiding punishment. ▪ Interests of others are not considered. ▪ Stage 2 ▪ Right is furthering one’s own interests. ▪ Interests of others are important only as a way to satisfy self-interests. ▪ Stage 3 ▪ Moral reasoning is motivated by loyalties to others and a desire to live up to other’s standards. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (2 of 2) ▪ Stage 4 ▪ Right is following the rules of society and maintaining important social institutions (e.g., family, community). ▪ Stage 5 ▪ Moral decisions are made by weighing individual rights against legal principles and the common good. ▪ Stage 6 ▪ Moral decisions are based on universal principles (e.g., human dignity, desire for justice). ▪ Principles are considered across different contexts and are independent of the law. Cognitive Content ▪ Rationalizations or denials that support criminal behavior ▪ For example, a criminal thinks, “I’m not really hurting anyone.” Extremely common for sex offenders ▪ Criminals are more likely to express such thoughts Sociologists are often skeptical (time-ordering) Psychologists: NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT ▪ Policy Implications of Cognitive Psychology ▪ Cognitive theory translates easily into practice. Cognitive skills programs teach offenders cognitive skills like moral reasoning, anger management, or self-control. Cognitive restructuring attempts to change the content of an individual’s thoughts. ▪ Combination cognitive-behavioral have track record of success Theory in Action ▪ Multisystematic therapy (MST) ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Creator Scott Henggeler and associates Reduces criminal behavior Comprehensive approach Targets many areas for change Uses many different techniques (not just cognitive-behavioral programs) Personality and Crime ▪ Crime and delinquency related to the presence of some personality trait ▪ Personality trait: a characteristic of an individual that is stable over time and across different social circumstances ▪ Personality: the sum of personality traits that define a person Personality Traits and Crime (1 of 3) ▪ A number of related traits combine to form super factors ▪ Several different models ▪ Five-factor model ▪ Tellegen’s personality model ▪ Recent studies use the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) Personality Traits and Crime (2 of 3) ▪ Personality dimensions in the MPQ ▪ Constraint ▪ Traditionalism ▪ Harm avoidance ▪ Control ▪ Negative emotionality ▪ Aggression ▪ Alienation ▪ Stress reaction Personality Traits and Crime (3 of 3) ▪ Personality dimensions in the MPQ ▪ Positive emotionality ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Achievement Social potency Well-being Social closeness Criminal Personality: The Psychopath ▪ A distinct “criminal personality” ▪ One of the oldest concepts in criminology “MORAL INSANITY” Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) from DSM-IV 1. Disregard for the rights of others. At least three of the following: behaves in a way that is grounds for arrest, deceitful and manipulative, impulsive, aggressive, irresponsible, lack of remorse 2. Age 18 or older 3. A history of child conduct disorder 4. Antisocial behavior not a product of schizophrenic episode “Psychopath” is narrower concept Hervey Cleckley’s (1957) The Mask of Sanity Key features: Manipulative, Superficial charm, Above-average intelligence, Absence of psychotic symptoms, Absence of anxiety, Lack of remorse, Failure to learn from experience, Egocentric, Lack of emotional depth Other Characteristics: Trivial Sex life, Unreliable, Failure to follow a life plan, Untruthful, Suicide attempts rarely genuine, Impulsive, Antisocial behavior HARE PCL The Psychopathy Checklist Interview Measures different aspects of psychopathy (each scored on a 0-2 scale) Has produced very interesting studies (difference between psychopath and nonpsychopath inmates) Policy Implications of Personality Theory ▪ Personality traits consistently predict delinquency and crime. ▪ Criticisms: Personality traits are often portrayed as impossible to change (See, Psychopathy) What causes personality traits? Intelligence and Crime ▪ “Feeblemindedness” was once thought to be a cause of crime. ▪ What exactly is IQ and how does it relate to criminal behavior? A Brief History of Intelligence Testing ▪ Binet started out like his peers: Measuring people’s skull size Not much difference—worried about bias in the tests Developed a “hodgepodge” of tests measure identify learning disabled children Not meant to be a measuring device for intelligence in “normal” students Translated to English, used to identify “morons” and “low grade defectives” as part of eugenics IQ and Crime ▪ There is an IQ gap of 8–10 points between criminals and noncriminals, even when statistically controlled for race and social class. ▪ IQ is not a very strong indicator of criminal behavior. But, it does consistently predict IQ and Crime ▪ Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang ▪ The Bell Curve ▪Direct effect ▪ Most criminologists find evidence of indirect effects IQ School, Peers, etc. Crime Conclusion ▪ The common emphasis of all psychological theories is on the individual. ▪ Modern Theory LEARNING COGNITION and IQ PERSONALITY ▪ Many psychological theories translate well into treatment programs.