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Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst Chapter 07 Learning Module 15 Classical Conditioning Module 15: Classical Conditioning Introduction Learning • A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience Classical Conditioning • A type of learning where a stimulus gains the power to cause a response because it predicts another stimulus that already produces that response • Form of learning by association Stimulus-Response • Stimulus - anything in the environment that one can respond to • Response – any behavior or action Stimulus-Response Relationship Stimulus-Response Relationship Behaviorism • The view that psychology should restrict its efforts to studying observable behaviors, not mental processes. • Founded by John Watson Module 15: Classical Conditioning Components of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) • A stimulus that triggers a response automatically and reflexively Unconditioned Response (UCR) • The automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus • The relationship between the UCS and UCR must be reflexive and not learned Conditioned Stimulus (CS) • A stimulus that through learning has gained the power to cause a conditioned response • The CS must be a neutral stimulus before conditioning occurs. Conditioned Response • The response to the conditioned stimulus • Usually the same behavior as the UCR Module 15: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Processes: Acquisition Acquisition • The process of developing a learned response • The subject learns a new response (CR) to a previously neutral stimulus (CS) Acquisition Module 15: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Processes: Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Extinction • The diminishing of a learned response • In classical conditioning, the continual presentation of the CS without the UCS Extinction Spontaneous Recovery • The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response Spontaneous Recovery Module 15: Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov’s Discovery Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • A Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning while doing experiments on the digestive system of dogs Pavlov’s Method of Collecting Saliva Pavlov’s Research Apparatus Ivan Pavlov • Play “Classical Conditioning” (3:09) Segment #10 from Psychology: The Human Experience. • Includes segments from John Watson’s Little Albert Experiment Pavlov’s Experiment Pavlov’s Experiment Pavlov’s Experiment Module 15: Classical Conditioning Generalization and Discrimination Generalization • Process in which an organism produces the same response to two similar stimuli • The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response Generalization Discrimination • A process in which an organism produces different responses to two similar stimuli • The subject learns that one stimuli predicts the UCS and the other does not. Module 15: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life: Little Albert Little Albert • 11-month-old infant • Watson and his assistant, Rosalie Rayner, conditioned Albert to be frightened of white rats • Led to questions about experimental ethics Little Albert – Before Conditioning Little Albert – During Conditioning Little Albert – After Conditioning Little Albert - Generalization Module 15: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life: Taste Aversion Taste Aversion • Subjects become classically conditioned to avoid specific tastes, because the tastes are associated with nausea. • John Garcia (1917- ) Module 15: Classical Conditioning Cognition and Biological Predispositions Robert Rescorla (1940- ) • Developed a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning • Pointed out that subjects had to determine (think) whether the CS was a reliable predictor of the UCS Biological Perspective • We are predisposed to learn things that affect our survival. • We are predisposed to avoid threats our ancestors faced--food that made us sick, storms, heights, snakes, etc.--but not modern-day threats--cars, water pollution, etc. The End