* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download INTROtoPSYCH
Developmental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Social psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Humanistic psychology wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and psychology wikipedia , lookup
Index of psychology articles wikipedia , lookup
Cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
Educational psychology wikipedia , lookup
Indigenous psychology wikipedia , lookup
Process-oriented psychology wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical psychology wikipedia , lookup
Conservation psychology wikipedia , lookup
Experimental psychology wikipedia , lookup
International psychology wikipedia , lookup
Music psychology wikipedia , lookup
Vladimir J. Konečni wikipedia , lookup
Subfields of psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive psychology wikipedia , lookup
Philosophy of experience wikipedia , lookup
Cross-cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
The Story of Psychology • “I have made a ceaseless effort not to ridicule, not to bewail, not to scorn human actions, but to understand them.” Beneict Spizoza, A Political Treastise, 1677 What is Psychology? • Definition: psychology is the systematic, scientific study of behaviors and mental processes – Behaviors: anything that an organism does— any action we can observe & record • Examples? – Mental processes: internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior • Examples? Prescientific Psychology • Early thinkers pondered about the mind & derived principles by logic • Buddha, Confucius, Hebrew scholars • Socrates & Plato (400s B.C.E.) – Concluded that the mind is separable from body & continues after the body dies – Knowledge is innate—born within us • The exception: Aristotle (300s B.C.E.) – Derived principles from logic – Knowledge is not preexisting – it grows from the experiences stored in our memories The Enlightenment • New theories of human behavior & new versions of ancient debates – Rene Descartes (1595 – 1650) • Mind’s being entirely distinct from the body • Dissected animals & concluded that brain fluid was filled with animal spirits – Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) • One of the founders of modern science – focuses on experiment, experience & common sense judgment – John Locke (1632 – 1704) • An Essay Concerning Human Understanding – The mind is a blank slate • Empiricism: knowledge originates in experience and science; therefore, should rely on observation & experimentation Psychological Science is Born • Four paradigms (explanations) for psychology – – – – Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt Behavioralism Structuralism • Structuralism: thinking about the mind’s structure – An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind • What is introspection? • Act or process of self-examination; inspection of one’s own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind has of its own acts & states; reflection Structuralism • Wilhelm Wundt – The father of modern psychology – Psychology’s first experiment • Can you describe the experiment? Structuralism • Edward Bradford Titchener – Used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements • Structuralism waned as introspection waned – Unreliable, subjective, error Functionalism • Functionalism: thinking about the mind’s functions – A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive & flourish Functionalism • Functionalism VERB ``stream of consciousness'' Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Pragmatism John Dewey QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Educational Psychology “Experience and Nature” Functionalists believe consciousness (or "experience" in Dewey's case) to be the primary object of psychology. James, William Harvard NOUN Gestalt The German word "Gestalt" roughly translates to "whole" or "form," and the Gestalt psychologist's sincerely believed that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The Gestalt principles of grouping include four types: similarity, proximity, continuity, and closure. Wolfgang Kohler Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. Phi Phenomenon QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Max Wertheimer QuickTi me™ and a TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. Kurt Koffka Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed to see this pic ture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sultan Insight • Gestalt - The whole is more important than the sum of the parts QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Searching for Gold QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sidewalk Art QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sidewalk Art QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Sidewalk Art QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Classical Conditioning Behavioralism QuickTi me™ and a TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompr essor are needed to see thi s p icture. QuickTi me™ and a TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. Adaptation and Reinforcement LEARNING Ivan Pavlov Operant Conditioning QuickTi me™ and a TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. BF Skinner John B. Watson Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. (In Behaviorism, 1930) Cognitive Learning The law of effect QuickTi me™ and a TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s pi ctur e. Quic kT i me™ and a T IFF (Unc ompres s ed) dec ompres s or are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture. E. C. Tolman Edward Lee Thorndike Welcome to Psychology Let’s Have a Great Year :-) 2720 QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Fond du Lac H.S.