Download INTROtoPSYCH

The Story of Psychology
• “I have made a ceaseless effort not to
ridicule, not to bewail, not to scorn human
actions, but to understand them.”
Beneict Spizoza,
A Political Treastise, 1677
What is Psychology?
• Definition: psychology is the systematic,
scientific study of behaviors and mental
processes
– Behaviors: anything that an organism does—
any action we can observe & record
• Examples?
– Mental processes: internal, subjective
experiences we infer from behavior
• Examples?
Prescientific Psychology
• Early thinkers pondered about the mind &
derived principles by logic
• Buddha, Confucius, Hebrew scholars
• Socrates & Plato (400s B.C.E.)
– Concluded that the mind is separable from body &
continues after the body dies
– Knowledge is innate—born within us
• The exception: Aristotle (300s B.C.E.)
– Derived principles from logic
– Knowledge is not preexisting – it grows from the
experiences stored in our memories
The Enlightenment
• New theories of human behavior & new versions
of ancient debates
– Rene Descartes (1595 – 1650)
• Mind’s being entirely distinct from the body
• Dissected animals & concluded that brain fluid was filled
with animal spirits
– Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)
• One of the founders of modern science – focuses on
experiment, experience & common sense judgment
– John Locke (1632 – 1704)
• An Essay Concerning Human Understanding – The mind is a
blank slate
• Empiricism: knowledge originates in experience
and science; therefore, should rely on observation
& experimentation
Psychological Science is Born
• Four paradigms (explanations) for
psychology
–
–
–
–
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt
Behavioralism
Structuralism
• Structuralism: thinking about the mind’s
structure
– An early school of psychology that used
introspection to explore the elemental structure of
the human mind
• What is introspection?
• Act or process of self-examination; inspection of one’s
own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind
has of its own acts & states; reflection
Structuralism
• Wilhelm Wundt
– The father of modern
psychology
– Psychology’s first experiment
• Can you describe the
experiment?
Structuralism
• Edward Bradford Titchener
– Used introspection to search for
the mind’s structural elements
• Structuralism waned as introspection waned
– Unreliable, subjective, error
Functionalism
• Functionalism: thinking about the mind’s
functions
– A school of psychology that focused on how
mental and behavioral processes function –
how they enable the organism to adapt,
survive & flourish
Functionalism
•
Functionalism
VERB
``stream of consciousness''
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Pragmatism
John Dewey
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Educational Psychology
“Experience and Nature”
Functionalists believe consciousness (or
"experience" in Dewey's case) to be the
primary object of psychology.
James, William
Harvard
NOUN
Gestalt
The German word "Gestalt" roughly
translates to "whole" or "form," and the
Gestalt psychologist's sincerely believed
that the whole is greater than the sum of its
parts. The Gestalt principles of grouping
include four types: similarity, proximity,
continuity, and closure.
Wolfgang Kohler
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Phi Phenomenon
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Max Wertheimer
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Kurt Koffka
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Sultan
Insight
• Gestalt - The whole is
more important than
the sum of the parts
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Searching for Gold
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Sidewalk Art
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Sidewalk Art
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Sidewalk Art
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Classical
Conditioning
Behavioralism
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Adaptation and
Reinforcement
LEARNING
Ivan Pavlov
Operant
Conditioning
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BF Skinner
John B. Watson
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified
world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at
random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select
-- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man
and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities,
vocations, and race of his ancestors. (In Behaviorism, 1930)
Cognitive
Learning
The law of effect
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E. C. Tolman
Edward Lee Thorndike
Welcome to Psychology
Let’s Have a Great Year :-)
2720
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Fond du Lac H.S.