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Learning perspectives:
Lecture #3 topics
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start keeping a dream diary!
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classical conditioning (Pavlov)
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operant conditioning (Skinner)
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conditioned emotional responses
schedules of reinforcement
superstitious behaviours
observational learning (Bandura)
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the Bobo doll experiment (1965)
Learning perspectives
personality:
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consists of all the associations we have learned over life
emphasis on external, not internal, factors
emphasis on situational specificity
Classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
(1849 – 1936)
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning
stage 1:
unconditioned stimulus (US)  unconditioned response (UR)
US
UR
→
→
→
Classical conditioning
stage 2:
conditioned stimulus (CS) + unconditioned stimulus (US)
(US) food  salivation (UR)
Classical conditioning
stage 3:
conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR)
(US) food  salivation (UR)
bell + food
Classical conditioning
stage 4:
present conditioned stimulus (CS) alone
Classical conditioning
higher-order conditioning:
conditioned stimulus (CS)  conditioned response (CR)
unconditioned stimulus (US)  unconditioned response (UR)
(US) food  salivation (UR)
bell + food
(CS) bell  salivation (CR)
Classical conditioning
salivation (ml)
generalization gradient:
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
400
800
1200
1600
test stimuli (Hz)
2000
Classical conditioning
trial 1:
1200 Hz tone + food
trial 2:
1500 Hz tone
trial 3:
1200 Hz tone + food
trial 4:
1500 Hz tone
trial 5:
1200 Hz tone + food
trial 6:
1500 Hz tone
Classical conditioning
trial 1:
tone + food
salivation
trial 2:
tone + food
salivation
trial 3:
tone + food
salivation
trial 4:
tone
salivation
trial 5:
tone
salivation
trial 6:
tone
salivation
Classical conditioning
John B. Watson
(1878 – 1958)
Watson & Raynor
Classical conditioning
emotional conditioning:
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classical conditioning where the CRs are emotional
reactions
preferences reflect learned associations between neutral
stimuli and good/ bad feelings
 e.g., business lunches & break-ups
Classical conditioning
(US) ex-bf  -ve feelings (UR)
“Berger” + ex-bf
(CS) “Berger”  -ve feelings (CR)
“Berger”
Classical conditioning
phobias:
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unrealistic fears of something, ranging from mild to severe
 e.g., girl with a pickle phobia
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treatment includes:
Classical conditioning
systematic desensitization:
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involves counterconditioning responses that are
incompatible with anxiety (e.g., deep muscle relaxation)
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steps:
Operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
(1904 – 1990)
Edward Thorndike
(1874 – 1949)
Operant conditioning
law of effect (Thorndike):
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if a behaviour is followed by a ______ state of affairs,
the behaviour will be ______ likely to recur.
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if a behaviour is followed by a ______ state of affairs,
the behaviour will be ______ likely to recur.
Operant conditioning
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stimulus:
response:
consequence:
Operant conditioning
reinforcers:
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strengthen the tendency to perform a response
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e.g., biological needs (food, water); social needs (approval,
acceptance)
punishers:
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aversive outcomes that reduce the tendency to perform a
response
Operant conditioning
reinforcement:
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positive reinforcement
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_____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given
behaviour
e.g., pay Johnny $5 after he cleans his room
negative reinforcement
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_____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given
behaviour
e.g., stop playing loud music so your roommate is nice to you
Operant conditioning
punishment:
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positive punishment
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_____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given
behaviour
e.g., spank Johnny for talking back to you
negative punishment
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_____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given
behaviour
e.g., time-outs
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
schedules of reinforcement:
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continuous schedules
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every response is reinforced
partial schedules
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responses are reinforced only some of the time
Operant conditioning
ratio schedules:
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a certain # of responses must occur before reinforcement
is delivered
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fixed ratio:
variable ratio:
Operant conditioning
interval schedules:
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reinforcement depends on how much TIME has passed
since last reinforcement
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fixed interval:
variable interval:
Operant conditioning
discrimination:
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occurs when there is differential responding to different
stimuli
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discriminative stimulus:
accounts for situational specificity of behaviour
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning
superstitious behaviour:
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develops because of an accidental relationship between a
response and reinforcement
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e.g., wearing a red shirt to your exams for “luck”
Observational learning
Albert Bandura
(1925 – )
Observational learning
observational learning:
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occurs when 1 person performs an act, and another
person observes and acquires the ability to repeat the act
Observational learning
variables influencing observational learning:
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attention for encoding
Observational learning
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retention
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production
Observational learning
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performance
Observational learning
acquisition vs. performance:
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Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1965)
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measured acquisition & spontaneous
performance
Observational learning
# of imitative acts performed
Bandura (1965):
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
model rewarded
no consequences
acquisition
model punished
performance