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Learning perspectives: Lecture #3 topics start keeping a dream diary! classical conditioning (Pavlov) operant conditioning (Skinner) conditioned emotional responses schedules of reinforcement superstitious behaviours observational learning (Bandura) the Bobo doll experiment (1965) Learning perspectives personality: consists of all the associations we have learned over life emphasis on external, not internal, factors emphasis on situational specificity Classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) Classical conditioning Classical conditioning stage 1: unconditioned stimulus (US) unconditioned response (UR) US UR → → → Classical conditioning stage 2: conditioned stimulus (CS) + unconditioned stimulus (US) (US) food salivation (UR) Classical conditioning stage 3: conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) (US) food salivation (UR) bell + food Classical conditioning stage 4: present conditioned stimulus (CS) alone Classical conditioning higher-order conditioning: conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned stimulus (US) unconditioned response (UR) (US) food salivation (UR) bell + food (CS) bell salivation (CR) Classical conditioning salivation (ml) generalization gradient: 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 400 800 1200 1600 test stimuli (Hz) 2000 Classical conditioning trial 1: 1200 Hz tone + food trial 2: 1500 Hz tone trial 3: 1200 Hz tone + food trial 4: 1500 Hz tone trial 5: 1200 Hz tone + food trial 6: 1500 Hz tone Classical conditioning trial 1: tone + food salivation trial 2: tone + food salivation trial 3: tone + food salivation trial 4: tone salivation trial 5: tone salivation trial 6: tone salivation Classical conditioning John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) Watson & Raynor Classical conditioning emotional conditioning: classical conditioning where the CRs are emotional reactions preferences reflect learned associations between neutral stimuli and good/ bad feelings e.g., business lunches & break-ups Classical conditioning (US) ex-bf -ve feelings (UR) “Berger” + ex-bf (CS) “Berger” -ve feelings (CR) “Berger” Classical conditioning phobias: unrealistic fears of something, ranging from mild to severe e.g., girl with a pickle phobia treatment includes: Classical conditioning systematic desensitization: involves counterconditioning responses that are incompatible with anxiety (e.g., deep muscle relaxation) steps: Operant conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949) Operant conditioning law of effect (Thorndike): if a behaviour is followed by a ______ state of affairs, the behaviour will be ______ likely to recur. if a behaviour is followed by a ______ state of affairs, the behaviour will be ______ likely to recur. Operant conditioning stimulus: response: consequence: Operant conditioning reinforcers: strengthen the tendency to perform a response e.g., biological needs (food, water); social needs (approval, acceptance) punishers: aversive outcomes that reduce the tendency to perform a response Operant conditioning reinforcement: positive reinforcement _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour e.g., pay Johnny $5 after he cleans his room negative reinforcement _____ something _____ to increase likelihood of a given behaviour e.g., stop playing loud music so your roommate is nice to you Operant conditioning punishment: positive punishment _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour e.g., spank Johnny for talking back to you negative punishment _____ something _____ to decrease likelihood of a given behaviour e.g., time-outs Operant conditioning Operant conditioning schedules of reinforcement: continuous schedules every response is reinforced partial schedules responses are reinforced only some of the time Operant conditioning ratio schedules: a certain # of responses must occur before reinforcement is delivered fixed ratio: variable ratio: Operant conditioning interval schedules: reinforcement depends on how much TIME has passed since last reinforcement fixed interval: variable interval: Operant conditioning discrimination: occurs when there is differential responding to different stimuli discriminative stimulus: accounts for situational specificity of behaviour Operant conditioning Operant conditioning superstitious behaviour: develops because of an accidental relationship between a response and reinforcement e.g., wearing a red shirt to your exams for “luck” Observational learning Albert Bandura (1925 – ) Observational learning observational learning: occurs when 1 person performs an act, and another person observes and acquires the ability to repeat the act Observational learning variables influencing observational learning: attention for encoding Observational learning retention production Observational learning performance Observational learning acquisition vs. performance: Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1965) measured acquisition & spontaneous performance Observational learning # of imitative acts performed Bandura (1965): 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 model rewarded no consequences acquisition model punished performance